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00:02History is not an exact science.
00:05It is never set in stone.
00:16As time passes, knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.
00:29But, by definition, received ideas have thick skins and are hard to shift.
00:42I have a dream that all men have created it.
00:49To understand the realities of the world, you sometimes have to shake them up and decipher
00:54the facts by looking at them another way.
01:19The New Deal became the stuff of legends for saving the people of America from the Great
01:24Depression, while giving them aid, work, and new rights.
01:31And yet…
01:45In July 1932, 20,000 World War I veterans marched on Washington.
01:52Jobless and without resources, they demanded the bonus payment promised to them after the war.
02:06To pressurize the government, they camped on public ground for several weeks with their
02:11wives and children.
02:14The 1929 Wall Street Crash had caused a global economic downturn and plunged the United States
02:21into the Great Depression.
02:27In what was an electoral year, the Republican President Hoover, running for re-election, refused
02:32to enter into talks.
02:34He ordered the army to clear out the veterans and their families.
02:43Today's soldiers clashed with the soldiers of yesteryear.
02:53The United States was at war with itself.
03:13The veterans' distress mirrored that of millions of Americans.
03:1811 million men were out of work, 25% of the workforce.
03:25The middle class was as badly hit as the working class.
03:29Cities as badly as rural areas.
03:37In a land where the work ethic was a national value, it was embarrassing to ask for state handouts.
03:44One unemployed man confessed,
03:46It took me a month.
03:48I went there more or less every three days, but I walked on by without going in.
03:58The storekeeper in Philadelphia described the situation of a family that owed him money.
04:05There are 11 of them.
04:07They have no shoes, no pants.
04:10There are no chairs in their house.
04:13Dear God, it's simple.
04:14You walk in and you start crying.
04:24Getting the country out of this economic rut was the only subject of the presidential campaign,
04:30which pitted President Hoover against the Democrat Franklin Roosevelt.
04:41Roosevelt placed much of the blame on Hoover's passiveness while presenting himself as a fighter.
04:51I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people.
04:59This is more than a political campaign.
05:03It is a call to war.
05:05Give me your help not to win both the law, but to win in this crusade to restore America to
05:17its own people.
05:28Across the country, Roosevelt tirelessly sold his new deal, focusing on what he called the three Rs.
05:35Relief, recovery and reform.
05:39He hammered it home.
05:41He hammered it home.
05:42He wanted to resume the march to true progress, true justice, and true equality for all citizens, both rich and
05:49poor.
05:54His promises inspired trust.
05:58I believe he's a square shooter, and now you'll carry up the democratic platform.
06:03I'm a farmer, and I'm going to vote for the democratic nominee for president,
06:07as I know you're right to conditions of the country.
06:15After a landslide victory, Roosevelt was sworn in as the 32nd President of the United States on March the 4th,
06:221933.
06:24In the event that the national emergency is still critical...
06:29In his inaugural speech, he laid out how he would fight the battle against the Great Depression.
06:35No more slacking.
06:38If the situation required it, he would ask Congress for the same powers as in wartime.
06:48This was something new.
06:50The US, made up of federal states, wasn't used to the national government running the economy and the social welfare
06:57system.
07:08Roosevelt needed to act.
07:11Citizens had lost their trust in the banks and were withdrawing their money en masse.
07:17A new crisis was looming.
07:20The president announced the immediate closure of all banks.
07:24For four days, federal inspectors would assess them.
07:29Only viable banks would receive the necessary funding to save them.
07:45To give the new president a chance, Americans accepted the measure in good spirits.
07:57On March the 12th, the day before the reopening of the banks, the president addressed the nation for the first
08:02time.
08:04Let me make it clear that the banks will take care of all needs.
08:09We have provided the machinery to restore our financial system.
08:15And it is up to you to support and make it work.
08:19It is your problem, my friends, no less than it is mine.
08:24Together, we cannot fail.
08:30This fireside chat heralded the Roosevelt method.
