00:15The Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine 1923 was awarded jointly to Frederick G. Banting and J.J.R. MacLeod for the discovery of insulin.
00:29Frederick Grant Banting was born on November 14, 1891, at Ellison, Ontario, Canada. Educated at the public and high schools at Elliston, he later went to the University of Toronto to study divinity, but soon transferred to the study of medicine.
00:49In 1916, he took his MB degree and at once joined the Canadian Army Medical Corps and served during the First World War in France.
01:00In 1918, he was wounded at the Battle of Cambrai and in 1919, he was awarded the Military Cross for Heroism under fire.
01:11When the war ended in 1919, Banting returned to Canada and was, for a short time, a medical practitioner at London, Ontario.
01:22He studied orthopedic medicine and was, during the year 1919-1920, a resident surgeon at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto.
01:33In 1922, he was awarded his MD degree, together with a gold medal.
01:39Earlier, however, Banting had become deeply interested in diabetes.
01:44The work of Nonin, Minkowski, Opie, Schaffer and others had indicated that diabetes was caused by a lack of protein hormone, secreted by the eyelids of Langerhans in the pancreas.
01:57To this hormone, Schaffer had given the name insulin, and it was supposed that insulin controls the metabolism of sugar, so that lack of it results in the accumulation of sugar in the blood and the excretion of the excess of sugar in the urine.
02:15Attempts to supply the missing insulin by feeding patients with fresh pancreas, or extracts of it, had failed, presumably because the protein insulin in these had been destroyed by the proteolytic enzyme of the pancreas.
02:31The problem, therefore, was how to extract insulin from the pancreas before it had been thus destroyed.
02:38While he was considering this problem, Banting read in a medical journal an article by Moses Baron, which pointed out that when the pancreatic duct was experimentally closed by ligatures.
02:51The cells of the pancreas, which secrete trypsin, degenerate, but that the eyelids of Langerhans remain intact.
03:00This suggested to Banting the idea that ligation of the pancreatic duct would, by destroying the cells which secrete trypsin, avoid the destruction of the insulin, so that after sufficient time had been allowed for the degeneration of the trypsin-secreting cells, insulin might be extracted from the intact islets of Langerhans.
03:23Determined to investigate this possibility, Banting discussed it with various people, among whom was J. J. R. MacLeod, professor of physiology at the University of Toronto, and MacLeod gave him facilities for experimental work upon it.
03:40Dr. Charles Best, then a medical student, was appointed as Banting's assistant, and together Banting and Best started the work which was to lead to the discovery of insulin.
03:52In 1922, Banting had been appointed Senior Demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto, and in 1923 he was elected to the Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, which had been endowed by the Legislature of the Province of Ontario.
04:12He was also appointed Honorary Consulting Physician to the Toronto General Hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital.
04:22Prior to the award of the Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine for 1923, which he shared with MacLeod, he received the Reeve Prize of the University of Toronto.
04:33When the Second World War broke out, he served as a liaison officer between the British and North American Medical Services, and, while thus engaged, he was, in February 1941, killed in an air disaster in England.
04:52After his college and underrepresented in a new grade last month, he became a ไปใฎๆญฆๅจใฎไธญใซ็ตๅๆฉๆใฎๅๆใๆฏๆฅใซไธ้ใใใใใฏใใใฎ้้็ฑๅใๆใฃใฆใใ ใใใ
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