- 6 days ago
Sam Pitroda, Padma Bhushan Awardee, who advised three Indian PMs and championed India’s Telecom Revolution, speaks with Meda Parameswara Reddy, Scientist and Inventor, and Director of Reddy Center for Critical and Integrated Thinking | SAM Dialogues with Dr. M P Reddy
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00:07Welcome to my show S.A.M. Dialogues with Dr. M.P. Reddy sponsored by South Asia Monitor.
00:15Today I'm very honored to have a very special guest Dr. Sampitroda. He is the father of India's
00:24telecom revolution. Most of you probably heard of him. Before I introduce Dr. Petroda properly
00:31with the details, let me tell very briefly about me. Okay, I am M.P. Reddy. I got my Ph
00:38.D. from
00:38Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore and then I moved on to United States of America
00:45to pursue my fellowship in Johns Hopkins University and then moved on to medical
00:50diagnostics industry for 25 plus years where I worked as director of research and development.
00:57During that time, I happened to have 30 U.S. patents. I was very fortunate to have a lot of
01:03inventions and for the past few months, I became very passionate about writing articles and publishing
01:10them, many of them in South Asia Monitor and very recently I started this show. Okay, so today I'm
01:18very happy to have Dr. Sampitroda on my show and now let me briefly tell about him. Well, first of
01:26all,
01:27he has more than 100 patents and 20 honorary doctorates. He advised and worked very closely
01:38with the three different Indian prime ministers. Wow! He was awarded Padma Bhorsan Award for his contribution to
01:48science and engineering. Okay, and most of you know Padma Bhorsan is one of the highest honors in terms of
01:55awarding to highly accomplished people. Okay, well about my show, let me tell very briefly. It will be two
02:05segments. Most of it is the dialogue. Okay, that's what the show is. Okay, that's what this is. I made
02:13this
02:14interesting one yesterday. I'm very happy to share with you. Okay, and then in the final segment,
02:21that is only five minutes. That will be probably the most interesting. Then we'll have what I call the
02:30ready rapid fire. Okay, stay tuned and you will enjoy all of it. I promise you to the audience you
02:38are going
02:39to love this show. Okay, so now starting with Dr. Petroda. Welcome to my show. Thank you. Thank you for
02:48the
02:48opportunity. Yeah. My first question, obvious question. Wow! What an incredible journey starting with a humble
02:59beginning from a carpenter's family in Odisha, all the way became father of India's telecom revolution.
03:09And in that process, before becoming that, you invented the electronic diary and mobile wallet, etc., etc.
03:20Please tell us what inspired you? Who motivated you to become a global innovator and entrepreneur?
03:30Please tell us the inside story. I really don't know enough to be able to articulate
03:41the real answer to your question. Okay. So I will try by saying that when India got independence,
03:50my father got empowered. He was Gandhian. He, being a Gujarati, settling in Odisha, felt more Gandhian because
04:03that was that was the connection with Gujarat. And when India got independence, he felt that he's liberated.
04:12He could do anything. He could send his children to English school. He can dream that he had never
04:18been able to dream before. Wow! And he understood the meaning of democracy, freedom, freedom to move, freedom to
04:27say things, freedom to take your children to take your children to school. And he felt this was a historic
04:33moment.
04:34Yes. For every Indian to dream big.
04:41So he decided that he is going to make sure that all his children can go to school.
04:49Since there were no good schools in Orisa at that time in this village, he decided to send my brother
04:55and I to
04:58a school in Gujarat, a Gandhian school. Wow! He wanted us to get Gandhian education. Wow!
05:06Rooted in truth, trust, love, discipline, diversity, inclusion, all of that. He understood many of
05:17these things because right in front of our house was Muslim. On the left was, you know,
05:25Sardarji. On the left was Marwari Jain. In the back was Oriya Tribal.
05:30With a different background. Yes. So he understood that we all have to live together.
05:35We all have to love each other. We all have to respect each other.
05:40So my mother and my father took the risk
05:44of sending us to school in Baroda, Vidyanagar. And that changed the trajectory,
05:51not only for me, but for the entire family.
05:57And he could just back us up completely. He never asked us, what did you study?
06:03What is your grade? Never. In fact, my father, for the first time when he came to America,
06:09he asked me, he said, son, what did you really study?
06:13So I said, dad, I studied physics. And he said, what is physics?
06:20So that was the love and affection, confidence and trust we had from our parents.
06:28And we couldn't let them down. So we had to study hard. Yes.
06:35So I think education redefined me and my family. Education was empowering.
06:44Education was eye-opener. And education created curiosity. Yes.
06:53So I came to America because one day I saw in the newspaper
06:58that President Kennedy has decided to take man onto the moon.
07:03I was young, energetic, and it sounded romantic.