08:34He wanted to give the impression that he was close to his fellow citizens, whom he called his friends.
08:42He showed them that he respected and trusted them.
08:46The New Deal was a partnership.
08:50They, like him, would need to make an effort.
08:54His speech sounded spontaneous, but his text, which he followed to the letter, was meticulously rehearsed.
09:03The refined, experienced politician from a wealthy background established a close relationship with Americans.
09:13This is another partial reunion of the Roosevelt family.
09:19And it worked.
09:20Roosevelt claimed a first victory.
09:24When the banks reopened for business, citizens lined up to redeposit their savings.
09:31Happy days are here again.
09:34The climate war are here again.
09:37The climate war are here again.
09:40Happy days are here again.
09:44Happy days are here again.
09:45Happy days were here again.
09:48To celebrate saving the banks, after 14 years of prohibition, Congress authorized the sale of beer and wine with a
09:56low alcohol content.
09:59Welcome to the New Deal.
10:08After these two emergency measures, Roosevelt appointed and presented his cabinet, including, for the very first time, a woman.
10:17Francis Perkins, the new U.S. Secretary of Labor.
10:23He brought his advisers to Washington.
10:26Mainly lawyers, economists, and university professors.
10:32Together, they became what was called the Brain Trust.
10:38Their job was to come up with proposals which were then submitted to the president.
10:43He, in turn, would pass on the ones he approved to Congress, where they would be made law.
10:50With their huge majority, the Democrats pushed through the objectives of the New Deal.
10:55But their party was made up of two factions.
11:00The Northern and Western Democrats represented an urban population.
11:05Mainly company workers and laborers, often unionized.
11:14Their representatives favored progressive social reforms.
11:19Meanwhile, the Southern Democrats formed a tightly knit caucus, representing 15 states, including the former so-called slave states.
11:39It was the poorest region in the U.S., with an average income less than 50% of the national
11:45average.
11:51In some of these states, African Americans made up almost half the population.
12:01Most of them supported the Republican Party, out of loyalty to Abraham Lincoln, the Republican president who abolished slavery.
12:14Conversely, Southern whites, still deeply racist, voted Democrat.
12:21They practiced racial segregation to prevent blacks from becoming integrated.
12:27And to deprive them from the vote, they used census suffrage and literacy tests.
12:40Southern Democrats expected a lot from the New Deal for their region's economic growth.
12:47But their support was subjected to a non-negotiable condition.
12:51The preservation of the racial status quo.
12:58Roosevelt knew that he needed the votes of the Southern caucus.
13:03As the owner of a second home in Georgia, he knew the South, and he knew his party.
13:13He was a political tightrope walker, and chose as his vice president the experienced Southern politician, John Nance Garner.
13:41The New Deal was up and running.
13:46During Roosevelt's first hundred days in office, initiatives to get Americans back to work came one afternoon.
13:52after the other.
13:54In late March, the White House founded the CCC, the Civilian Conservation Corps.
14:01Overseen by the U.S. Army, the program recruited single young men, aged between 18 and 25,
14:08to maintain the country's vast national parks.
14:28Pay was modest, but the young men were given bed and board, and received basic training.
14:40In just three months, 1,463 working camps were opened.
14:52In government-produced films, the young men resembled a happy band of scouts,
14:57with, as their troop leader, the president himself, who came to inspect them.
15:16The CCC was open to all.
15:19But the U.S. Army was segregated, as were the camps it ran.
15:24Blacks and whites were separated.
15:27Positions of responsibility and the most technical jobs were restricted to whites.
15:41This sad reality didn't hold the New Deal back.
15:44In May 1933, the president and his advisers presented Congress with a project even more ambitious than the CCC.
15:57The task given to the Tennessee Valley Authority was to drain the Tennessee River Basin and tributaries,
16:03which spread across seven southern states.
16:20The construction of a series of dams was to bring an end to frequent devastating flooding in the region,
16:26while also producing electricity.
