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00:01O tempo considerado como um dos homens mais poderosos da Europa, ele foi abandonado em Dubaia em 2019.
00:07Com a desarticulação de uma rede internacional de tráfico de drogas, controlada por uma mafia.
00:13Com a criminalidade organizada, metta a repentaio da sociedade.
00:17Os pessoas não se encontram mais na rua, os filhos não vão mais no lugar, você tem medo.
00:30A mafia de drogas tem a Europa firmemente em sua grasp.
00:34Tire-se, cita-se, bombas, execuções, até torturas.
00:41Levas de violência, uma vez associada com o México ou o Colômbia,
00:45estão agora estando em torno de grandes portas do antigo.
00:49Em Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg e Le Havre.
00:54Muitos locais e rurais são também afetados.
00:57Mas o epicentro de esta wave de organização de crime não é Marseille ou Sicília.
01:03É os Estados Unidos.
01:11Em Ostorp, um distrito no sul de Amsterdão,
01:14a fight contra o trafico de drogas é em full swing.
01:18Com 2019 até 2024,
01:20este building unassumável hostou o Lando Marengo Trial.
01:24It was unlike anything the country had seen before.
01:42Drug lords and their associates stood accused of 10 counts of murder or attempted murder.
01:49Even inside the courtroom, intimidation continued.
01:53É um horrible trial.
01:55O prosecutors não querem ser conhecidos ao público.
01:58O judges não querem ser conhecidos ao público,
02:00porque o medo é sobre este todo o trial.
02:04During the proceedings,
02:06a lawyer for a witness
02:07and a prominent journalist
02:09were assassinated.
02:10The former prime minister
02:12and the crown princess
02:13also received kidnapping threats.
02:16Everybody was afraid.
02:17And all the participants
02:18in the trial
02:20were thinking,
02:21will I be next?
02:22Will I be the next one to be killed?
02:27The Marengo Trial
02:29is considered historic.
02:31For the first time,
02:33it exposed close ties
02:34between street-level criminals,
02:36business figures
02:37and mafia bosses.
02:40A threat
02:40now spreading
02:41across Europe,
02:43whose origins
02:44all began here
02:45in the Netherlands.
02:49So,
02:50we were all asking ourselves,
02:51when will this stop?
02:52And,
02:53why have we
02:55been in this mess?
03:11To find answers,
03:12we need to look back.
03:16What's happening
03:17in the Netherlands today
03:18is no accident.
03:20It's the result
03:21of a centuries-old model
03:23built on global trade.
03:58In these low-lying wetlands,
04:00the Dutch built their country
04:02by and on the water.
04:06For generations,
04:07they constructed dikes
04:09along the coast
04:11to protect against
04:12external threats,
04:14and serve as a gateway
04:15to global trade.
04:23Shipping routes,
04:24ports,
04:25canals,
04:26roads,
04:28railways.
04:29This flat landscape
04:30was engineered
04:31to keep goods moving
04:33efficiently
04:33and without interruption.
04:37In the Kingdom
04:38of the Netherlands,
04:39trade has always had
04:41the top priority.
04:46We are a country
04:47of tradesmen.
04:49You know,
04:50we're always at this crossroads
04:52where goods came in,
04:55goods were sent out,
04:56and there was people
04:58with money,
04:59bankers.
04:59The first stock exchange
05:01ever to be built
05:03was built in Amsterdam.
05:04So, we have always been
05:07this international
05:08place of business.
05:10And a big,
05:11I mean,
05:11a significant part
05:13of our wealth
05:15was earned
05:16in that time.
05:18for centuries,
05:19we've been quite active
05:21on the seas.
05:22Sailors,
05:23navigators,
05:26discoveries.
05:27We made posts
05:28in Africa,
05:30around South Africa.
05:31We were in South Africa,
05:32also to the Dutch East Indies,
05:34to the Dutch West Indies.
05:35So, we were always trading.
05:36And we always had
05:37an economic interest
05:38in that.
05:38So, we are sailors,
05:41but we are also
05:41businessmen
05:42and traders.
05:43So, we stole,
05:45you know,
05:47all kinds of,
05:48you know,
05:49herbs,
05:50spices.
05:51We just stole it.
05:53We went to
05:54Southeast Asia,
05:55we went to Latin America
05:56and we stole it
05:57and took it here
05:58and pretended
05:59that we were
05:59really good business people.
