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L'espace a de tous temps fasciné l'homme, qui a finalement réussi à s'élever bien au-dessus de la Terre, vers les étoiles.
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00:24The Explorers
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03:54Probably a meteorite that struck the Earth.
03:56Nevertheless, the dinosaurs will disappear in this cataclysm.
04:01to make way for the first mammal.
04:04The trichonodon.
04:06The smilodect.
04:09The pliopithecus.
04:14The proconsume.
04:15The pre-Australopithecus.
04:18The Australopithecus.
04:21The robustus.
04:24Homo habilis.
04:27The pithecanthropus or homo robustus.
04:30The otherwise-anthrope.
04:32The swancomb.
04:37The Neanderthal.
04:43And Cro-Magnon, the modern man.
04:48And this man will show himself eager to leave his mark on the world.
04:55And of his achievements.
05:09Year zero.
05:11The beginning of our era.
05:28But man also wanted to go further and further, faster and faster.
05:42Oh no, no, no, no, no, stop.
05:44That's enough.
05:45Let's not go any further.
05:46We'll talk about that later.
05:48The man also wanted greater comfort.
05:50A level of comfort that, at the beginning of its history, was completely non-existent.
05:54So, look, I'm going into a room.
06:10Admit it, that seems perfectly normal.
06:13A watch, printing, electricity, the telephone, the bill, television, the internet,
06:17are your daily life.
06:19But it wasn't always this way.
06:21And I explained to you how the discoverers changed our lives.
06:27Eureka!
06:28Eureka! I found it!
06:31Archimedes of a thousand discoveries.
06:33Gutenberg and the printing press.
06:36And yet, it keeps turning.
06:38Galileo said that the Earth rotates and ceases to be the center of the universe.
06:42Newton and universal gravitation.
06:44Oh !
06:46Darwin, man descended from the breast.
06:50Edison, the telegraph, the phonograph, the light bulb, the cinema.
06:55Barconi, the first radio communications.
06:58And as I told you, man wants to go faster, further.
07:03Well !
07:04Yes, yes, we'll talk about it again later.
07:07So, as I was saying...
07:09Yes, I was saying that in the past, to make you understand the very relative place that our Earth occupies,
07:14so tiny within the universe,
07:18I took you to explore the cosmos.
07:20We also explored man, the measure of all things,
07:24and observed the functioning of his body through the universe of infinitely small things in his organism.
07:33And here we are today with these men who, since the dawn of our history, have wanted to explore the world.
07:40Greeks and Phoenicians who were around Africa reached the polar regions.
07:45Alexander the Great went as far as India.
07:48The Vikings reach America.
07:51Marco Polo travels as far as China.
07:55The Chinese artist Zeng Te ventures as far as Africa.
08:00Christopher Columbus and the Pinson brothers discover America.
08:04In a few centuries, man will explore his planet across all its latitudes, from the bottom to the top.
08:10James Cook, Stanley and Livingstone.
08:14Hillary and Tenzing at the summit of Everest.
08:19Oh, but the man who traveled across his planet, who adorned it with his knowledge,
08:23He now believes he has tamed her, while in reality he mistreats her by always wanting more, always more.
08:27and this, without respecting it in the slightest.
08:34Oh !
08:34Oh !
08:41In some industrialized regions, rivers discharge one ton of waste per inhabitant per day into the sea.
08:49A ton! Can you believe it?
08:52Not a cheerful situation at all.
08:55Ah, this results in all sorts of diseases, and a decrease in our life expectancy.
08:59But who cares?
09:01Too many interests are at stake.
09:02And what becomes of man, what becomes of life in all of this?
09:07But, maestro, don't they say that the Earth is already quite populated enough as it is?
09:11Maybe.
09:12But that's no reason to harm the lives of its inhabitants, all the same.
09:17Well, look, I'm going to talk to you about demography.
09:21In the beginning, five billion years ago, there were of course no humans on the planet.
09:26Fifteen million centuries later, here is the amoeba.
09:31Thirty-two million centuries more before Homo erectus appeared.
09:36There will be approximately one million of them.
09:39Thirty million more centuries and here are our ancestors, the Cro-Magnons.
09:44They will number a few million.
09:46At least, that's what we think.
09:49Year zero.
09:50The Earth has 250 million inhabitants.
09:55Fifteen centuries later, 500 million men.
09:58So they have doubled in 1500 years.
10:01Four centuries later, they number two billion.
10:03The world's population has quadrupled in a quarter of the time, children.
10:08In 1975, this population had just doubled again.
