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00:36From Spain to D-Day.
00:45From the horrors of Dachau...
00:49...to Vietnam.
00:55As a journalist, Martha would have said that her mission...
00:58...was to convey to her readers what it was like to be the underdog.
01:03To be the person who was under attack, under assault.
01:06I mean, what she wanted to do was to tell what she thought was the untold story...
01:11...which was the story of ordinary people.
01:16Her life was dedicated to seeking out the truth.
01:21Without it, it would be darkness.
01:26How would we learn? How would we know?
01:28We can't all be everywhere.
01:31But her professional success came at great cost to her personal life.
01:36Two failed marriages, including one to the celebrated writer, Ernest Hemingway.
01:42Numerous doomed affairs, and a turbulent relationship with her adopted son.
01:48This is the story of a brilliant woman who sacrificed happiness and love...
01:54...in her mission to report on the horrors of war.
01:59The movie is also onward in the Numerous time...
02:14...of the world's finest.
02:14Only in the world's第二個 world's most recent...
02:15The movie's so-called political and cultural history...
02:15The one to this, is in Jerusalem's book.
02:15The story of those who wereConnor's sister members...
02:16The The Syracuse is well-based.
02:17...and the artists who have been in the past.
02:18And they're rich, and have to be found...
02:23...in her life.
02:46A CIDADE NOVA
02:56A CIDADE NOVA
03:25I am sick of myself and my life and eager to accept the challenge of the unwritten novel.
03:31You see, writing is my only ambition. It is time to start out struggling to the goal.
03:41So she abandoned college and spent several months writing for papers in America.
03:47Then she decided she'd be a foreign correspondent.
03:52So in 1930, aged 21, Martha left for Paris.
04:02She really wanted to get out of America. She really felt that everything she was interested
04:06in was happening in Europe. And she wanted to come and look.
04:13Back then, Paris was the envy of the world. It was rich and exciting. Everyone wanted
04:19to be there, including the world's leading writers, artists and performers.
04:39It was also a time of extraordinary change in Europe that saw the rise of fascism and Hitler's
04:47Nazi Party in Germany.
04:58Martha learned about politics and, together with her fashionable friends, decided to become
05:04a pacifist. But most importantly, she became an accredited journalist.
05:13When she got to Paris, she was broke. She only had $50 and she needed to earn her living. And
05:18so
05:19she did journalism for whoever would take it, which led to pieces in fashion magazines and
05:28women's magazines. And indeed, anything she could write about, she was very happy to turn her hand to.
05:36Paris was where Martha grew up. She fell in love for the first time with Bertrand de Juvenel, a rich
05:46French writer
05:46and a baron. He was also married. It was an intense but ultimately doomed love affair that led to an
05:55abortion
05:55and caused a rift between Martha and her father. By the summer of 1934, she was longing for escape.
06:08Especially as by now, there was a story back home to write about.
06:27America was in the grip of the worst economic collapse in history, the Great Depression. Millions of men
06:35were unemployed and homeless, their families sick and starving. To make matters worse, a prolonged drought
06:43had devastated the vast southern plains and turned them into a dust bowl.
06:55A vast program of social relief and work creation had been initiated, known as FERRA, the Federal Emergency
07:02Relief Administration. Reporters were hired by FERRA to investigate the extent of the poverty.
07:08Fresh from Paris, Martha was given a job.
07:17She visited the mill towns of North Carolina, interviewing families suffering the humiliating effects
07:23of poverty. She spoke to overworked women in factories, farmers, starving and diseased children.
07:34And it was then that her particular style, I think, was formed, which was this style to do with sort
07:40of
07:40barely-concealed outrage, but very cleverly harnessed. So what you felt was the sort of power of ignignation,
07:49without it coming across as strident.
07:55This was the beginning of what would be Martha's hallmark.
07:59She was not an impartial reporter.
08:02She would be a crusader against injustice and the suffering of innocent people.
08:10These men are faced by hunger and cold, by the prospect of becoming dependent beggars, in their own eyes.
08:27By the threat of homelessness and of having their families dispersed.
08:43Martha's reports caught the eye of one of the most important people in the country.
08:48The President's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt.
08:51Mrs Roosevelt was an old friend of Edna Gellhorn's, and had read Martha's reports for FERRA.
08:57She invited her to the White House, to tell the President about what she'd seen.
09:02It was the start of a lifelong friendship.
09:07Mrs Roosevelt was so impressed with Martha, that she made her an extraordinary offer.
09:14Talking in the White House to the Roosevelts about what she'd seen,
09:19she discussed with them the fact that she was thinking of writing a book.