16:36Farming would be modernized and electricity would attract new industries.
16:45A virtuous circle which would create jobs and prosperity.
16:51Within a few months, 9,000 people were already hard at work.
17:03The TVA was a first in the U.S., with the government supplying labor by investing public money in major
17:10works across an entire region.
17:16Local recruitment was encouraged, but the foremen were all white.
17:23When black laborers were hired, they were given the toughest jobs.
17:30The Southern Democrats were satisfied.
17:33The program benefited their region without disturbing its racial hierarchy.
17:43The construction of the dams meant flooding vast areas.
17:51A hundred and twenty-five thousand people had to leave their land.
17:56Once again, a distinction was made between whites and blacks.
18:01The former received advice and compensation for their relocation.
18:07While the latter were just left with a small handout, forcing many of them to move to the cities.
18:24The slogans are new, but for us the New Deal is the same old rotten deal.
18:29Said one member of the NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
18:40One white resident recalled,
18:43There was a black lady who had a little patch of land with a vegetable garden and hens.
18:48The authorities didn't take people like her into account, and suddenly, they had to get out.
18:59Meanwhile in Washington, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace, pushed through a law which established the Agricultural Adjustment
19:08Administration, tasked with the reform of farming.
19:16The AAA asked farmers to reduce production in order to raise the selling price of crops, and thus increase their
19:24revenue.
19:32If farmers sold their produce more expensively, they would have money to spend and the economic wheel would start turning
19:39again.
19:42In the meantime, the government would compensate for decreased production with subsidies.
19:59The New Deal also targeted industry.
20:05Through another acronym, the NRA, for National Recovery Administration.
20:14Under the leadership of General Hugh S. Johnson, the NRA established rules in each sector, which set minimum sale prices,
20:23minimum wages, and maximum working hours.
20:32By invoking the spirit of partnership so dear to President Roosevelt, Johnson called on employers and employees alike to behave
20:41fairly.
20:46The companies that participated in the collective effort had the NRA logo printed on their products, the patriotic symbol of
20:54the Blue Eagle, along with the slogan, we do our part.
21:05Small company bosses and their workers adhered in numbers, everyone wanted to believe in it.
21:15Throughout the autumn of 1933, the NRA held numerous Blue Eagle parades in city centers.
21:29In New York, in the presence of Hugh S. Johnson, the event lasted more than 12 hours and resembled a
21:36victory march past.
21:50Unsurprisingly, the Republicans and the big bosses opposed the NRA.
21:55They saw it as the instrument of a Soviet-style economic plan.
22:05It was out of the question that the government should impose such rules on companies.
22:10Some even claimed it would be unconstitutional.
22:22But for the time being, the New Deal had the wind in its sails.
22:27As proved by the thousands of letters to the President that poured into the White House every day.
22:35The New Deal may well have been the collective effort of an entire team,
22:39but it was seen and often presented as the work of one man.
22:45was a young man.
22:46All the world's a free and a sunny day
22:50Cause the road is open again
22:53There's a note of repair
22:56There's a song in the air
22:58It's the music of busy men
23:01Every plow in the land
23:04Meets a happier hand
23:06Mas a rua é mais open.
23:09Tem um eagre blue
23:12na White House, too,
23:14na frente da nossa presidência.
23:17Com a luz e-cóvel,
23:20e-cóvel, e-cóvel,
23:21e-cóvel, e-cóvel,
23:22e-cóvel,
23:22e-cóvel,
23:22e-cóvel,
23:23e-cóvel,
23:24e-cóvel,
23:24e-cóvel,
23:25e-cóvel,
23:26e-cóvel,
23:27e-cóvel,
23:29Mas a wave de optimism
23:31não se passou.
23:34Eu estou contra o NRA.
23:36Na semana eu estava fazendo
23:37R$35 a mês.
23:39Agora eu estou fazendo R$21.