06:01We were thieves.
06:11The story begins
06:12in 1581
06:14with the founding
06:15of the Dutch Republic
06:16as they broke away
06:17from Spain.
06:19What followed
06:20was a golden age
06:22as the Netherlands
06:23rose to become
06:24a global trading power.
06:28As other European powers
06:30like France,
06:31England,
06:32Spain
06:33and Portugal
06:33expanded,
06:35the Dutch built a network
06:36of trade-based colonies.
06:39in Indonesia,
06:41Southern Africa,
06:42Brazil,
06:44Suriname,
06:45the Caribbean
06:46and North America
06:47where New Amsterdam
06:49would later
06:49become New York.
06:51For the Dutch,
06:52one principle
06:53stood above all.
06:55Controlling territories
06:56must also mean
06:57controlling markets.
06:59Pepper,
07:00ginger,
07:01nutmeg,
07:01cinnamon,
07:02saffron,
07:02anise,
07:03cumin
07:03as well as
07:04tea,
07:05tobacco,
07:06sugar cane,
07:06cocoa and coffee.
07:07The Dutch
07:08bought raw goods
07:10from colonies
07:10and neighboring countries,
07:12processed them
07:13and then resold them
07:14at high prices.
07:16In doing so,
07:18they laid the foundations
07:19of modern capitalism.
07:22Profit
07:22through added value.
07:29At the center of this system
07:31was the Dutch East India Company
07:33or VOC,
07:34founded in 1602.
07:37Its fleet was larger
07:38than that of all other nations combined.
07:41The VOC was the first
07:43joint stock company in history
07:44and one of the most powerful corporations
07:47ever created.
07:48The VOC,
07:49that's an interesting,
07:50interesting organization
07:52because it was not a state,
07:54it was not the Netherlands,
07:56but it was a commercial enterprise,
07:58basically.
07:59People put money together
08:01and they had ships
08:03and they sailed the waves
08:04and tried to conquer,
08:06in a way,
08:07new territories for profits.
08:11In the 17th century,
08:13trade and mercantilism
08:15combined with another Dutch passion,
08:19botany.
08:22Thanks to herbaria
08:23and the first classification systems,
08:25the trade in ornamental plants
08:27flourished in courts across Europe.
08:30In the Netherlands,
08:31tulips sparked
08:33a speculative frenzy.
08:35In 1637,
08:36the market collapsed,
08:38popping what is often called
08:39the first financial bubble
08:41in the history of capitalism.
08:44Those who'd avoided bankruptcy
08:46turned to other profitable crops.
08:49including the opium poppy.
08:55In the 18th century,
08:57they developed a monopoly
08:59on the import of opium
09:01in the Dutch East Indies.
09:03They manufactured opium
09:04in a smokable form
09:05and they sold it
09:07in opium dents.
09:10And it was quite profitable
09:12for them.
09:14By the 19th century,
09:16the Dutch state
09:17had taken direct control
09:18of the opium trade,
09:20using it to finance
09:21its colonies in Indonesia.
09:23They created
09:24a specially established
09:25administrative body
09:26and used their strict state monopoly
09:28to curb illegal trade.
09:32There was a factory,
09:34a Dutch state-owned factory,
09:36that made the root opium.
09:38It was packaged
09:39in official Dutch opium boxes
09:42and it was sold
09:43by state shops
09:44owned by the state.
09:46It was very profitable.
09:47But on the other hand,
09:49there was another movement
09:51in a way that was,
09:52people were concerned
09:53about the opium smoking
09:54in the Dutch East Indies.
09:58Opium smoking became
09:59a bad habit,
10:00a vice,
10:02bad for your health.
10:03So they experimented
10:05with a number of instruments
10:07to reduce opium use.
10:08They had a price policy
10:09and they made it
10:10more expensive
10:11and then they noticed
10:13that the illegal trades
10:16increased.
10:17When they made it too cheap
10:19to fight the illegal trade
10:21and to smugglers,
10:22then more people
10:24got addicted
10:25and more smokers
10:26and people smoked more.
10:28So they had to find
10:29the right balance in a way,
10:32not too expensive
10:33and not too cheap.