09:24And at some point, Eleanor Roosevelt said,
09:27well, why don't you come and write it in the White House?
09:28You can have peace and quiet, and you can come down for meals and so on.
09:32So, Martha, who was then in her twenties,
09:35was sitting in the White House writing her first book.
09:40Eleanor became Martha's unofficial patron,
09:43and, after Edna, the most important woman in her life.
09:51In 1936, Martha and her mother spent Christmas together in Florida.
09:58It turned out to be quite a trip.
10:09One evening, in a bar called Sloppy Joe's,
10:12Martha introduced herself to one of the regulars,
10:15Ernest Hemingway.
10:21Hemingway was considered the finest American writer of his age.
10:26He had already published several best-selling novels,
10:29including A Farewell to Arms and Death in the Afternoon.
10:36When she met him first, she was not greatly impressed.
10:39She thought he looked like a bum.
10:41And then she got to talking to him,
10:44and they fell into conversation,
10:46and it turned out it was Hemingway.
10:52They immediately became friends,
10:54and Martha sought his advice on the book she was writing.
10:59She wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt.
11:01I see Hemingway,
11:03who knows more about writing dialogue, I think,
11:06than anyone writing in English at this time.
11:08He's an odd bird,
11:10very lovable and full of fire,
11:12and a marvellous storyteller.
11:21And then Hemingway did something
11:23that would change the course of Martha's life.
11:27He announced his departure for Spain.
11:41The country was in the throes of a brutal civil war.
11:52It was sparked by a military coup,
11:54led by General Francisco Franco.
12:08Hemingway went to lend his support
12:10to the elected Republican government
12:11against Franco's fascist-backed armies.
12:17Before long,
12:19Martha decided she had to go too.
12:22But she would not go there to write.
12:24She was just desperate to be part of it.
12:26She wrote to her friend.
12:29Me?
12:30I'm going to Spain with the boys.
12:32I don't know who the boys are,
12:34but I am going with them.
12:38So just as she had set out alone to Paris seven years before,
12:42she made her way to Spain.
12:45She crossed the border on foot
12:46with a knapsack,
12:48a bag of tinned food,
12:49and $50 in her pocket.
12:55She hitched her way to Madrid,
12:57where she joined up with Hemingway
12:59and a group of other writers
13:00in the Hotel Florida.
13:03There,
13:04with a city under constant attack,
13:06she and Hemingway
13:07became lovers.
13:16The fact that he was married
13:17was no barrier to Martha.
13:28I think she got involved with married men
13:31not so much that it was a pattern,
13:33but that the men she found attractive
13:35happened to be married.
13:37and she didn't pay enough attention
13:40to other people's wives.
13:42She just did it.
13:43I think there was a ruthless streak in her.
13:55Hemingway now did something
13:56that would shape Martha's career.
13:58He gave her the theme of her journalism.
14:03Hemingway said to her,
14:04since you say you're a journalist,
14:06why don't you go and write?
14:07And she said,
14:08but I don't know about battles and weapons.
14:11And he said,
14:11well, write about what you do know about,
14:13which is ordinary people.
14:15And she went out and wrote
14:16what became that very famous piece
14:18in Collier's magazine.
14:21An old woman,
14:22with a shawl over her shoulders,
14:25holding a terrified,
14:26thin little boy by the hand,
14:28runs out into the square.
14:30She is in the middle of the square
14:32when the next one comes.
14:39A small piece of twisted steel,
14:41hot and very sharp,
14:43sprays off from the shell.
14:45He takes the little boy in the throat.
14:49The old woman stands there,
14:50holding the hand of the dead child,
14:53looking at him stupidly,
14:55not saying anything.
15:00At their left,
15:01at the side of the square,
15:03is a huge, brilliant sign which says,
15:06get out of Madrid.
15:14The article marked the beginning of Martha's career
15:17as a war correspondent.
15:22What she saw during the Civil War
15:24made her afraid for the future.
15:28The war in Spain was one kind of war.
15:31The next kind of war
15:32will be the stupidest,
15:34lyingest,
15:35cruelest sellout in our time.
15:37On that,
15:38she was right.
15:50The second world war was coming.
15:53As worldwide tension mounted,
15:56Martha now saw it as her duty
15:57to follow it.
16:13The first time she went to Czechoslovakia,
16:15where the people were preparing
16:17for Hitler's invasion.
16:26Then,
16:27after war broke out,
16:29she reported on Russia's invasion of Finland.
16:37She wrote to Hemingway,
16:40The people are marvellous,
16:42with a kind of pale,
16:43frozen fortitude.
16:45They do not cry out,
16:46and they do not run.
