00:01Here's a definition for conjunctions.
00:04Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses.
00:12So here are three common conjunctions, and, or, and but.
00:18So let's see how they connect words.
00:22She likes skiing and rowing.
00:26In the sentence and is a conjunction, and it connects the words skiing and rowing.
00:33Here's another example.
00:36You can stay or leave.
00:39Or is our conjunction, and it connects the words stay and leave.
00:46One more example.
00:48The dog was big but friendly.
00:51Or but is our conjunction, and it connects the words big and friendly.
00:58Okay, let's get rid of that for now.
01:02Let's now see how conjunctions can join phrases.
01:07Tell me after dinner or in the morning.
01:11Our conjunction is or, and it connects the phrase after dinner and the phrase in the morning.
01:22Let's do another example.
01:24She can sing like a rock star and dance like a ballerina.
01:28Or and is our conjunction.
01:31And it joins the phrase, sing like a rock star, and the phrase, dance like a ballerina.
01:39And finally, let's see how conjunctions join clauses.
01:45He stole the painting after John left, but before Susan gave her speech.
01:51But our conjunction is but.
01:54After John left is a clause.
01:57Before Susan gave her speech is a clause.
02:00And the conjunction joins them.
02:04Here is another example.
02:06He is planning to steal the painting, and he intends to sell it in New York.
02:12So, and is our conjunction.
02:14And he joins the clause.
02:16He's planning to steal the painting, and the clause he intends to sell it in New York.
02:21Look at these clauses though.
02:24These are independent clauses.
02:26That means that they could stand alone as sentences.
02:31And when a conjunction joins to independent clauses like this, the conjunction is preceded by a comma.
02:39A little more on that later.
02:43Okay.
02:44Let's clear some space.
02:48So far, we've looked at the conjunctions and, but, and or.
02:53And these are called coordinating conjunctions.
02:57Or coordinate conjunctions.
03:00But there are more than three coordinating conjunctions.
03:03There are, in fact, seven.
03:05And here they are.
03:07Here's a definition for coordinating conjunction.
03:11Coordinating conjunctions join like with like.
03:14Before we examine that, it's worth saying that the coordinating conjunctions can be remembered with the mnemonic fanboys.
03:22Okay.
03:24What do we mean by like with like?
03:28Well, here's an example.
03:30Ned is a fast but unmotivated horse.
03:34But is our conjunction.
03:36And look, the word but has joined two adjectives.
03:42Let's look at another example.
03:45He eats apples and grass.
03:49And is the coordinating conjunction.
03:51And this time it's joined two nouns.
03:55So coordinating conjunctions join like with like.
03:59In the first one it's two adjectives.
04:01In the second one it's two nouns.
04:03Let's look at another example.
04:06He will win the race or he will give up quickly.
04:10Well, or is our coordinating conjunction.
04:13And this time it's joined two independent clauses.
04:17So like with like.
04:19And notice that there is a comma before the or.
04:22Because that's what you do when a coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses.
04:30The key point here is that it's like with like.
04:35Before we move on to the next type of conjunction.
04:38We haven't quite finished with coordinating conjunctions.
04:41Look at these.
04:42Do you know what these are?
04:43Of course you do.
04:44Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme.
04:47Well, let's write that out.
04:49Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme.
04:52Our coordinating conjunction is and.
04:55Only this time it doesn't sit between two things.
04:59It is sitting at the end of a list.
05:02And when and or any coordinating conjunction.
05:06Joins three or more items.
05:09And in this case it's four.
05:11Then you have a decision to make.
05:13Do you put a comma before it or not?
05:18Generally Brits do not put a comma before the and.
05:22But generally Americans do.
05:26And some Brits do as well.
05:28In fact this is called a serial comma.
05:32But it's also called an Oxford comma.
05:35After the Oxford University press.
05:38But as a rule.
05:40Americans tend to use this serial comma.
05:42And Brits don't.
05:46Let's just hammer this point.
05:48Fish chips and peas.