07:09I didn't have enough money. My father didn't even know what it meant to go to America
07:17or postgraduate studies or masters or BS. He had no idea.
07:22But he said, okay, if that's what you want to do, do it.
07:25We didn't have money. So I borrowed some money and took a boat, ship from Mumbai to Karachi,
07:34to Aden to Egypt, to Italy, took a train from Italy to London,
07:42took a plane from London to New York and a bus from New York to Chicago, which was 62 years
07:48ago.
07:50So I've been in Chicago for 62 years. This is my home.
07:56I raised family here. One by one, all my family members came here, brothers and sisters and
08:03my parents and my wife's father and all.
08:10Those were the days like many of us, like many of us did that.
08:14Such a great story. From everything what you say,
08:19if you don't mind, I will give a lot of credit to your father for setting the tone,
08:27for setting the basic culture. And mother.
08:30And mother. And mother. And mother.
08:31Because mother had to let go of children at the age of eight or nine.
08:36Yes, you are right. How many miles away?
08:39You were absolutely right. Mothers tend to be behind the scenes,
08:42but very important role from behind the scenes, right? Oh, that's really, you know,
08:48I understand where you came from. But coincidentally, though, I have similar background
08:54where my father was a farmer. He had very similar encouragement and motivation and fascination
09:01and believing in us and things like that. Thank you very much. I appreciate that.
09:07So now let me move on to, because we have a lot to cover. Okay. The next question in my
09:13mind is,
09:15I understand back in 1981, you were frustrated by a failed phone call from India to USA
09:24that gave you determination to modernize Indian telecommunications. You eventually co-founded
09:32CDOT alongside Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. And my question to you is, it is such a quantum leap.
09:41What was your biggest hurdle at the time, either technological or bureaucratic or something else,
09:48in convincing Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and other people in the administration,
09:56that telecom was not a luxury, but a basic necessity for India? Please tell us.
10:03There was no complication in convincing Mr. Tidra Gandhi or Rajiv Gandhi. They were totally convinced in
10:15first meeting that telecom and IT will change the face of India.
10:20India. They were also convinced that this guy wants to do it. He is possessed with this idea.
10:32Give him a chance. So I think a lot of credit goes to political will that they provided.
10:41Without political will, I would not be able to do what I did.
10:47So most important thing was political will. Next was domain expertise, which I had.
10:55Yes.
10:56I had acquired, not that I knew all the answers, but I knew the path forward.
11:03Third thing was a lot of bright, young Indian talent.
11:10Without those young people, I wouldn't have been able to accomplish much.
11:15So these three things had to come together. Political will, domain expertise, which is not just technical,
11:24but leadership skill, ability to communicate, ability to maneuver through complex hurdles,
11:32protect people, protect people, shield them from day-to-day hassles, create new organization architecture,
11:40new work culture, new work ethics, new work norms, bring in right technology, train people.
11:48All of that was very complex. And the resistance came from three main factors.
11:55One, international companies like Siemens and Ericsson's and, you know, those who were selling equipment to India, Alcatel and all.
12:13Two, bureaucracy. Indian bureaucracy didn't want to change because I was an outsider.
12:20An outsider. Yes.
12:21How could an outsider from nowhere come in at the age of 40 and tell secretary of telecom who was
12:2858?
12:30And he had spent his whole life. He said, who the hell this young boy is, you know?
12:36So they were not willing to change their way of thinking. To a point, I had to take over their
12:44job.
12:48So Rajiv Gandhi one day said, what should we do, Sam? I said, look, I got to become chairman of
12:52telecom commission.
12:53I got to set up a commission and I got to be secretary of telecom.
12:57Okay. There is no other way out. I hate to say not that they are bad, but their mindset is
13:02very different.
13:03They think very differently.
13:05Yes.
13:07So you had this whole lobby. And the third was really the Indian work ethics, work culture. You know,
13:15everybody is trying to tell you why it can't be done. Everybody is trying to, you know,
13:22sort of stop you from doing things. Everybody is saying, oh, this has never been done in India.
13:28Most of the people who don't have any knowledge of anything become telecom expert and try to advise you.
13:34And you have to listen to them and you have to, you know, make them feel good and all this
13:39crap.
13:40Yes.
13:41Okay. But that's way of life. You got to fight all that, you know, because then India was at a
13:46different time in the history.
13:48Yes.
13:49We had only 2 million telephones. It used to take 10 years to get telephone connection.
13:55Wow.
13:56Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. And to get a telephone connection, the bribe was, you know, in those days, 10,
14:0215,000 rupees.
14:05Oh, bribe.
14:06Bribe. Yeah, yeah, yeah. People, you know, and I never took any salary. I never took any bribe. So I
14:11was,
14:12you know, uncomfortable person.
14:14Yes.
14:14For the system. You couldn't come to me and say, do me a favor.