16:48They watch with loathing,
16:49but without fear,
16:50this nasty,
16:51hidden business,
16:52which they themselves
16:53did nothing to bring on.
17:02By now,
17:04Martha was becoming
17:05a well-known correspondent.
17:06Through Collier's magazine,
17:08her impassioned voice
17:09was reaching
17:10some 10 million people.
17:12A lot of her writing,
17:13particularly when she's writing
17:14about things she really minds about,
17:15are quite stark,
17:17which is very effective.
17:19And she also had this ability
17:21to convey,
17:23outrage and anger
17:25about a situation
17:26without making it shrill.
17:28So,
17:29in her angriest pieces,
17:31there is a sort of tone
17:32of deathly calm,
17:35but it is very powerful
17:36because it is,
17:37you feel there is
17:39all this pent-up anger,
17:40and she's holding it back,
17:42and you can see
17:44through her words
17:45how furious she is,
17:47but she is not shrill.
17:55But for a time,
17:57Martha chose to put
17:58her personal life
17:59before her career.
18:08Hemingway divorced his wife
18:09in November 1940
18:11and married Martha
18:12just a few weeks later.
18:17For a time,
18:18they were happy.
18:27Martha wrote to her friend
18:28Eleanor Roosevelt.
18:31We are a good pair,
18:33and we are both crazy
18:34about being married.
18:40But it wasn't long
18:42before there were
18:42signs of trouble.
18:47Hemingway's partying
18:49and heavy drinking
18:50began to infuriate Martha.
19:00When Martha would come back
19:02from her journeys,
19:03she would find the house
19:04in a complete state
19:05of disruption
19:07and everybody drunk
19:09and she felt
19:10not part of it.
19:12And then she and Hemingway
19:14would have terrible rows.
19:15And I think that
19:18he terribly resented
19:20her going away.
19:21she was frantic
19:23not to be left
19:24out of the wall.
19:25And I think
19:26a sort of wedge
19:27grew between them.
19:30When she agreed
19:31to go to Europe
19:32for colliers,
19:33Hemingway was enraged.
19:35Martha went anyway.
19:37She tried to explain
19:39to him why her career
19:40was so important.
19:42It is an honourable profession.
19:45Even when not pleased
19:46with what I write,
19:47I am immensely pleased
19:48with what I have understood.
19:50I have to live my way
19:52as well as yours,
19:53or there wouldn't be
19:54any me to love you with.
20:05When Martha arrived in Europe,
20:07she could go no further
20:09than London
20:09because women were banned
20:11from the front.
20:12The city had been transformed
20:14by Hitler's blitz.
20:19So she installed herself
20:21in the Dorchester Hotel
20:22and wrote about the British
20:24in wartime.
20:37And though she found
20:38her way to Italy
20:39with the French army,
20:41she didn't get
20:42to the front line.
20:51Worse still,
20:53Martha's career
20:53became overshadowed
20:54by her personal life.
20:56She had been away
20:57from Hemingway
20:58for five months
20:59and he wanted her home.
21:02The trouble was
21:04that Hemingway
21:05really wanted a wife
21:06who would put her husband
21:07before her job.
21:09Martha's continued refusal
21:11to do this
21:12eventually destroyed
21:13their relationship.
21:18Hemingway needed
21:19somebody who was
21:20more prepared
21:21to look after him,
21:24be with him,
21:25not leave him,
21:26not mind about
21:27these things,
21:28whereas Martha
21:29was very much
21:29a figure in her own right.
21:31I think he was also
21:33quite envious
21:35of her success
21:36as a journalist
21:37and didn't probably
21:38terribly like that.
21:40and I think
21:41she felt fed up
21:43with him being
21:44surrounded by a coterie
21:45of drinkers
21:46and people
21:47who followed on
21:47and I think
21:50the end when it came
21:51was completely inevitable.
21:54Hemingway noted
21:55bitterly to a friend.
21:58It was funny
21:59how it took
22:00one war
22:00to start a woman
22:02in your damned heart
22:03and the other
22:04to lose her.
22:06But then
22:06he reeked
22:07his revenge.
22:12He decided
22:13he would go
22:14to the war
22:15in Europe
22:15after all.
22:17Of all the publications
22:18he could have written for,
22:19he chose Collier's.
22:22So just like that,
22:24he stole Martha's job.
22:26In a letter
22:27to her mother
22:27she wrote,
22:29I simply never want
22:30to hear his name
22:31mentioned again.
22:32The past is dead
22:33and has become ugly.
22:36I shall try
22:37to forget it all
22:38entirely
22:38and blot it out
22:39as with amnesia.
22:44And then Martha decided
22:46that she would find
22:47her own way
22:48to the war
22:49even if women
22:50weren't meant
22:50to be there.