10:49Built at the height
10:50of the Golden Age
10:51by wealthy merchants,
10:53Amsterdam's canal-side
10:55neighbourhoods
10:55offer a picturesque backdrop.
11:01Yet much of that wealth
11:02came from what we would
11:03now call
11:04drug money.
11:11By the late 19th century,
11:13the Netherlands
11:14faced a dilemma.
11:16How to strike a balance
11:17between legality
11:18and illegality,
11:20between public health
11:21and government revenue?
11:24Whether tobacco,
11:25alcohol,
11:26or gambling,
11:27the questions raised
11:29by opium then
11:30still resonate today.
11:51At the start
11:52of the 20th century,
11:54the Dutch embarked
11:55on the production
11:56and trade
11:56of a new commodity,
11:58cocaine.
12:01As exceptional botanists,
12:03they cultivated
12:03coca plants
12:04from Peru
12:05in their colony
12:06in Java.
12:10You had all these
12:11tea,
12:12coffee plantations.
12:14In between them
12:15there was also
12:17coca leaves produced.
12:19This was a very
12:20profitable
12:21and totally legal market.
12:24And so,
12:24the number of plantations
12:26increased.
12:27And it appeared to be
12:29that the coca leaves
12:30from Java
12:31were from better quality
12:33than from Peru.
12:34So,
12:35it was a good opportunity
12:37to invest in that.
12:42In 1900,
12:44the NCF Cocaine Factory
12:46was established
12:47in the heart of Amsterdam,
12:49financed by the
12:50Colonial Bank.
12:52It competed
12:53with the German
12:54manufacturer,
12:55Meack,
12:55a pioneer
12:56in cocaine production.
13:00As incredible
13:01as it sounds today,
13:02at that time,
13:03substances like morphine,
13:05heroin,
13:06and cocaine
13:06were sold
13:07over the counter.
13:09They were considered
13:11modern miracle drugs.
13:12Their use brought
13:14pleasure
13:14and euphoria
13:15across the Netherlands,
13:17but also in Germany,
13:19France,
13:20and the United States.
13:23Little was known
13:24about the dangers
13:25of addiction.
13:29during World War I,
13:31the Netherlands
13:31capitalized
13:32on its neutrality
13:33to supply
13:34British,
13:35German,
13:35and French troops.
13:39It sold tons
13:41of cocaine
13:41and rose
13:43to become
13:43a market leader.
13:47Most of the drugs
13:49that we know
13:50at some point
13:51in history
13:52were legal.
13:53So at a certain
13:54point in time,
13:55we decided
13:55to make those drugs
13:56illegal
13:57and to start
13:58criminalizing them
13:59and tackling them
14:02with a war
14:03on those substances.
14:05It's at that
14:06very moment
14:07where we
14:08as a society
14:09decided
14:10these drugs
14:11need to be
14:12criminalized,
14:13need to be
14:14illegal.
14:14That's when
14:15the profitability
14:16of the model
14:17was born.
14:20After the First
14:21World War,
14:22the League of Nations,
14:23the precursor
14:24to the United Nations,
14:25created a new
14:26international framework
14:28aimed at protecting
14:29populations.
14:31All member countries
14:32were obliged
14:33to regulate
14:34the drug trade.
14:36Under pressure
14:37from the United States
14:38and China,
14:39Britain,
14:40France,
14:41and the Netherlands,
14:42which was the most
14:43reluctant,
14:44ratified the Hague
14:45Opium Convention.
14:46This marked
14:48the beginning
14:48of a new era
14:50in drug policy.
14:53Over-the-counter
14:54sales were banned.
14:56Narcotics
14:57now required
14:58a prescription.
15:00The policy
15:02seemed reasonable,
15:03but it had
15:04devastating consequences.
15:09Recreational users
15:10suddenly faced
15:11stigma
15:12and withdrawal
15:13symptoms.
15:18which of course
15:19pushed many
15:20to the black market.
15:22This marked
15:23the birth
15:23of the drug trade
15:24as we know it today.
15:42heroin,
15:45cocaine,
15:46crack,
15:47LSD,
15:48MDMA,
15:50cannabis.
15:52Today,
15:52the distinction
15:53between hard
15:54and soft drugs
15:55may seem obvious.
15:58But it emerged
15:59only decades ago
16:00in Amsterdam
16:02in the early 1960s.