23:41Os trabalhadores do Smoky City
23:42pensam que o NRA
23:44é 100% fine
23:45se as firmas
23:47moram ao que o código
23:48consignado a eles.
23:52O NRA
23:54não mantém as promissas
23:55para todos.
23:57Muitos líderes
23:58não sejam as obrigações
24:00para o seu pessoal.
24:02não sejam as obrigações
24:04para o seu pessoal.
24:04Não sejam as obrigações
24:05Não respeitam
24:05o número de horas
24:06de trabalho
24:06e não sejam as obrigações
24:09e não sejam as obrigações
24:09para o seu pessoal.
24:16E não sejam as obrigações
24:17A intensão
24:18do summer de 1932
24:19resurfacido
24:20e as strikes
24:21spread
24:22through all sectors
24:22across the country.
24:27Em May 1934,
24:30longshoremen
24:31O governo bloqueou quase o todo o fronte da água na costa do norte.
24:39Em San Francisco, a morte de dois strikers,
24:42derrubando por policiais, causou um ataque general.
24:48O governo de Califórnia voltou para o caminho e sentiu a Guardia Nacional.
24:59NRA Director General Hugh S. Johnson
25:01Seemed less affable than during the autumn parades
25:05Now the right of dissatisfied men
25:08To strike against a reconsultant employer is inviolate
25:11This government has supported it
25:14And will support it to the limit
25:15It is a weapon of a two-sided conflict
25:19But the general strike is quite another matter
25:29There is a threat to the community
25:32There is a minister government
25:34That is civil war
25:53The Battle of Toledo in the state of Ohio
25:56Came close to civil war
25:59It lasted five days
26:01And pitted 10,000 strikers
26:03Against 1,300 National Guardsmen
26:06The outcome
26:07Two strikers dead
26:09And more than 200 injured
26:18As in industry
26:20The first results in farming were disappointing
26:23Another setback for the New Deal
26:30To decrease production
26:32Crops were dug up
26:33And piglets slaughtered in their thousands
26:37But the compensation payments handed out by the AAA
26:40Remained in the hands of the big landowners
26:43Who refused to redistribute them
26:45So even though sale prices increased
26:48Sharecroppers and farmhands
26:49With no harvest or subsidies
26:51Were left poverty-stricken
27:04Once again
27:05Private interests won out
27:07Over the general interest
27:11The New Deal
27:12Once hijacked
27:13No longer benefited those
27:15Who needed it most
27:20In July 1934
27:22A black worker in Alabama
27:24Wrote to Hugh S. Johnson
27:25To decry his working conditions
27:31Tell me what I can do
27:33I need to feed my family
27:35I know the government
27:37Is handing out money to us laborers
27:38The president said so
27:40I want to work for the combined effort
27:43But not for nothing
27:54Across the region
27:55The Southern Democrats
27:56Obtained a waiver
27:57For certain industries
27:59Notably cotton
28:00Not to apply NRA rules
28:02To jobs filled by African Americans
28:07Equal work
28:08Different treatment
28:18In a factory in South Carolina
28:20Whites earned 25 cents an hour
28:23For a 40-hour working week
28:24Whereas for blacks
28:27It was 10 cents an hour
28:29For a 78-hour week
28:37Variable NRA rules
28:39Segregated CCC camps
28:42And exclusions from the TVA
28:44All this was tantamount
28:47To a federal mandate
28:48For discriminatory practices
28:53A perverted effect
28:55Of the New Deal
28:56Which broadened inequalities
28:57Between the white
28:58And black populations
29:07African Americans
29:08African Americans should realize
29:09That the Roosevelt administration
29:11Does nothing for them
29:12Wrote Walter White
29:14President of the NAACP
29:16The largest association
29:18For the defense of black rights
29:28Worse still
29:29Tensions caused by the economic crisis
29:31Stirred up hatred