22:59by the summer
23:00of 1944
23:02preparations
23:02were underway
23:03for one of the biggest
23:04military operations
23:05in history,
23:06D-Day.
23:10Two and a half million
23:11men were gathered
23:12in Britain
23:13ready for the push
23:14into France.
23:20waiting to accompany
23:21them
23:21were nearly
23:22600 journalists
23:23and writers
23:25all with official
23:26accreditation.
23:28Martha was not
23:29one of them
23:32but she was
23:33determined
23:34to get to the action
23:35any way she could.
23:37And my general idea
23:38was it isn't
23:39any of their business.
23:40They don't want
23:41to accredit you
23:42just do it.
23:45any little lie
23:46which will get you.
23:49To me all the people
23:51in the rear
23:51who make rules
23:53they exist
23:54to be thwarted.
23:57So Martha
23:58lied her way
23:58to France.
24:02What she did
24:03was she behaved
24:04in a very Martha
24:05like way.
24:05She went
24:06down to the coast
24:08where the ships
24:09were beginning
24:10to cross
24:11and she saw
24:13a large hospital
24:14ship
24:15so she
24:16hurried down
24:17and said
24:18to the soldier
24:19who asked her
24:21for her papers
24:22that she was
24:23a nurse
24:23just going
24:24to join
24:24the ship
24:25so he waved
24:26her on.
24:27So she went
24:28on board
24:28and she hid
24:29in a cabin
24:30until the ship
24:31had put out
24:32and got herself
24:33to D-Day
24:34and got off
24:34to the beaches
24:35and helped
24:35with the nursing
24:36and came back
24:37and wrote
24:37a remarkable piece
24:39about D-Day.
24:46suddenly
24:46we were in
24:47the midst
24:47of the armada
24:48of the invasion.
24:50People will be
24:50writing about
24:51this site
24:51for a hundred
24:52years
24:52and whoever
24:53saw it
24:54will never
24:54forget it.
25:00At first
25:00it seemed
25:01incredible.
25:02There could not
25:03be so many
25:04ships in the world.
25:06there were
25:07destroyers
25:07and battleships
25:08and transports.
25:09A floating city
25:10of huge vessels
25:11anchored before
25:12the green cliffs
25:13of Normandy.
25:16Occasionally
25:16you would see
25:17a gun flash
25:18or perhaps
25:18only hear
25:19a distant roar
25:20as naval guns
25:21fired far
25:22over those hills.
25:25Martha's article
25:26turned out
25:27to be not just
25:28a piece of journalism
25:29but also
25:30a piece of revenge.
25:32It appeared
25:33in the same issue
25:34as Hemingway's
25:35and Hemingway's
25:37is a valiant
25:37I got there
25:38and I saw it
25:39and it was all
25:40wonderful
25:40when in fact
25:41he hadn't been
25:42able to land
25:42because his
25:43landing craft
25:44had not landed
25:45and Martha's
25:46was rather a modest
25:47but infinitely
25:48more interesting
25:49and not at all
25:50vainglorious piece.
25:53Martha was punished
25:54for her
25:54unauthorised crossing.
25:56Her travel papers
25:57and any form
25:58of legitimate
25:59accreditation
26:00were taken
26:00away from her
26:01but that didn't
26:02stop her
26:03from getting
26:03back to Europe.
26:05For the rest
26:05of the war
26:06she talked
26:07her way
26:07from front
26:08to front
26:09relying on
26:10her wits,
26:10charm
26:11and good looks.
26:12She was caught
26:13wandering
26:14with her notebook
26:15near the headquarters
26:16of the 82nd
26:17Airborne Division.
26:18She was marched
26:19in front
26:19of the commander.
26:24He was
26:24General James Gavin
26:26the youngest
26:27divisional commander
26:27in the American
26:28Army
26:29and a national
26:30hero.
26:32Martha convinced
26:33him to release
26:34her
26:34and let her
26:35carry on
26:35but not before
26:37she had made
26:38a deep impression.
26:40Three months
26:41later
26:41he found her
26:42in a hotel
26:43in Paris
26:43and they began
26:44a passionate
26:45love affair.
26:46They had fun
26:47together
26:48and for the first
26:49time
26:49Martha enjoyed
26:50the physical
26:51side of a
26:51relationship.
26:52She told Gavin
26:54he had taught her
26:55what I had guessed
26:56read about
26:57been told about
26:58but did not believe
26:59that bodies
27:00are something
27:01terrific.
27:05They saw each
27:06other whenever
27:06they could
27:07but the war
27:08was not yet
27:08finished with
27:09Martha.