16:20jazz,
16:21rock and roll,
16:23sexual liberation,
16:25counterculture
16:26from the United States
16:27spread across Europe.
16:29In Amsterdam,
16:30the protest movements
16:31awakened deeply hidden desires.
16:34Se seguindo os seus antepassados,
16:37centros de jovens jovens setem para explorar o mundo.
16:42Não se esqueçam que a jovem do XVII século,
16:44ela descobriu o Indonésia.
16:47Você podia ser um explorador.
16:50Devemos explorar a Afganistão e a India,
16:53esses novos exploradores descobriam
16:55Krishna, opina e heroína.
16:59Em Morroco, eles experimentaram com a kife e água.
17:04Mas o que seria mais significado
17:06era o que eles aprendem em Afganistão.
17:09A método para produzir hashes.
17:12No Berber vila dos Reif Mountains,
17:14smiling young Europeans appeared,
17:16drawn by a mythos da sua região oriental.
17:20Históricamente, isso foi o lugar onde a cannabis foi grown.
17:24A gente que vive lá, os indígenas de Reif,
17:28usaram o plantão para muitos purposes,
17:32medicinais,
17:33alimentos,
17:33para comida,
17:35como parte do seu...
17:38médico plantão usado.
17:41E desde os anos, mudou.
17:44Porque a demanda para a Arxí,
17:45foi enviado por um enorme número de Europas
17:49que vieram para permanecer e consumir.
17:53E, lentamente, a mercado para a Arxí
17:55começou a crescer.
17:57O que mudou para muitas pessoas,
17:59que foram, principalmente,
18:01muito pobres,
18:03um novo opção para uma renda.
18:15Young Dutch,
18:16as well as Spanish,
18:18British,
18:18and French travelers,
18:19bought cannabis along the hippie trail
18:21and smuggled it back into Europe
18:23by car,
18:25airplane,
18:26or cargo ship.
18:35As a romantic view
18:37is, of course,
18:38se realmente fossem hippies,
18:39ou anti-capitalistas.
18:41Pois entre os hippies,
18:43eram sempre empreendedores.
18:46E você poderia,
18:47vamos dizer,
18:48ter uma rua minhosa afgaã
18:51e ficar parecido como um hippie
18:52e teráquei
18:53alcançar em Afghanistan
18:55Mas, no sentido, você pode financiar o seu ato com um bom hotel.
19:05Para esses jovens, carnavalos de carnavales para financiar sua vida
19:10foi o melhor modelo de business.
19:13Os voos de Amsterdãs se tornaram ilegal salas points
19:17em plain sight de polícia.
19:19Sua acta de provocação foi um signo de times.
19:23O que é que você está vendendo?
19:56Mas esse exótico comodidade, importado de fora, também foi visto como um problema que precisava ser fechado.
20:05Foi metido com dúvidas.
20:07Foi associado com rebelião, com agitação, porque nós não sabíamos a substância.
20:14A primeira vez, a resposta da polícia foi muito forte.
20:20As pessoas foram arrestadas.
20:22As pessoas foram presenciadas por um par de meses por causa de dois jovens, por exemplo.
20:28A penalização era muito forte.
20:32Era um sistema muito repressivo na Alemanha.
20:40Assim que todos os órgãos e agitantes, as presenciais do concessionos.
20:45Em cafés, baratos e acrílicas Google como o Paradiso e o Fantasio.
20:55E então tinha um cara que pensava que tinha um bar, por que não tinha um negócio que só o
21:02maruano vendia?
21:03E um cara começou a fazer isso.
21:06Ele ficou deslizado, foi arrestado algumas vezes.
21:13Eles estão cometendo um crime de acordo com a lei de droga,
21:17mas eles são muito diferente de shoplifters, de fãs.
21:22Eles são bastante normales.
21:26Então, o que está acontecendo aqui?
21:30É um crime de lei, um instrumento de direito para counterá-lo?
21:36Para supra-lo de forma assim?
21:39E a debate começou.
21:41E por 10 anos, quando é tão longe,
21:44as pessoas ficam com um joint na TV, e eles falam assim,
21:49eles foram começaram.
21:56O público, o sistema de justiça e a polícia foram mais relaxados.
22:01Arrestes foram menos frequentes e as sentições foram reduzidas.