29:32And led to an escalation
29:34Of racial violence
29:35In the South
29:42To bring an end to this
29:43The Democrat senators
29:45Of New York and Colorado
29:47Robert F. Wagner
29:48And Edward P. Costigan
29:50Tabled a bill
29:51To indict on a federal level
29:53Those who carried out lynchings
30:03That didn't scare the lynch mobs
30:07In October in Florida
30:09Vigilantes announced in advance
30:11The time and site
30:13For the lynching
30:13Of a young African American man
30:15Accused of raping
30:16And murdering
30:17A white woman
30:2723-year-old Claude Neal
30:29Suffered a brutal death
30:34His murder sent shockwaves
30:36Around the country
30:41But in Washington
30:43The Southern Caucus
30:44Managed to defeat
30:45The anti-lynching bill
30:47In the Senate
30:52The president remained silent
30:55The true justice
30:56Roosevelt had promised
30:58During the election campaign
30:59Was yet to be enforced
31:03He explained to Walter White
31:07I have to get legislation
31:09Passed by Congress
31:11To save America
31:12If I come out
31:13For the anti-lynching bill now
31:15The Southerners will block
31:17Every bill I ask Congress
31:18To pass
31:19To keep America
31:20From collapsing
31:21I just can't take that risk
31:25Roosevelt kept his distance
31:27From the racial question
31:29He never even discussed it
31:31In public
31:36He was protected
31:37By a security cordon
31:39During the New Deal
31:41During the New Deal
31:41Not one African American
31:42Was officially received
31:44By the president
31:45And no black journalists
31:47Had access to the White House
31:48Hello
31:50And yet
31:51Black citizens
31:52Weren't indifferent
31:53To the New Deal
31:54They adhered to it
31:56In increasing numbers
32:03A black State Department
32:05Employee recalled
32:08In the black neighborhoods
32:10During the fireside chats
32:12You could hear the radio
32:13Playing along all the roads
32:15Leading to your home
32:16The president gave the impression
32:18He was speaking to everyone
32:20Personally
32:24Sylvester Harris
32:25Was one of the listeners
32:29He was about to lose his farm
32:30In the state of Mississippi
32:33In desperation
32:34He phoned the White House
32:35And to his surprise
32:36Managed to reach
32:38The president himself
32:42His farm was saved
32:49The White House
32:50Press Office
32:51Used the story
32:51For political ends
32:56In November 1934
32:59During the midterm elections
33:00Sylvester Harris
33:02Was even invited
33:03To the Democratic Convention
33:04In Chicago
33:05With the aim
33:07Of winning over
33:08Black voters
33:17Taking advantage
33:18Of this apparent interest
33:20The few African American
33:21Public servants
33:22And intellectuals
33:23In Washington
33:24Got to work
33:28Around the respected
33:29Civil rights activist
33:30Mary McLeod Bethune
33:32They formed an informal network
33:34Which came to be known
33:35As the Black Cabinet
33:42They hoped to use
33:44Their professional status
33:45To push forward
33:46The interests
33:47Of African Americans
33:48In the New Deal
33:51Especially as
33:52Mrs. Bethune
33:53Had the ear
33:54Of Eleanor Roosevelt
33:55Who was more accessible
33:57Than her husband
34:08In New York
34:10Anger against the New Deal
34:11Was mounting
34:13A family-run
34:15Poultry wholesalers
34:16Contested the sanctions
34:17Imposed on it
34:18For failing to respect
34:19NRA regulations
34:24In its complaint
34:26Shestas maintained
34:27That through the NRA
34:29The government
34:29Was impeding the right
34:30To free enterprise
34:31And going beyond
34:33Its legitimate functions
34:39This echoed
34:41The Republican stance
34:46On May the 27th
34:481935
34:49Chief Justice
34:50Charles Evans Hughes
34:51Found in favour