27:17In April
27:181945
27:19Martha accompanied
27:21the US Army
27:22to Dachau.
27:25In its 12
27:25years of operation
27:26over 200,000
27:28prisoners
27:29from all over
27:30the world
27:30had been held
27:31in the
27:31concentration camp.
27:34Some of
27:35Martha's own
27:36friends
27:36people who had
27:37fought in Spain
27:38six years before
27:39had been tortured
27:40in Dachau.
27:46Opening its gates
27:47became her
27:48personal war aim
27:50but she was not
27:51prepared for the
27:52horror that greeted
27:53her.
27:56behind the wire
27:57and the electric
27:58fence
27:59the skeletons
28:00sat in the sun
28:01and scratched
28:02themselves for
28:02lice.
28:04They have no age
28:05and no faces.
28:07They all look
28:08alike
28:08and like nothing
28:10you will ever see
28:11if you are lucky.
28:14Around
28:1541,500 people
28:17died at Dachau
28:18and the prisoners
28:19who had remained
28:20at its liberation
28:21were half dead.
28:22They would haunt
28:23Martha for the rest
28:24of her life.
28:26To me, the worst
28:27of everything
28:28was Dachau.
28:30The concentration
28:31camp was much worse
28:32than anything
28:32I'd ever seen in war
28:33because it was organized
28:36reduction of human beings
28:39to skeletal shapes.
28:42It was planned
28:43and repeated
28:46and steady
28:47cruelty.
28:49It was like torture
28:51and this is an abomination,
28:53the worst abomination
28:54of man.
28:56At Dachau,
28:57something changed
28:58within Martha
28:59and for the time being,
29:02she was through
29:02with war.
29:11Martha became unsettled.
29:14She sought solitude
29:15in Portugal
29:16and tried to make
29:17a home in London.
29:18When this didn't work,
29:20she returned to America
29:21and stayed just long enough
29:23to finish writing a novel.
29:32It was based
29:33on her experiences
29:34during the war.
29:36Martha had so far
29:37failed to produce
29:38a bestseller
29:39and was desperate
29:40for this one
29:41to be a success.
29:48I think Martha
29:49was a better journalist
29:50than she was a novelist.
29:51I think she wrote
29:53one or two
29:54good novels
29:55and I think she wrote
29:56some very good short stories.
29:58Her short stories
29:58I think were better
29:59than her novels.
30:01And I think,
30:04my feeling is,
30:04it's because
30:06she was so passionately
30:08interested in real life
30:11and it provided her
30:12with such rich material
30:14that she could never quite
30:15make that translation
30:17from real life to fiction.
30:23No longer happy in America,
30:26Martha moved on once more
30:27and bought a house in Mexico.
30:31At the age of 40,
30:33Martha felt that something
30:34was missing in her life.
30:35She wanted a child.
30:38The only private thing
30:40that gives people
30:40real joy
30:41is their own brats.
30:42It's what one needs.
30:44Someone,
30:45or several,
30:46who can take
30:47all the love
30:47one is able to give
30:48as a natural
30:49and untroublesome gift.
30:52As for men,
30:53they seem to me
30:54on the whole
30:55confused
30:56and feckless creatures.
30:58So Martha took
30:59the then
31:00extraordinarily progressive
31:01decision
31:01to become a mother
31:03even though
31:04she wasn't married.
31:06Martha decided
31:07she wanted to adopt
31:08a child
31:09so she went to Italy
31:10where she had friends
31:12and she travelled
31:13around the Italian
31:14orphanages
31:15looking for a baby.
31:17But she needed
31:19a sort of spark.
31:20She felt
31:21what she needed to do
31:22was to see her child
31:23and fall in love.
31:24And it was made
31:25all the harder
31:26because in these orphanages
31:28were many children
31:28who had been
31:30abandoned by the war,
31:31who had lost their parents
31:32and who were longing
31:34to be picked up.
31:35And so she would
31:36go into these rooms
31:37and children would run up
31:38and put their arms up.
31:40And she found
31:41this extremely hard.
31:43And she was almost
31:45on the verge
31:45of giving up
31:47when she heard
31:48of an orphanage
31:49outside Prato,
31:50north of Florence.
31:52And she went there
31:53and she saw a small boy
31:54and she fell in love.
31:55She saw this small,
31:57round,
31:58charming,
31:59smiling little boy
32:00and she thought,
32:00that's for me.
32:06He was called
32:07Alessandro.
32:08Martha named him Sandy
32:10and took him home.
32:11And for the time being,
32:13he made her
32:13profoundly happy.
32:18Even Martha's love life
32:20would take a turn
32:20for the better.