05:50That is how most Brits would write it.
05:53Notice there is no comma.
05:57Burger shake and fries.
06:00This is how most Americans would write it.
06:02Notice there is a comma.
06:04This only applies when a coordinating conjunction is used in a list of three or more things.
06:16Okay, that's enough about coordinating conjunctions.
06:19Let's move on to the next type of conjunction.
06:23Subordinating conjunctions.
06:25Here are some examples.
06:27After.
06:28Although.
06:28If.
06:29Since.
06:29Until.
06:30Because.
06:31And there are lots more.
06:33And you can see a list of them on the website.
06:36Here is a definition.
06:38Subordinating conjunctions during subordinate clauses to main clauses.
06:45Let's look at an example.
06:48We will wait here until the rain stops.
06:50Well, until is our subordinating conjunction.
06:53And it sits inside a subordinate clause.
06:59And it joins it to the main clause.
07:06So, a subordinating conjunction joins the clauses.
07:11Here is another example.
07:14People are more violently opposed to fur than leather.
07:17Because it is safer to harass rich women than motorcycle gangs.
07:22Well, because is our subordinating conjunction.
07:26And it sits inside the subordinate clause.
07:31And it links the subordinate clause to the main clause.
07:37It joins the clauses.
07:43Okay.
07:44There is one more thing to say about subordinating conjunctions.
07:47They don't always follow the main clause.
07:50Sometimes they are in front of the main clause.
07:53Look at this example.
07:54When the rain stops, we will start climbing.
07:58Okay.
07:59When is our subordinating conjunction?
08:01And it sits inside the subordinate clause.
08:05And it links it to the main clause.
08:10Usually, when a sentence starts with a subordinate clause like this,
08:15it is normal to put a comma after the subordinate clause to show where the main clause starts.
08:22There is more about that on the website.
08:26Okay.
08:27That's everything about subordinate clauses.
08:29Let's move on to the last type of conjunction.
08:32Correlative conjunctions.
08:35Some examples.
08:36Either.
08:37Or.
08:37Neither.
08:38Nor.
08:39Not only.
08:40But also.
08:40These are by far the three most common correlative conjunctions.
08:45Let's look at a definition.
08:48Correlative conjunctions come in pairs to join alternatives or equal elements.
08:55Okay.
08:56Let's see what that means.
08:57You can either take it or leave it.
09:00So, either or is our correlative conjunction.
09:03And it is linking two alternatives.
09:08Take it or leave it.
09:12Let's look at another example.
09:14It is not only unfair but also illegal.
09:18So, not only but also is our correlative conjunction.
09:23This time, it's joining two equal elements.
09:30There's something else we should say about correlative conjunction.
09:34Remember how coordinating conjunctions joined like with like.
09:39Well, the same is true for correlative conjunctions.
09:42In this example, there is an adjective after each part of the correlative conjunction.
09:51And in the top example, there are verbs after each part.
09:59When you use the same part of speech after a correlative conjunction, your sentence is said to be parallel.
10:06So, the top example can be described as parallel.
10:10Because each part of the correlative conjunction is followed by a phrase starting with a verb.
10:17Let's examine this idea a little bit more.
10:21To raise funds, John either sold his watch or his kayak.
10:26Either or is our correlative conjunction.
10:30This example is not parallel.
10:33Look, a verb follows either.
10:35But a noun phrase, his kayak, follows or.
10:41So, this is wrong.
10:44Let's correct the example.
10:46To raise funds, John sold either his watch or his kayak.
10:51This time, his watch, a noun phrase, follows either.
10:56And his kayak, a noun phrase, follows or.
10:59This one is parallel.
11:02This is correct.
11:04That is everything we're going to say about correlative conjunctions.
11:08And it ends this video on conjunctions.
11:11But, before we go, I want to leave you with this slide.
11:15It is a summary of everything.
11:18Coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.
11:25You can pause this video here to remind yourself of the content we've covered.
11:30Servant knives.
11:32Informations then cultures be continuation.
Comments