34:52Of Shestas
34:57The judgment
34:58Hit like a bomb
34:59The NRA
35:01Hailed by millions
35:02Of citizens
35:03Had acted
35:03Unconstitutionally
35:11Roosevelt took it
35:12On the chin
35:13In silence
35:14A disillusioned
35:16Texan Democrat
35:16Wrote to him
35:17Like I told you
35:19The wealthiest
35:20Will always call
35:21On the Supreme Court
35:22To kill our laws
35:29The NRA
35:30Was dead
35:31And buried
35:32But in the spring
35:34Of 1935
35:35The government
35:35Rediscovered
35:36The impetus
35:37Of 1933
35:38By massively
35:39Investing
35:40In the WPA
35:41The Works Progress
35:43Administration
35:50Its director
35:51Harry Hopkins
35:52Soon made it
35:52The key agency
35:53Of the New Deal
35:56Its aim
35:57Was to supply work
35:58To at least
35:59One member
35:59Of a household
36:00Hit by long-term
36:02Unemployment
36:05The WPA
36:07Was active
36:07In all fields
36:09The construction
36:11Of roads
36:11Bridges
36:13Airports
36:14Hospitals
36:15Schools
36:16And public parks
36:21It financed
36:22Public health
36:23Programs
36:23And played roles
36:24In education
36:25Training
36:26And leisure
36:27Activities
36:31It hired
36:32Artists
36:33And promoted
36:34The arts
36:34In order to
36:35Guarantee
36:35Access to
36:36Culture
36:36For all
36:48The WPA
36:49Was everywhere
36:52One division
36:53Was even
36:53Dedicated to
36:54African Americans
36:56A first
36:58At its head
37:00Was Alfred
37:00Edgar Smith
37:03To finally
37:04Enable blacks
37:05To have access
37:05To qualified jobs
37:06On a par
37:07With whites
37:08He made
37:09Professional
37:09Training
37:10A priority
37:18At the same time
37:21Mary McLeod Bethune
37:22Was appointed
37:23Director
37:24Of the Division
37:24Of Negro Affairs
37:25Within the National
37:27Youth Administration
37:28Created by the WPA
37:32Hope
37:32Hope was born
37:33At last
37:35African Americans
37:36Might have a place
37:37In the New Deal
37:40But segregation
37:42And discrimination
37:43Were too anchored
37:44In American society
37:48In reality
37:49The efforts
37:49Of Smith
37:50Bethune
37:51And the Black
37:52Cabinet
37:52Only benefited
37:53A minority
38:01During the summer
38:02Of 1935
38:03One measure
38:04Followed the other
38:07As a riposte
38:08To the invalidation
38:10Of the NRA
38:11Senator Robert F.
38:13Wagner
38:13Pushed through
38:14A law
38:14That gave
38:15Private sector
38:16Employees
38:16The right
38:17To organize
38:18Into trade unions
38:19Take part
38:20In collective bargaining
38:21And to go on strike
38:29But the Southern Democrats
38:31Already hostile
38:32To his anti-lynching bill
38:34Called for modifications
38:39Unsurprisingly
38:40They managed
38:41To have domestic workers
38:42And farm laborers
38:43Mostly black
38:44Excluded from
38:45The Wagner Act
38:54Meanwhile
38:55On August the 14th
38:57Secretary of Labor
38:58Francis Perkins
39:00Helped push through
39:01The Social Security Act
39:08It included
39:09Unemployment insurance
39:10An old age pension system
39:12And financial support
39:14For handicapped children
39:18It was a turning point
39:20In history
39:24A first step
39:26Towards security for all
39:28Promoted by Roosevelt
39:29In his election campaign
39:31In 1932
39:33But while the act
39:35Marked a milestone
39:36The system itself
39:37Was far from universal
39:49Once again
39:50The excluded
39:51Were the same
39:5165% of black workers
39:54As opposed to
39:5427% of white workers
40:00Congress ended
40:01The busy session
40:02With the Democrats
40:03Thumbing their nose
40:04At the Republicans
40:05One last time
40:07Before the vacation
40:09A tax on incomes
40:11Superior to
40:12One million dollars
40:14Another victory
40:15For the New Deal
40:22In 1936
40:23Roosevelt's first term