14:18There was no such thing for me because everything was new for me.
14:22Also, you had Gandhian background, the strong.
14:25Yeah, that was the main thing.
14:26But also I had no baggage.
14:29Yes.
14:30You don't need to.
14:30I had never taken a favor from anybody.
14:32I never told anybody, hey, send my children to school. I need your help.
14:37So I had no favor to distribute. I had no favor to take.
14:41Yes, absolutely.
14:42You know, I had no skeletons in the closet.
14:45Yes.
14:46Well, Dr. Pitroda, the way I, let me summarize what you said. Although you started out as a,
14:52it was not a big deal kind of thing. By hearing the story, it was more complicated than that.
14:58It was very complicated. Believe me, nobody has understood.
15:01Yeah.
15:02It was very complicated because you had to fight on multiple fronts.
15:07Basically, if I need to choose one word for your role, you are a champion. You championed.
15:13I had to.
15:15Yeah, exactly.
15:16You know, for example, we couldn't get office space.
15:19Yes.
15:20Big enough for 500 people to stay at one place.
15:24Yes.
15:24Okay.
15:25Finally, Rajiv Gandhi said, Sam, go take over the Asiad village, where the games were played.
15:31He said, take over the entire complex, including apartments, and you can just settle.
15:35He was very generous.
15:36Okay.
15:37I went there, but the place was not air conditioned.
15:42So I said, I cannot have my software people work in Delhi heat.
15:47Yes.
15:48Yes.
15:49So then somebody said, it will take nine months to get the air conditioning ordered and fitted.
15:55I said, my project is three years.
15:57I can't take nine months for air conditioning.
15:59Yes.
15:59So we started work in a hotel.
16:02Okay.
16:02So we went to Akbar hotel, which was sort of empty because of, you know, games being over.
16:08And we took over two floors, you know, seventh and eighth floor.
16:13And we said, okay, here we are.
16:14We are going to work here on bed.
16:16And that's how we did it.
16:20No, it is such a pragmatic story and a very practical for new entrepreneurs, particularly youth who want to become
16:29entrepreneurs.
16:29All the things people talk about new management culture in Silicon Valley today, we practiced in 1985.
16:36Great.
16:37Everything.
16:38You know, I am glad I asked you that question.
16:41It is a very educational.
16:43Okay.
16:43How to champion things, how to serve, how to serve.
16:46Egalitarian management system.
16:48Exactly.
16:48No hierarchies at all.
16:50Teamwork.
16:51Yes.
16:52Openness.
16:54Transparency.
16:56Even with the support of the prime minister, still you had to go through so many hurdles and you have
17:03very successfully overcome them.
17:06Kudos to you.
17:07It is really great.
17:08Credit also goes to a lot of young people.
17:11Yes.
17:12Let me tell you, every young person we had at CDOT was a gem.
17:17Okay.
17:18Boys and girls, they were dedicated, they were honest, they were loving, caring.
17:24I am so proud of all of them.
17:27And they are now in their 60s and 70s and they are absolutely a gem.
17:32Moving on, under Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, you championed public information infrastructure.
17:41How much of that initiative laid the groundwork for today's Digital India?
17:47Yeah.
17:47You covered a little bit of that.
17:48Yeah.
17:49Everything.
17:50Oh, okay.
17:50Everything.
17:52Okay.
17:52See, Nandan Nilakani did the Aadhaar ID.
17:57Oh, yes.
17:58Very important.
17:59We were together.
18:00Yes.
18:01And then he and I sort of chaired a committee on e-governance.
18:04Yes.
18:05I chaired a committee on mobile payment.
18:09So this, you know, payment and all that you talk about was initiated and seeded during Manmohan Singh time.
18:18Yes.
18:19Then we decided to connect all panchats to fiber optics.
18:24We decided to connect all our universities and libraries with 1100 nodes with 40 gigabit bandwidth.
18:33We took a spectrum from defense to action.
18:38We built a national knowledge network.
18:41So we did a lot of fundamental things then.
18:45But all of our work was in the background.
18:47Dr. Pitrodha, thank you very much for articulating what happened historically.
18:52It is very, very important.
18:54Let me bring you to the current and future.
18:57So you are deeply rooted in both USA and India.
19:02How do you see the U.S.-India relationship with respect to new domains such as artificial intelligence, clean energy, semiconductor
19:11manufacturing, smart grids, etc.?
19:15Since we have really limited time, briefly tell what the status is, where do you see the partnership heading?
19:23I don't look at business partnership as a way to build relationship.
19:30It is one way, but it's not the only way.
19:34I don't believe in transactional politics.
19:39I would rather focus more on strengthening democracy at both places than doing a transaction on smart grid.