32:25during a trip to London,
32:27she met Tom Matthews,
32:28former editor
32:29of Time magazine.
32:31He was well-educated,
32:33rich and a widower,
32:35a suitable husband
32:35and stepfather
32:36to Sandy.
32:40Within months of meeting,
32:42they were married.
32:43And Martha's life
32:44was suddenly filled
32:45with servants,
32:46parties and cocktails.
32:57I think he was a,
32:59he was a clever,
33:01nice,
33:02generous,
33:04solid figure
33:05in our life.
33:06And for a while,
33:07as with Martha's
33:08other relationships,
33:09she was very happy
33:09with him.
33:13and I think they had
33:15a very good time
33:15for a while.
33:16But after that,
33:17she found it all
33:19too settled,
33:20too predictable.
33:24Stifled by domesticity,
33:27Martha once again
33:27found solace in travel,
33:29leaving her husband
33:30to go on long trips
33:31to Africa.
33:34Their marriage
33:35eventually ended
33:35when Tom had an affair.
33:41After nine years,
33:43she and Sandy
33:44were on their own.
33:49But as Sandy
33:50grew older,
33:51his relationship
33:52with Martha
33:52deteriorated.
33:54Although she always
33:55loved him,
33:56she was not a natural
33:57and affectionate mother
33:58and she could be
33:59very hard on him.
34:00The problem was
34:02that Martha
34:03was restless.
34:04You know,
34:04she wanted to write,
34:05she wanted to travel.
34:08She found her Sandy
34:10a bit more of a burden
34:12as he grew older.
34:14He was quite fat
34:15as a child
34:16for a period.
34:18And Martha,
34:18who cared passionately
34:19about the appearance
34:20of things,
34:22didn't like him being fat
34:23and didn't handle
34:24that very well,
34:25was not very nice to him,
34:27making it much harder
34:28for him.
34:31And at the same time,
34:32she felt guilty
34:33that she wasn't
34:34and handling it very well,
34:35which she wasn't.
34:38World events
34:39finally provided Martha
34:40with an escape
34:41from her personal life
34:42and propelled her back
34:44to what she did best.
34:59America was entangled
35:01in a controversial war
35:02in Vietnam.
35:03More and more troops
35:05were being committed
35:05and it was costing
35:07the American government
35:08billions of dollars.
35:14Martha grew enraged
35:15by her government's
35:16justifications
35:17for being there.
35:23The Vietnam War
35:24would be better
35:25if those turds
35:26who governor
35:26said simply,
35:27America uber alles
35:29and were honest
35:29and were honest turds.
35:35This is the very language
35:36of the Nazis,
35:37the Soviets.
35:38I cannot endure
35:39the words spoken.
35:47Not content
35:48to sit back
35:49and do nothing,
35:50Martha decided
35:51she had to go.
35:54So with a contract
35:55to write
35:56for a British newspaper,
35:57Martha once again
35:58went off to war.
36:04I went out of rage,
36:06out of fury
36:07at the kind of reporting
36:09that was coming out
36:10as if bombs were accurate,
36:12as if, you know,
36:13you could drop bombs
36:14and you found
36:15immediately a Viet Cong
36:17instead of finding
36:18the entire civilian population.
36:24Martha arrived in Saigon
36:26in August 1966.
36:33She went looking
36:35for the wounded
36:35and maimed,
36:36visiting hospitals,
36:38refugee camps
36:39and orphanages,
36:40talking to doctors
36:41and to children
36:42horrifically burned
36:43by napal.
36:46We love our children.
36:48We are famous
36:49for loving our children.
36:52We cannot give back life
36:54to the dead
36:54Vietnamese children.
36:56But we cannot fail
36:57to help the wounded children
36:59as we would help
36:59our own.
37:01More and more
37:02dead and wounded children
37:03will cry out
37:04to the conscience
37:05of the world
37:05unless we heal the children
37:07who survive the wounds.
37:13I have witnessed
37:14modern war
37:15in nine countries,
37:16but I have never seen a war
37:18like the one
37:19in Vietnam.
37:23For the first time
37:24in her life
37:25as an American,
37:26Martha felt
37:27that she was
37:28on the wrong side.
37:29It was a feeling
37:30that would remain
37:31with her
37:31throughout her life.
37:33And I had retained
37:35a feeling
37:36of personal responsibility.
37:39It's my taxes
37:41together
37:41with everybody else's taxes.
37:42paying for this
37:44and this horrible war
37:46is done
37:47in my name
37:49and the name
37:49of all American citizens
37:51and we are
37:52responsible
37:53and guilty.
37:56Martha's reports
37:57caused a minor shockwave.