40:24In office
40:25Came to an end
40:29The electoral year
40:30Started badly
40:32The Supreme Court
40:34Invalidated the
40:35Agricultural Adjustment Act
40:38A second flagship measure
40:40Judged to be
40:41Unconstitutional
40:43The future of the New Deal
40:45Was in danger
40:51To rescue it
40:53The incumbent president
40:54Called on the people
40:57More radical than in 1932
40:59He attacked the big bosses
41:02He accused them
41:04Of refusing to get on board
41:05And turning their backs
41:07On the common effort
41:09Throughout the campaign
41:10He drew on his charisma
41:12And promoted his track record
41:15I have five children
41:17And I'm grateful
41:18For the things he's done
41:19For the youth of this country
41:20I came of age
41:22At a time
41:22When there was no security
41:24And no opportunity
41:25President Roosevelt
41:27Has provided both
41:28Security and opportunity
41:33On October the 31st
41:351936
41:36In New York
41:37Roosevelt received
41:39A 15-minute standing ovation
41:41Even before beginning to talk
41:49Of course
41:51Of course
41:54We will continue
41:55To seek to improve
41:57Working conditions
41:59For the workers of America
42:08To reduce hours
42:10That are over long
42:15To increase wages
42:17That spell starvation
42:23To end the labor of children
42:26And to wipe out sweatshops
42:32And for all these
42:34We have only just begun
42:38To fight
42:43The president
42:44Hit his mark
42:47Three days later
42:48He was re-elected
42:49With the highest percentage
42:51Of votes ever recorded
42:55Tantamount to a plebiscite
42:57For the New Deal
43:02The fight continued
43:04Under good auspices
43:08The unemployment rate
43:09Fell from 25 to 14%
43:12Production
43:13Profit
43:14And wage indexes
43:16Returned to pre-Wall Street
43:17Crash levels
43:25Roosevelt seized the chance
43:27To attack the Supreme Court
43:29Which would soon rule
43:30On the Wagner
43:31And Social Security Acts
43:32Members of the Senate
43:35The House of Representatives
43:36On February 5th 1937
43:38He maintained before Congress
43:40That the workload
43:41For older justices
43:43Was too heavy
43:45He proposed
43:47That the President
43:48Of the United States
43:49Should be able
43:49To appoint an extra judge
43:51To support each justice
43:53Aged over 70 years
43:57That his proposal
43:58Would allow him
43:59To appoint six new judges
44:01And thus guarantee
44:02A majority in the Supreme Court
44:03Wasn't down to chance
44:09A hearing before
44:11The Senate Judiciary Committee
44:13Began
44:13It was the talking point
44:15Of the whole country
44:20Some believe
44:21That nine aged judges
44:23Shouldn't block
44:23What the people
44:24Had massively voted for
44:28Others argued
44:29That it gave the President
44:31Too much power
44:35Roosevelt relied
44:36On his most effective weapon
44:38The fireside chat
44:40But we cannot yield
44:43Our constitutional destiny
44:45To the personal judgment
44:47Of a few men
44:49Who being fearful
44:50Of the future
44:51Would deny us
44:53The necessary means
44:55Of dealing
44:56With the present
45:00A few weeks later
45:02To everyone's surprise
45:03The Supreme Court
45:04Endorsed the Wagner
45:06And Social Security Acts
45:12With this about turn
45:14The judges agreed
45:15That the government
45:16Could legislate
45:17In social and economic matters
45:19And thus
45:20Legitimized the profound change
45:22That the New Deal
45:23Brought to the American system
45:30There was no longer
45:31Any need
45:32To reform
45:32The Supreme Court
45:36But with a rare lack
45:37Of political nous
45:38Roosevelt stuck
45:40To his plan
45:43And packing
45:44The Supreme Court
45:45With judges
45:45Who adhered
45:46To his cause
45:47Came across
