00:00There are eight parts of speech in the English language.
00:04Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
00:13In today's lesson, we're going to talk all about pronouns.
00:18So let's get started.
00:20First of all, what are pronouns?
00:23Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.
00:27We can use them when we don't know someone's name.
00:31We can also use them to avoid repeating the nouns that they refer to.
00:37For example, my grandma is 90, but she is still very healthy.
00:43She is a pronoun that takes the place of grandma.
00:47So instead of saying my grandma is 90, but my grandma is still very healthy,
00:53we can replace this with she.
00:59She is a pronoun that replaces or takes the place of tea.
01:10So let's talk about the main types of pronouns.
01:14First of all, when people think of pronouns,
01:17they usually think of personal pronouns.
01:20I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
01:25We have possessive pronouns.
01:27Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.
01:32We have interrogative pronouns.
01:35Who, what, which, whose.
01:38Demonstrative pronouns.
01:40This, that, these, those.
01:43Relative pronouns.
01:44Who, whom, whose, which, that.
01:48Indefinite pronouns, such as anyone, someone, none, everything, many, few, nobody, etc.
01:56Reflexive pronouns.
01:58Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
02:04And reciprocal pronouns.
02:07Each other and one another.
02:08But let's talk about each type of pronoun individually.
02:14First of all, let's talk about personal pronouns.
02:19Personal pronouns take the place of nouns.
02:23And usually someone's name.
02:26We have subject personal pronouns and object personal pronouns.
02:31I, me, you, you, he, him, she, her, it, it, we, us, you, you, they, them.
02:45For example, Chad married Bethany.
02:49This is Chad and this is Bethany.
02:52We can replace Chad with he, with the personal pronoun he.
02:58He married Bethany.
02:59Chad is the subject.
03:02He's the one doing the action.
03:05So we use a subject pronoun.
03:08We don't say him married Bethany.
03:11Because Chad is doing the action.
03:14So he is the subject.
03:17However, if we wanted to replace Bethany,
03:20we would not replace Bethany with she.
03:24We would replace Bethany with her.
03:27We have to replace Bethany with an object pronoun because Bethany is not the subject of the sentence.
03:36However, if we reversed it,
03:39However, if we reversed it,
03:39Bethany married Chad,
03:41we could say she married him.
03:45We also have possessive pronouns.
03:49Possessive pronouns show possession.
03:51They take the place of possessive nouns.
03:54We have possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
03:58My, mine, your, yours, his, his, her, hers, its, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs.
04:12For example,
04:14That is my phone.
04:17That phone is mine.
04:19It belongs to me.
04:22Donna is our baby.
04:24Donna is ours.
04:28Next we have interrogative pronouns.
04:32Interrogative pronouns take the place of people or things.
04:36We use them to ask questions.
04:40We use them to ask questions.
04:40Which, what, who, whom, whoever, and whichever.
04:45For example,
04:47Who lives in that apartment?
04:50What's inside the attic?
04:55Next we have reflexive pronouns.
04:58Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject.
05:01We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object are the same.
05:09Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, yourselves.
05:19For example,
05:20The boy wanted to play by himself.
05:24Because the subject and the object are the same,
05:28we have to use himself.
05:29If we said,
05:32The boy wanted to play by him,
05:35that could mean a boy wanted to play beside another boy.
05:41But in this case,
05:42the boy wants to play alone.
05:44So we use a reflexive pronoun.
05:48I saw myself in the mirror.
05:52Again,
05:53the subject and the object are the same,
05:57So we have to use a reflexive pronoun.
06:01Next we have relative pronouns.
06:05Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses.
06:09Now, some of these pronouns can also be a different type of pronoun.
06:14But it's a relative pronoun if it introduces a relative clause.
06:21For example,
06:22That,
06:23Who,
06:24Whom,
06:25Whose,
06:25Which,
06:26Whoever,
06:27Whomever,
06:28Whichever.
06:30For example,
06:31For example,
06:32The boy who lives next door lost his bicycle last week.
06:37We enclose this with commas because who lives next door is extra information.
06:44The boy lost his bicycle last week is really the main sentence.
06:50Who introduces the relative clause who lives next door.
06:54And it's extra information.
06:57Another example,
06:59People that exercise frequently are generally quite healthy.
07:04In this example,
07:06That is a relative pronoun introducing the relative clause exercise frequently.
07:12And we do not use commas here because this is essential information to the sentence.
07:19If we say people are generally quite healthy, even though that's a complete sentence,
07:26it is necessary to use this relative clause because we are saying that people that exercise frequently are healthy.
07:37Not everyone.
07:39Next we have demonstrative pronouns.
07:43Demonstrative pronouns take the place of things.
07:47This,
07:48This,
07:49These,
07:50Those.
07:51This we use for something that is close to us, or something that we can touch,
07:57and that is for something that is further away.
08:02These is the plural form of this, and those is the plural form of that.
08:10For example,
08:11That is the painting I love.
08:14That refers to a painting over there.
08:19Come look at this.
08:22Those are my shoes.
08:26Next we have indefinite pronouns, and there are many indefinite pronouns.
08:32Indefinite pronouns take the place of unspecified nouns.
08:37One,
08:39One,
08:39Other,
08:40Some,
08:40None,
08:41Everybody,
08:42Anybody,
08:43Anybody,
08:43No one,
08:44Nobody.
08:45For example,
08:46Is anybody at your house?
08:49This is an indefinite pronoun because we don't know who is at the house or if anyone is at the
08:57house.
08:57No one wants to come with me.
09:01I hear something moving outside.
09:04Again, we don't know what is moving outside, so it's indefinite.
09:11And finally, we have reciprocal pronouns.
09:15There are only two reciprocal pronouns, each other and one another.
09:22Reciprocal pronouns are used when two or more subjects are acting in the same way towards the other.
09:29We use each other for two people and we use one another usually for more than two people.
09:39For example,
09:41My parents love each other.
09:43So that means my mom loves my dad and my dad loves my mom.
09:49The teachers congratulated one another on finishing another school year.
09:55Here we have multiple teachers and they are congratulating one another.
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