37:59The public
38:00was not yet used
38:01to reading outright criticism
38:02of America's actions
38:04in Vietnam.
38:05And there were repercussions.
38:07Despite her best efforts,
38:09she was never allowed
38:11back in
38:11and it upset her greatly.
38:15The worst years
38:16were during the Vietnam War.
38:18Without question
38:19or doubt,
38:19the worst years
38:20because I went in 66
38:22and I could never get back.
38:25I think I was the only person
38:26who was banned
38:27because they didn't have censorship
38:28and therefore I spent
38:30that whole war
38:33with a complete writer's block.
38:35It didn't seem
38:35at any point
38:36to do anything at all
38:38except end that war
38:39because the only thing
38:40I know how to do
38:41that's of any use
38:42is write.
38:43I couldn't write.
38:44So that's definitely
38:45the worst years
38:46from 66 until it ended.
38:50Martha had been
38:51ahead of her time.
38:53The world eventually woke up
38:55to what was happening
38:56in Vietnam.
38:57But by then,
38:58Martha would be hit
39:00by her own personal tragedy.
39:05Her mother,
39:06Edna Gellhorn,
39:07was dying.
39:10She finally passed away
39:12in September 1970
39:14after a long drawn-out illness.
39:17Her mother was absolutely
39:19fundamentally important
39:20to Martha
39:22throughout her entire life.
39:24She was Martha's point of reference
39:26and she was the person
39:27to whom she was really closest.
39:29She went back
39:30to see her mother
39:32all her life.
39:33Wherever she was,
39:34she used to regularly
39:35go back to see her mother.
39:36She wrote to her mother
39:37several times every week
39:39until her mother died.
39:41And her mother herself
39:42was very elderly
39:43when she died
39:43so they had a very long,
39:45close relationship.
39:49Edna's death
39:49left Martha,
39:51the tough,
39:52independent journalist,
39:53completely at a loss.
39:57The fact that she does not exist
39:59affects me
40:00like a compass
40:00which has lost true north.
40:04No sense of direction left,
40:06no point.
40:08I don't seem to know
40:09why I am here
40:10or what for.
40:15She sank into despair,
40:18confining herself to her bed
40:19and talking to no one.
40:22For the rest of her life,
40:23she regretted
40:25not taking control
40:25of Edna's death
40:26and helping her
40:27to go quickly
40:28with what she called
40:29bye-bye pills.
40:35Martha now entered
40:36a desolate period
40:37in her life,
40:38a time when she felt
40:40increasingly alone.
40:42What am I going to do
40:44with some 25 to 30 more years?
40:47I am terrified
40:48of the bleak stretch of time.
40:52She was using antidepressants
40:54and her contact with Sandy,
40:57now a drug addict,
40:58had dwindled to virtually nothing.
41:01When Sandy went through
41:03his bad periods,
41:05Martha was absolutely stricken.
41:07She felt guilty,
41:09she felt miserable.
41:11Her letters to her friends
41:12are full of self-accusations
41:15of having handled him badly
41:17and not having looked after him
41:20well enough and so on.
41:21The really nice thing was that
41:24after quite a long bad period,
41:28he pulled his life together
41:29and they became friends again.
41:32And so for the last part
41:33of Martha's life,
41:35she was close to him
41:36and fond of him.
41:38As Martha entered her 80s,
41:40the loss of her looks
41:41and her failing eyesight
41:43hit her hard.
41:44She felt invisible and ugly.
41:47Maybe I care so much about looks
41:50because my own are gone
41:51and I lived on them.
41:53Well and truly
41:54and with easy confidence.
41:56But she did not see age
41:58as a reason to take a backseat
41:59in world affairs,
42:01especially where her government
42:02was concerned.
42:06On the 20th of December 1989,
42:09America invaded the tiny state
42:11of Panama.
42:18Almost immediately,
42:19the US army deposed
42:21the military dictator,
42:23General Manuel Noriega.
42:31Many attempts have been made
42:33to resolve this crisis
42:34through diplomacy
42:35and negotiations.
42:38All were rejected
42:40by the dictator of Panama,
42:42General Manuel Noriega,
42:44an indicted drug trafficker.
42:47Last Friday,
42:49Noriega declared
42:50his military dictatorship
42:52to be in a state of war
42:54with the United States
42:55and publicly threatened
42:57the lives of Americans
42:59in Panama.
43:00As president,
43:01I have no higher obligation
43:04than to safeguard the lives
43:06of American citizens.
43:09Coverage of the invasion
43:11was severely restricted.
43:13As a result,
43:14Martha went three months later.
43:17What she discovered
43:19when she got there
43:20was a country broken down
43:21into chaos and looting.