22:09Então, em 1971, os Estados Unidos took a hard turn.
22:19O público, o público, o público número número um dos Estados Unidos,
22:23é o uso de droga.
22:26O público, o público, o público, o público.
22:29O público é um golpe de drogas,
22:30um conflito que continua até hoje.
22:36This marked the beginning of a radical shift in Western drug policy.
22:41Their future slogan?
22:43Just say no.
22:46In the early 1970s, the U.S. was gripped by a heroin crisis,
22:51fueled by imports from Europe and Asia.
22:55The U.S. government struck hard.
22:59In 1972, mass arrests dismantled heroin smuggling networks in southern France.
23:06But the war on drugs proved endless.
23:11Criminal networks quickly reorganized.
23:15Heroin, which had previously flooded the U.S., found a new market in Europe.
23:24In Amsterdam, the relative tolerance toward cannabis was speeding up the spread of heroin.
23:31Dealers offered both in bars and nightclubs.
23:40Heroin consumption in Amsterdam boomed within just a few years.
23:45By the late 1970s, the city had become one of Europe's main heroin hubs.
23:51With around 10,000 heroin addicts, in a population of only about 700,000.
23:56The public health crisis forced the Dutch authorities to implement a decisive reform of the 1919 opium law.
24:09So the idea was, it was a kind of package deal.
24:12A stricter policy towards hard drugs, and a more liberal policy towards cannabis products.
24:23It's what's known as the separation of markets.
24:26You separate the cannabis market from the heroin market.
24:35So, someone who's buying cannabis will never come into contact with heroin.
24:46In 1976, the revision of the opium law was passed.
24:52With it came the distinction between hard and soft drugs, as well as harm reduction measures,
24:58which have since revolutionized the treatment of addicts.
25:02This ushered in a new era for cannabis users, the age of the coffee shops.
25:12By the mid-1970s, Amsterdam had earned a reputation as the coolest travel destination in the world.
25:30When we semi-legalized coffee shops, there was initially in Amsterdam, there were five or six.
25:38And 10 years later, so in the middle of the 80s,
25:42there was something like 175 coffee shops all over the country.
25:47So, you got what we called drug tourism.
25:54When they created their coffee shop model,
25:58they defended the idea that criminalizing and waging a war on drugs is not always effective.
26:06The Dutch have put a lot of effort at that time to try and tell the rest of Europe and
26:12the world,
26:12we don't think this is a war you can win.
26:17We would like to try something different.
26:19Drug use is a matter of public health.
26:23And we would like to treat it that way.
26:25And that's why the Dutch were at the forefront in drug policy innovation in the 70s.
26:40Cannabis consumption might have been decriminalized, but a problem remained.
26:46As a signatory to international drug control treaties,
26:50the Netherlands could not import cannabis for its coffee shops
26:53without the risk of being labeled a narco-state.
27:00With entrepreneurial spirit and a pragmatic approach to drug policy,
27:05the Dutch therefore developed a questionable system known as the backdoor.
27:24In Haarlem, west of Amsterdam,
27:27Heinz Haffrat owns several coffee shops.
27:31He's still grappling with the regulations introduced in 1976.
27:36Welcome.
27:37This place is Cannabis Café Maximilian.
27:40And you can see we have a complete menu here.
27:43Yes, so we have a lot of kinds of marijuana here.
27:46And then we have also one drawer full with joints and smokables,
27:53hashish, Moroccan hashish.
27:54A coffee shop has a front door and a back door.
27:57A coffee shop has a front door and a back door.
28:00At the front door, where the customer buys cannabis,
28:03it's all more or less regulated.
28:05You can just go inside and buy a maximum of five grams,
28:08and then you smoke it there or you go home.
28:12And there's no problem.
28:13The back door, however, where the coffee shop owner has to buy their cannabis,
28:18well, that's totally illegal.
28:20That is volslagen illegal.
28:23So, every straight-minded person would ask you about, wait a minute,
28:29but if you're allowed to sell it in small amounts,
28:32but you're not allowed to buy it in bigger amounts,
28:35how does that work?
28:37Oh, yeah, this is, for example, we cut it here.
28:41This is Moroccan block hash.
28:43That means it's made from Dutch seeds and grown in Morocco.
28:46Don't ask me how it gets here, but it's here.
28:50It's just like a system.