10:13Statistics predict eight billion men in 2010.
10:17Yes, indeed.
10:18Sixteen billion in 2045.
10:22Thirty-two billion in 2080.
10:27Sixty-four billion in 2115.
10:30Oh, 128 billion in 2150.
10:36These prospects aren't very cheerful either.
10:38Finally, let's hope the man regains his senses before then.
10:42Because even today, half of the world's population,
10:45Three billion people do not have the bare necessities for survival.
10:49Well, a few little atomic bombs will sort all that out.
10:58This is not something to joke about.
11:01Think about the consequences of such a thing,
11:03the grief, the misfortunes, the misery that this cataclysm would bring.
11:06In any case, the use, even peaceful, of nuclear energy
11:09This already poses enough problems.
11:15Not a pretty picture at all.
11:16But anyway, let's forget about it.
11:18And what about waste, gentlemen experts?
11:20What are you going to do with the waste?
11:23Oh, there's no problem, dear sir.
11:25Let's throw them into the sea, shall we?
11:28We're going to bury them, of course.
11:34Well then, we could send them into space by rocket.
11:37Is that okay with you?
11:40But let's be serious,
11:41This waste will remain harmful for many years to come.
11:46What business is it of his?
11:48We are the poor specialists.
11:51We know what we're talking about, sir.
11:54We are the specialists.
12:00Okay, so we're going to bury them under a very deep geological layer, alright?
12:08What is the nature of the geological layer?
12:11Oh, saltwort, that's obvious, let's see.
12:13No, not clayey.
12:15Granite, obviously, and salt-bearing.
12:16Because of the aluminum silicates they compose, clay is impermeable.
12:20And we're sure of that, it's been verified.
12:21And because I'm right, that's why.
12:24A very tall and thick pyramid.
12:27In fact, we know nothing.
12:29Otherwise, some nuclear waste has a harmful lifespan of 150 million years.
12:35That's as much time as it took to go from the dinosaur to the water.
12:39All this time?
12:40No, that's true.
12:40It took all this time for the first man to appear.
12:43Yes, maybe even more.
12:45Remember what I told you earlier.
12:47But the problem is that we don't fully realize it with these enormous figures.
12:49and all those zeros that just keep piling up.
12:52Okay, fine.
12:52So, I will try to make this clearer.
12:55Imagine the face of a watch where the 12 hours represent 5 billion years.
12:59The Earth's lifespan.
13:01At midnight, the creation of the Earth.
13:02One and a half billion years later, the first cell appears.
13:06On our watch, it is then 3:40.
13:09The first molluscs, at 8 a.m.
13:11When 11-12ths of the time from the creation of the Earth to the present day has passed,
13:15The dinosaurs will appear at 11am.
13:27At 11:40 AM, the dinosaurs disappear and the small rodents appear.
13:33which will pave the way for man.
13:4411:55, the Australopithecus.
13:49Shut up !
13:5011:59, Cro-Magnon, or modern man.
13:55Ten seconds to noon, that's year zero of our era.
13:58And it is in these last ten seconds that the entire history of the man will be written.
14:02Because it's noon today.
14:06Okay, is that clearer now, huh?
14:12So, does the evolution of man, his story, end there?
14:15No, my little one, no!
14:20We have just lived through only ten seconds of this story.
14:24Man still has 12 hours, or nearly 5 billion years, to spend on Earth.
14:29So, obviously, he still has time to change.
14:39It might be like that.
14:42Oh !
14:45Or like this.
14:47Or like this.
14:51I wonder how it will be able to stay balanced.
14:55And what will that man have left to discover?
14:58Space, of course. We'll talk about that later.
15:00Later, later, but also his own body.
15:04For example, his brain, about which he knows very little
15:07and which must certainly hold unsuspected resources,
15:11as interesting to discover as an unknown planet.
15:15Man will always have something to explore.
15:18And what about space, maestro?
15:21We know that there are a huge number of stars and constellations,
15:23but planets with the same climate as Earth.
15:26Have we found any?
15:27Yes, and on these planets, does life exist, maestro?
15:30Will we ever be able to go there?
15:32And to live there?
15:34Tell us, tell us.
15:35Gently, gently, not all at once.
15:37The outermost planet of the solar system, Pluto,
15:39was discovered just a few decades ago.
15:42So, to find the planets of other solar systems,
15:45which are billions of times further away,
15:47Not easy, you know.
15:49But then, we didn't find any?
15:51Yes, yes, yes.