43:29US Southern Command,
43:31the permanent military
43:32establishment in Panama,
43:33had created a vacuum
43:34in civil order,
43:35but did not recognize
43:37that it was obligated
43:38to patrol and protect the city.
43:43The people turned
43:44into mad locusts,
43:45swarming through the streets.
43:48Get out of the ground!
43:50At the time,
43:51it must have seemed
43:52like the biggest,
43:53wildest, happiest,
43:54drunken binge ever known,
43:56courtesy of the US Army.
43:58The hangover is painful.
44:02Panama has not yet recovered.
44:05Clear the building,
44:06bring them out.
44:06I want some security
44:07placed on that building.
44:08Look at back.
44:10After Panama,
44:12Martha finally conceded
44:13that she was too old for war.
44:23But this was not the end
44:24of her career
44:25as a journalist.
44:27In 1994,
44:29aged 85,
44:30she decided
44:31to take herself off
44:32to Brazil.
44:33But she was not there
44:34for the sunshine.
44:37She wanted a report
44:39on the killing
44:39of Brazilian street children.
44:42They were victims
44:43of death squads
44:44and gangs,
44:45paid to clean up
44:46the streets.
44:48She set off,
44:50checked into a hotel
44:51and began doing
44:52what she did best,
44:54getting out
44:55and talking to people.
44:57She talked to policemen
44:58and lawyers,
45:00visited trials
45:01of suspected killers
45:02and spoke
45:03to the children
45:03themselves.
45:08Back home,
45:09she painstakingly
45:11produced her report,
45:12employing someone
45:13to read her words
45:14back to her
45:15because she couldn't
45:16see properly.
45:17But she was disappointed
45:19with her work.
45:22I have just finished
45:24a 42-page article,
45:26my last
45:27and very worst.
45:28It has driven me
45:30to exhaustion
45:30and despair.
45:32I am not going
45:33to try
45:34ever again.
45:40Old age
45:42had finally
45:42got the better
45:43of Martha.
45:43She was finding
45:45it impossible
45:45to read
45:46and crucially
45:47to write.
45:48I feel very old,
45:50ugly
45:51and tired.
45:53She felt
45:54increasingly useless
45:55but she planned
45:57one final
45:58decisive act.
46:00She decided
46:01that she would
46:02determine
46:02how her story
46:04would end.
46:05The way
46:05Martha chose
46:06to die
46:06was entirely
46:07to do
46:07with her courage.
46:11Martha
46:11was totally
46:13determined
46:14not to die
46:16in an undignified
46:18and burdensome
46:21way.
46:24so what she did
46:25was she chose
46:27the time
46:27of her death
46:30and she set
46:31about it
46:31very purposefully.
46:32I mean,
46:33she had done
46:34the things
46:34she wanted
46:35to do.
46:35She really
46:36said goodbye
46:37to the friends
46:37she wanted
46:38to.
46:39She had the
46:40sort of things
46:41wrong with her
46:42which were not
46:42going to get
46:42better.
46:43Her eyes
46:43were not
46:44going to get
46:44better.
46:46and so
46:48she planned
46:49when she
46:49was going
46:49to die.
46:54Martha
46:55was very
46:55lucky.
46:56She was able
46:56to get
46:56hold of a pill
46:59that she knew
47:00was going
47:00to make
47:01death
47:01quick and
47:02painless.
47:03So she did
47:04what I think
47:05few people
47:05probably have
47:06the courage
47:06to do
47:06but was
47:07probably
47:08the bravest
47:09and most
47:10dignified thing
47:10she did in
47:11in her life
47:11which was
47:12she decided
47:12to commit
47:13suicide
47:13and she
47:14decided
47:14the day
47:14she would
47:15do it
47:15and she
47:16did it.
47:27Martha
47:28Gellhorn
47:28died with
47:29two great
47:30regrets
47:33that she
47:33had never
47:34written a
47:34best-selling
47:35novel
47:37and that
47:38she had
47:38never
47:38achieved
47:39a lasting
47:39relationship
47:44but she
47:45was a
47:45brilliant
47:45and pioneering
47:46journalist
47:47who found
47:48her purpose
47:49and direction
47:50in war.
47:58She wrote
47:59about injustice
48:00and railed
48:01against the
48:02misuse of
48:02power
48:04and throughout
48:06her long
48:06and extraordinary
48:07life
48:08she never
48:09stopped
48:10writing
48:10for the
48:11underdog.
48:13and
48:15her
48:18her
48:20heard
48:20in her
48:20and her
48:20her
48:20and her
48:20was a
48:20her
48:20and her
48:42and her
48:42was a
48:53A CIDADE NO BRASIL