28:51What goes out, you've put in.
28:55What goes out, you put in.
28:57And this is the job for the back door.
28:59We call the back door, the achter door.
29:06The back door is the loophole in the system.
29:10Through this secret passage,
29:12illegal cannabis imports enter the Netherlands.
29:15Police and customs authorities quietly look the other way.
29:26Criminals exploited this loophole,
29:28and the back door became an entry point
29:30for the illegal drug trade.
29:50By the mid-1980s,
29:52the Moroccan reef had become Europe's primary cannabis supplier.
29:58Over a span of 15 years,
30:00cultivated areas had increased tenfold.
30:04Cannabis was the only profitable crop
30:06in this dry, remote region,
30:08one of the poorest in Morocco.
30:12The Berbers of the reef
30:14had long been isolated from the rest of the country.
30:20At the beginning of the 20th century,
30:22the region witnessed North Africa's
30:24first anti-colonial liberation struggle.
30:26After Morocco gained independence in 1956,
30:31the people of the reef suffered violent repression
30:33under future king Hassan II.
30:35The reef became a land of suffering,
30:38which many left behind.
30:40Among the main destination countries
30:42were the Netherlands,
30:43especially Amsterdam.
30:50when demand for hashish exploded in the 1980s,
30:54the first coffee shop supply chains
30:56followed the migration routes of the reef diaspora.
31:01Small quantities were smuggled by Moroccan families
31:04returning from holidays in their home villages.
31:10I mean, obviously, Moroccan people say,
31:12hey, it's kind of legal in the Netherlands,
31:16so let's call my brother or my uncle
31:18or my, you know, my old friend from high school
31:21and, you know, bring it in.
31:23We can make money here.
31:24And it's kind of legal.
31:26Or it's not, nah.
31:29Well, well, well, well, let's do it.
31:38Cannabis still came from Morocco.
31:41But by the mid-1980s,
31:43it was no longer hippies,
31:45but underworld bosses
31:47who controlled distribution in the coffee shops.
31:52A violent and barely concealed criminal underworld
31:56which controlled not only the lucrative hashish trade,
31:58but also gambling, prostitution,
32:01and the heroin market.
32:04In Amsterdam's red light district,
32:06a young man from a well-to-do family
32:08became the symbol of this criminal model,
32:11Klaas Bronsma.
32:13He laid the foundations of the modern Dutch drug trade.
32:19Bronsma, I would define primarily
32:21as an innovation-oriented businessman
32:24with a business education,
32:28a business family background,
32:30and always looking for new ways.
32:34And profit-oriented,
32:39so how can I make more profit?
32:46He had his network,
32:48but he did not copy the sloppiness,
32:50so to say,
32:52of the hippie.
32:54Not too stoned,
32:55and then forget that you had to deliver,
32:57but set up an agency,
33:00more or less,
33:00a network
33:01that was,
33:03that offered good service,
33:05good service from the perspective
33:07of users and small-scale suppliers.
33:09So, good quality,
33:11clean, packed,
33:13delivered in time,
33:15always enough on stock,
33:17or at least able,
33:18to provide the market
33:20with a variety in quality
33:22and for a fair price.
33:24Just like you would do
33:25as a capitalist entrepreneur.
33:27You open a store,
33:28you must be open
33:30during opening hours,
33:31and sometimes,
33:33when you have a night store,
33:34you must be open at night.
33:35Well, that's exactly
33:37what Bronsma brought new in.
33:44Klaas Bronsma
33:46eliminated middlemen
33:47and organized imports
33:48for Morocco himself.
33:55To maximize shipments
33:57and better conceal his merchandise,
33:59he sent hydraulic presses
34:01to his producers
34:02in the Reef Mountains
34:03so they could shape the hash
34:04into soap-sized blocks.
34:08Bronsma established
34:09a standard of 250-gram blocks.
34:16He was able
34:18to create an organization,
34:20people having
34:21the different roles,
34:23a division of roles over time,
34:25with the importation
34:26and the distribution.
34:27That was Bronsma's mentality.
34:31That's what Bronsma did
34:32by taking care of
34:35the hash production
34:37in Morocco.
34:38You offer them equipment
34:40and then you get
34:42better quality.
34:46Business boomed.