15:53But only a short time ago,
15:55two Swiss astronomers,
15:56Kelloz and Maillor,
15:57were observing the constellation of Pegasus.
16:01Look, at each turn,
16:02the ball pulls my hand back and forth.
16:05A star orbiting a planet does the same thing.
16:07On each turn,
16:08It is slightly pulled forward,
16:09then backwards.
16:11It's swaying, like that.
16:13So there is a planet
16:14which revolves around the star Pegasus, 51.
16:16Yes, Maillor.
16:17And we are going to announce this discovery.
16:20Chef, chef!
16:24Hey, what, what?
16:25What is it?
16:25I'm busy.
16:27That's what I've just learned.
16:29that two Swiss astronomers
16:30have just discovered
16:31a planet in the constellation of Pegasus.
16:3345 light-years away,
16:35Stories, let's see.
16:36That's not possible.
16:37Yes, yes, chief!
16:38I checked.
16:41Hey, there's another message.
16:42French astronomers
16:43discover a planet
16:45near the beta-pictorist star
16:4652 light-years away.
16:50Two at once, or almost.
16:52That's fantastic, isn't it?
16:53And just to top it all off...
17:06Professor, professor,
17:07Come quickly!
17:09But it's a planet!
17:11A planet in orbit
17:12around the clay star 229!
17:14That's fantastic!
17:15Oh yes, fantastic!
17:16Indeed, we had not discovered
17:18of the planet for so long.
17:19And suddenly,
17:20We see one, then two.
17:21Then three, then four.
17:22Maestro, how do we do it?
17:24To see that far?
17:25Light years away,
17:26That's a lot of kilometers.
17:28Oh yes, billions of kilometers.
17:30How do we do it?
17:31Oh !
17:33Well, Marconi.
17:34It all started with Marconi.
17:36You remember him, of course.
17:40So it was possible to transmit
17:42messages by season
17:43of electromagnetic.
17:44As you know,
17:45Our space is filled with them.
17:46Then came the computer.
17:48The first computer.
17:52It's beautiful, isn't it?
17:53John Mowkly?
17:5417,000 lamps,
17:56John Eckert.
18:006,000 switches, John.
18:021,500 relays.
18:05And 50,000 resistors.
18:07Do you think it's going to work, John?
18:09I certainly hope so, John.
18:11Shall we try?
18:12Yes, we're trying, John.
18:14The honor is yours, John.
18:16No, the honor is yours, John.
18:20First this one, John.
18:22No, no, that one rather, John.
18:25Ah!
18:29It will work eventually.
18:31and electronics will help the researchers
18:33to better understand waves.
18:36In just a few decades,
18:38We are going to witness upheavals
18:40that we would never have imagined.
18:41To an incredible degree of miniaturization.
18:45Satellites placed in orbit
18:47will connect the electromagnetic waves.
18:50Finally, here is something 600 km from Earth,
18:54the Hubble telescope.
18:58It's not working, it's blurry.
19:00The mirror must be distorted.
19:02To think it took ten years
19:04to build this telescope.
19:06It will need to be repaired.
19:07In space, it's going to be tough.
19:21Preparation complete.
19:24You saw it earlier
19:26the results obtained.
19:28The planets discovered.
19:29Now that we know they're here,
19:31We're going to go, right?
19:32As you go.
19:34And how do you get there?
19:35Do you want to take the subway?
19:37You don't realize.
19:40Alpha Centauri, the nearest star,
19:42is more than four light-years away.
19:47That's it, let's see,
19:48That's 40 trillion kilometers.
19:51my children.
19:51That's really huge.
19:52And even at a speed of 100,000 km/h.
19:54Yes, I...
19:56100,000 km per hour?
19:57But we can't go if...
19:59No, no, but let's imagine.
20:01That would make a trip from...
20:03Finally, more or less,
20:04approximately 40,000 years.
20:0740,000 years?
20:09Yes, and it's ten times closer.
20:10that the planet discovered
20:11in the constellation of Pegasus.
20:13Oh well then, we'll never manage it.
20:15There's no point even talking about it.
20:19You know, children,
20:20nowadays,
20:21Progress is happening so fast.
20:23You have just noticed this, in fact.
20:25with the computer.
20:26What would Alexander the Great have thought?
20:28which took so long
20:29to go to India, if...
20:33Did you see?
20:34But what is it?
20:35Surely a mirage, Alexandre.
20:37That's the effect of fatigue.
20:38thirst and heat.
20:40And Christopher Columbus,
20:41in the company of the Pinzon brothers.