45:48As political maneuvering
45:50The public
45:51Stopped believing
45:52In him
45:55On June the 14th
45:57The Senate Judiciary Committee
45:58Made up of seven Democrats
46:00And three Republicans
46:01Unanimously decided
46:03That the President's proposal
46:05Was a dangerous abandonment
46:07Of the constitutional principle
46:13The opposition
46:14By the seven Democrats
46:16On the committee
46:16Was a personal failure
46:18For Roosevelt
46:26For the southern Democrats
46:28The proposal
46:29Was the last straw
46:31Behind their party's back
46:33They grew closer
46:34To the Republicans
46:43Across the country
46:44Tension also increased
46:48Unemployment
46:48Unemployment
46:48Was up again
46:58Reassured
46:59By an economic upturn
47:01Early in 1937
47:02The President
47:03Once again
47:04Attempted to balance
47:05The budget
47:06By reducing
47:07The finances
47:08Of the New Deal
47:08Agencies
47:09Notably those
47:10Of the WPA
47:12The Works Progress
47:13Administration
47:17Another error
47:19Of judgment
47:21The economy
47:23Was still ailing
47:24And it was
47:25The federal programs
47:26That had propped it up
47:31The United States
47:32Entered into recession
47:34A tough blow
47:36Ironically called
47:37The Roosevelt Recession
47:44To counter it
47:45In the spring of 1938
47:47The President
47:47Demanded and received
47:49New funding
47:50For public works
47:54Secretary of Labour
47:56Frances Perkins
47:57Went on the attack
47:59She wanted to
48:01Reestablish the measures
48:02Abolished by the
48:03Invalidation of the NRA
48:05A minimum wage
48:07And maximum working hours
48:10Backed by Roosevelt
48:11She added
48:12The abolition
48:13Of child labour
48:17Congress voted
48:19For the measure
48:19Despite fierce opposition
48:21From the Republicans
48:22And the Southern Democrats
48:28Bosses no longer
48:29Had the right
48:30To hire people
48:30Under the age of 16
48:32To work in mines
48:33Or factories
48:35However
48:36Children who worked
48:37To the land
48:38Mostly black
48:39Weren't protected
48:40By the new law
48:46Following the midterm election
48:48In November
48:48The balance in Congress
48:50Changed
48:52The Southern Caucus
48:53Remained just as strong
48:55And the Republicans
48:56Gained a few seats
49:03The two groups
49:05Formed a conservative
49:06Coalition
49:06And refused
49:07To back Roosevelt
49:11Without a majority
49:13The great venture
49:14Of the new deal
49:15Came to an end
49:19The president
49:20Therefore started
49:21To look
49:21To the increasingly
49:22Alarming situation
49:23Overseas
49:33In the early 1940s
49:35He took on
49:36A new role
49:37That of a war leader
49:41He turned America
49:42Into the arsenal
49:44Of the Allies
49:44And finally
49:45Managed to bring about
49:47Full employment
49:55On April the 12th
49:571945
49:58On the eve
49:59Of victory in Europe
50:00Franklin D. Roosevelt's death
50:02Cemented his status
50:04As a legend
50:07Black or white
50:08Americans mourned
50:10A president
50:10Who with the new deal
50:12Had given millions of them
50:13Jobs and security
50:24By transforming
50:25The role
50:25Of the US government
50:26Roosevelt had also
50:28Laid the foundations
50:29Of a welfare state
50:31Which continued to grow
50:32Over the next half century
50:36And yet
50:37The new deal
50:38Didn't fulfill
50:40All its promises
50:41It left behind
50:43One tenth
50:44Of the American
50:45Population
50:51In the aftermath
50:52Of war
50:53African Americans
50:54Engaged in a new
50:56Combat
50:57The fight
50:58For equality
50:59Between whites
51:00And blacks
51:01A fight
51:02Which is yet
51:03To be won
51:17To be continued
51:17To be continued
51:44To be continued
51:45To be continued
51:48Legenda Adriana Zanotto