34:48A seasoned businessman,
34:50Bronsma surrounded himself
34:52with tax lawyers
34:53to invest in real estate
34:54and launder money
34:55in Amsterdam
34:56and the Bahamas.
35:00Intoxicated
35:01by his own wealth,
35:03Klaas Bronsma
35:03bet big
35:04and lost.
35:06In the early 1990s,
35:09police seized a shipment
35:10of 45 tons
35:11of hashish.
35:13Betrayed by his competitors
35:15and isolated,
35:17the Netherlands'
35:18biggest gangster
35:18was later shot dead
35:20outside a Hilton hotel.
35:22His empire collapsed,
35:24but his criminal model
35:26would survive him.
35:28There is not a monopoly
35:29and there is not one mafia
35:31and there is a lot
35:33that is not mafia organized.
35:35In criminology,
35:36we see the drug market
35:37is largely disorganized.
35:40It is not one big organization,
35:43but it runs from project
35:44to project.
35:46and of course
35:48there are business leaders
35:49that are always behind
35:53the projects
35:55and the little networks,
35:57but you need to be flexible.
35:59And that is the challenge
36:00for criminals,
36:02the entrepreneurship.
36:03Probably not so much
36:05a drug,
36:07but making it into
36:08a creative,
36:09profit-making action.
36:12we often forget
36:14it is the fun
36:16of a lifestyle
36:18of being
36:19on the thrill
36:20of being a criminal.
36:29With the fall
36:31of the Berlin Wall
36:31in 1989,
36:33the drug landscape
36:34changed.
36:36as heroin
36:37lost its shine
36:38and was overtaken
36:39by synthetic drugs,
36:41the Netherlands
36:41shifted from a transit hub
36:43to a production country.
36:48Heroin
36:49was this drug
36:50of doom and gloom.
36:51And ecstasy
36:52was this drug
36:53let's party,
36:54let's have fun together.
36:56Capitalism is winning,
36:57the communists
36:57are going out.
36:59Let's celebrate.
37:00And ecstasy
37:01was the drug
37:02that
37:04captured
37:04that moment
37:05in time.
37:09But somebody
37:10had to make
37:10that ecstasy
37:11and that
37:12happened
37:12in the Netherlands.
37:13Criminals
37:14started investing
37:15their money
37:16from hashies
37:18into
37:20ecstasy.
37:24So smuggling
37:25and trafficking
37:26stuff,
37:27that's what
37:28we've been good
37:28at all along.
37:29So hashies,
37:30cannabis,
37:31heroin,
37:32will do it.
37:33And if we
37:33wouldn't do it,
37:35the Moroccans
37:35would do it
37:36or the Turkish
37:36would do it.
37:37Because
37:39this country
37:40is an open country.
37:41There are so many
37:42different nationalities
37:44living here
37:44with different
37:45ethnic,
37:46cultural backgrounds.
37:47So
37:49that's what
37:50the trade is.
37:51Trade is
37:51international
37:52and that's
37:53the core
37:53of this country.
38:01So besides
38:02becoming
38:03a country
38:03of traders,
38:05we became
38:06a drug-producing
38:07nation.
38:08And that's
38:08when
38:10the Dutch
38:12drug economy
38:13flipped.
38:18In 1995,
38:20U.S.
38:20drug enforcement
38:21agents
38:21alerted the Dutch
38:22police.
38:23The country
38:25was synthesizing
38:2520 million
38:26ecstasy pills
38:27per month,
38:28or 70,000
38:30per day.
38:31Approximately
38:32three-quarters
38:33of global
38:34production.
38:38Added to this
38:39was a brand-new
38:40botanical innovation.
38:42Naderhash.
38:44Cannabis
38:44grown in
38:45the Netherlands.
38:48This hybrid
38:49plant was
38:49produced indoors
38:50and was
38:51three to four
38:52times more
38:53potent than
38:54the original
38:54plant.
38:55Naderhash
38:56cultivation
38:56spread rapidly
38:57across the country.
38:58The backdoor
38:59became the
39:00front door.
39:01Production
39:02now took place
39:02at home.
39:06Fears of
39:06anarcho-state
39:07spread.
39:08With the
39:09ratification
39:09of the
39:10Maastricht
39:10Treaty,
39:11Amsterdam
39:12became the
39:12Wall Street
39:13of drugs.