20:43Please, Lord,
20:45Give us a little wind.
20:48Do you hear that, Admiral?
20:49Ah!
20:51But...
20:52You...
20:58Did you see that?
21:00You have too much imagination, Pinzon.
21:02I didn't see anything.
21:03nor heard anything.
21:08Imagining,
21:08with his faithful Elkanan.
21:10My dear,
21:11if the wind continues
21:12to have been so favorable to us,
21:13we are going to
21:14around the Earth
21:15in one year.
21:21We just did
21:22around the Earth
21:23in about an hour.
21:24Not bad, is it?
21:25So, do you see the progress?
21:26But there's something even better,
21:28the children.
21:28You probably remember
21:30the first postal service.
21:35From Belgium to Austria
21:36in three days.
21:37Well done.
21:38Email
21:39From Paris to Beijing.
21:40I'm sending it.
21:42Well received.
21:43Instant transmission.
21:46Instantaneous?
21:47Well, not quite.
21:48because even the waves
21:49cannot go any faster
21:50than light.
21:53The light is moving
21:55at speed
21:55300,000 km per second.
21:57So what is missing here
21:58one-tenth of a second
21:59so that the transmission
22:00be instantaneous.
22:02Well,
22:02She's not funny.
22:03your story.
22:04No ship
22:04will never be able to go
22:05at the speed of light,
22:07That's impossible.
22:08The history of man
22:09demonstrates
22:10that you should never say never.
22:12And as for distances,
22:14Take the nebula, Dorion.
22:15She is far away
22:161500 light years away.
22:19So, even at speed
22:21of light, maestro,
22:22It will take us 1500 years
22:23How to get there?
22:24Not necessarily.
22:26Look at this balloon.
22:27One might think
22:28that the only way
22:28to get from there to there
22:30would be to go around it.
22:31But in fact,
22:32Like this,
22:33the arrival point
22:34would be very close
22:35from the starting point.
22:36Well, in space,
22:37that's what we call it
22:38black holes.
22:48All of that,
22:49It's far too complicated.
22:50In my opinion.
22:52Regarding the ships,
22:54I've already spoken to you
22:55ships
22:56matter-antimatter
22:57who would move
22:58at the speed of light.
23:00300,000 km per second.
23:02One billion kilometers
23:03on time.
23:04We also think
23:05to the ships
23:05to tachyons.
23:07But those
23:07go faster
23:08that the light
23:09and nobody
23:10would not be able to see them.
23:18But in these ships
23:19which will go 300 times
23:20faster than light,
23:21Humans will age
23:23at a glance.
23:25Ah, all the same,
23:26return to those stars
23:27which gave birth
23:28to man,
23:28How lovely that would be.
23:30Pretty, yes.
23:31but very brief.
23:32That's why
23:33that we thought of...
23:40Go and check it out.
23:41on the computer
23:42the status of my connections
23:43frontals.
23:44I'm in a little pain
23:45at the helm today.
23:51Pegasus 51, in sight.
24:01Oh!
24:14Yes, maybe one day
24:15a man-made vessel
24:17will arrive in sight
24:18of a new planet
24:19and its explorers
24:20we will say
24:20if it is habitable.
24:21Inhabited.
24:22Inhabited,
24:23probably.
24:24But by beings
24:25very different.
24:30Waiting for,
24:32we only have one planet,
24:34one Earth
24:35and it's high time
24:36to take care of it
24:37much more
24:37that we do not do it.
25:01it took the Earth
25:035 billion years
25:04organic activity
25:05to create man
25:06and his living conditions.
25:0750 million times
25:09less time,
25:10this man has shaken
25:11the biological order.
25:12He wants to take everything for himself.
25:13and he does not return to the Earth
25:15that this excrement
25:16that he asks him
25:17to digest.
25:18This must stop
25:19this madness of men.
25:20We need to find
25:21a balance
25:22between our needs
25:23and the possibilities
25:24of our planet.
25:25Harmony must be restored.
25:33You, you children,
25:35A day,
25:36you will be adults
25:37and on that day,
25:38you will be able to contribute
25:39to save
25:39our beautiful planet.
25:40But I'll talk to you again later.
25:41of all this
25:42Another time.
25:49The explorers
25:52Discover the world
25:54Fire the earth
25:55Round
25:55That's if the man
25:56on land
25:58They will find again
25:59paths to be forged
26:00And then offer them
26:02to the souls
26:03As we offer
26:04a beautiful apple
26:06To you, to us, to me
26:08I believe
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