00:17Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born on December 28, 1856, in Staunton, Virginia, to parents of a predominantly Scottish heritage.
00:27After graduating from the Law School of the University of Virginia, he practiced law for a year in Atlanta, Georgia, but it was a feeble practice.
00:37He entered graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University in 1883 and three years later received his doctorate.
00:45In 1885 he published Congressional Government, a splendid piece of scholarship which analyzes the difficulties arising from the separation of the legislative and executive powers in the American Constitution.
01:00As president of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, Wilson became widely known for his ideas on reforming education.
01:10Wilson was a thinker who needed to act.
01:13So he entered politics and as governor of the state of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913 distinguished himself once again as a reformer.
01:24Wilson won the presidential election of 1912 when William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt split the Republican vote.
01:35Upon taking office he set about instituting the reforms he had outlined in his book The New Freedom, including the changing of the tariff, the revising of the banking system, the checking of monopolies and fraudulent advertising.
01:53But the attention of this man of peace was forced to turn to war.
01:58In the early days of World War I, Wilson was determined to maintain neutrality.
02:04He protested British as well as German acts.
02:08He offered mediation to both sides but was rebuffed.
02:12The American electorate in 1916, reacting to the slogan,
02:18He kept us out of war, re-elected Wilson to the presidency.
02:23However, in 1917, the issue of freedom of the seas compelled a decisive change.
02:30On January 31, Germany announced that unrestricted submarine warfare was already started.
02:39On March 27, after four American ships had been sunk, Wilson decided to ask for a declaration of war.
02:48On April 2, he made the formal request to Congress.
02:52And on April 6, the Congress granted it.
02:56Wilson never doubted the outcome.
02:58He mobilized a nation, its manpower, its industry, its commerce, its agriculture.
03:06He was himself the chief mover in the propaganda war.
03:10His speech to Congress, on January 8, 1918, on the 14 points, was a decisive stroke in winning that war.
03:20For people everywhere saw in his peace aims the vision of a world in which freedom, justice and peace could flourish.
03:29Although, at the apogee of his fame, when the 1919 Peace Conference assembled in Versailles, Wilson failed to carry his total conception of an ideal peace.
03:41But he did secure the adoption of the covenant of the League of Nations.
03:45His major failure, however, was suffered at home when the Senate declined to approve American acceptance of the League of Nations.
03:54This stunning defeat resulted from his losing control of Congress after he had made the Congressional election of 1918 virtually a vote of confidence.
04:06From his failure to appoint to the American peace delegation those who could speak for the Republican Party or for the Senate.
04:14From his unwillingness to compromise when some minor compromises might well have carried the day.
04:21From his physical incapacity in the days just prior to the vote.
04:26The cause of this physical incapacity was the strain of the massive effort he made to obtain the support of the American people for the ratification of the Covenant of the League.
04:37After a speech in Pueblo, Colorado on September 25th 1919, he collapsed and a week later suffered a cerebral hemorrhage from the effects of which he never fully recovered.
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