39:14In a
39:14Europe where
39:15the last
39:15border
39:16checkpoints
39:16had disappeared.
39:18The
39:18French and
39:19Germans
39:19started to
39:20pressure
39:20the
39:20Netherlands
39:20to take
39:21action.
39:23A lors
39:23du marché
39:24unique,
39:25sa législation
39:25est jugée
39:26bien trop
39:26permissive.
39:27Aux Pays-Bas,
39:28la vente
39:28du cannabis
39:29rapporterait
39:291,8 million
39:30de francs
39:31par an,
39:32un pays
39:32épinglé
39:33dans plusieurs
39:34rapports
39:34aujourd'hui.
39:37In 1997,
39:38the opium law
39:39was revised
39:40again.
39:42Indoor cultivation
39:43was reduced
39:44and hundreds
39:45of coffee shops
39:46were closed.
39:48But drug money
39:49had long
39:49since seeped
39:50into the
39:51legal economy.
39:54one event
39:55would bring
39:56to light
39:56the entanglement
39:57between
39:58organized crime
39:59and the
40:00Dutch
40:00business
40:01establishment.
40:13In the 1990s,
40:16Monaco
40:16was a popular
40:17meeting place
40:18for international
40:18real estate
40:19investors,
40:20entrepreneurs
40:21and high
40:22net worth
40:22individuals.
40:23At charity
40:24galas,
40:25members of
40:26the underworld
40:26mingled with
40:27affluent guests
40:28and crowned
40:29heads.
40:31There was
40:31one table
40:32in that
40:32big room
40:33and it
40:34was bought
40:35by
40:36organized crime.
40:39And
40:39that table
40:40was next
40:41to Dutch
40:42royalty
40:42who were
40:43also there.
40:45John
40:46Miramet,
40:47a notorious
40:48Amsterdam gangster,
40:50his partner
40:51Sam Klepper,
40:52drug trafficker
40:53and Hell's Angels
40:54member,
40:54and Willem
40:55Hauleder,
40:56known for the
40:57kidnapping of
40:58businessman
40:58Alfred Heineken.
41:00All three of them
41:01were seated
41:02at the same table.
41:07How did
41:08these people
41:10that everybody
41:11seems to consider
41:12bad and they
41:12were violent
41:13and they
41:14were there?
41:16Where we
41:17always thought
41:17that the
41:18underworld
41:18was this
41:19big dark
41:20gray area
41:21where we
41:23couldn't see,
41:24but actually
41:25that was
41:26that was
41:27a fictitious
41:27image
41:28because the
41:29underworld
41:29was right
41:30there
41:31with,
41:32if we could
41:33name it like
41:34that,
41:34the upper
41:34world,
41:34the highest
41:36tier of
41:36our country.
41:38And the
41:38fact that they
41:39were mingling
41:39and mixing,
41:41it was
41:42fascinating.
41:42and, you
41:44know, if
41:44we talk about
41:45money or
41:46morality,
41:47who wins?
41:49And in the
41:49Netherlands,
41:50it's always
41:50money.
41:51And that's
41:52what, you
41:52know, that
41:53table at that
41:54gala, what
41:55that says
41:55about the
41:56Netherlands.
42:02Sam Klepper
42:03and John
42:03Mieramette
42:04were murdered
42:04in the early
42:052000s.
42:07Willem
42:07Hauleder is
42:08serving a life
42:09sentence for
42:10five counts of
42:10murder.
42:12The path was
42:13clear for a
42:14new generation
42:14of criminals.
42:17The greatest
42:18talent of the
42:19Dutch resides
42:20in their
42:20capacity to
42:21constantly reinvent
42:22new markets
42:23and find new
42:24avenues for
42:25trade.
42:29This created
42:30a dangerous
42:30dynamic that
42:32would soon
42:32prove costly
42:33for the
42:34country and
42:35its neighbors.
42:37For this
42:38was the poison
42:39that would
42:40fuel the
42:40profits of
42:41today's
42:42drug trafficking
42:42networks.
42:46In the
42:47early 2000s,
42:48a new era
42:49dawned for
42:49cocaine and
42:51a new criminal
42:52organization
42:53moved into
42:54the spotlight,
42:55the infamous
42:56Mokro Mafia.
43:39arrowhead and
43:44A CIDADE NO BRASIL