19:52Unfortunately, when our leaders meet, they talk about investment, they talk about technology, they don't talk about education, they don't
20:02talk about health, they don't talk about poverty, they don't talk about homeliness, homeless people.
20:10Yes.
20:11Okay.
20:11So my view of the world is very Gandhian.
20:14Okay.
20:16Okay.
20:17I understand you need business and I understand technology, AI, all that is going on, but there are a lot
20:23of smart people doing those things for profit.
20:26Yes.
20:26The problem I find globally today is people are too much focused on profit and power.
20:35That is correct.
20:36And in the process, they have ignored planet and people.
20:43I want to worry more about the issues related to global warming, sustainability, our forest, you know, freedom, justice.
20:56Okay.
20:57Oh, by the way, we are going to come to that a little later.
21:00Okay.
21:01So for now, let me move to a different topic near and dear to you.
21:06That is Ayurvedic medicine.
21:08Okay.
21:09I know you started a foundation to connect Ayurvedic to Allopathy, particularly in understanding Ayurvedic through the lens of modern
21:19science.
21:20Okay.
21:20There's a kind of interdisciplinary activity.
21:23And please tell very briefly how much success has been there or lack of about that endeavor.
21:32Very successful.
21:34We launched that almost 30 years ago.
21:37Okay.
21:38Where there was no money.
21:40We had lost election.
21:42So we had nobody funding it.
21:45Finally, we got some funding from Neresh government and started documenting Indian herbal medicinal plants.
21:53There are 6,000 Indian herbal medicinal plants, 6,000 to 8,000, which grow only in India.
22:01Nowhere else in the world.
22:03So we took the Western Ghat as the main source rather than Himalaya.
22:08We could have taken Himalaya, but Western Ghat is very rich because of the climate.
22:15Himalaya is still cold and all.
22:18We took one by one every plant, did chemical analysis, gas chromatography and all that stuff with the help of
22:27this Department of Science and Technology, CSIR,
22:31and documented 6,000 herbal medicinal plants.
22:34It took us 25 years.
22:36A lot of work.
22:37A lot of work.
22:38I am an organic chemist myself, so I can understand.
22:43Then we also preserved genetic pool.
22:49Then we created herbal gardens.
22:52115 herbal gardens, 500 acres each.
22:57In collaboration with the government forest department to preserve this rich heritage.
23:05Then ultimately we created a university called Transdisciplinary University in Bangalore to take traditional medicine, modern medicine, and combine.
23:28By the way, let me move to another topic where you may have a chance to continue this a little
23:34bit.
23:34This is regarding the books you have written.
23:37This is regarding the books you have written.
23:37A lot of them.
23:38Three books stand out to me.
23:40One is Redesign the World.
23:42Other one is the idea of democracy that you were referring to earlier.
23:47And then dreaming big, you were referring to right at the beginning, talking about your father and all.
23:53Okay.
23:54So, since we have very limited time, please tell in 30 seconds about those books.
24:02And what is your current thinking from Dr. Petrona today, August 23rd, 2026, based on those books, what you are
24:14thinking right now?
24:17I don't think I am smart enough to summarize that in 30 seconds.
24:21I know.
24:22But I will try.
24:24Please.
24:25To minimize time.
24:29Dreaming Big is about my own autobiography, written for my granddaughter, who was then four-year-old.
24:39Now she is 15.
24:41I said to myself, someday she is going to grow up and ask, who was this old man who came
24:46to America 75, 80, 100 years ago?
24:49And whatever her father tells her is going to be very different from what I want to tell her.
24:55Because her father, my son, was born here.
24:59He has a different view of the world than I have.
25:03So I wanted to tell my story to my grandchildren.
25:07Good.
25:07My father's story to my grandchildren.
25:11Yes.
25:11And that's why I wrote that book.
25:14Very good.
25:15Then on democracy, I wrote a book on redesign the world.
25:19Yes.
25:19Because the world was last designed when I was born, in 1942.
25:25I'm just about 85 years old.
25:28I'll be 85 in May.
25:30And that design, which gave birth to UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO, WHO, ultimately NATO, doesn't work anymore.
25:42Oh, okay.
25:43That design does not work in the age of AI.
25:48It worked 80 years ago.
25:50It served us well.
25:52Now it is time to do a new design.
25:55Which is not based on superpower.
25:59Everybody is still using the paradigm of the past.
26:03Yes.
26:03To design the world of the future.
26:07So we need a new design.
26:09We need a new paradigm and we need a new design.
26:11New paradigm.
26:12Yes.
26:12Okay.
26:13We need to recognize the importance of social media.
26:17Yeah.
26:18New technology.
26:19Connectivity.
26:20I'm sorry for cutting you off.
26:22We are going to move to a very exciting area.
26:25You are going to love it.
26:27Okay.
26:27I promise you.
26:29Okay.
26:29This is challenging.
26:31I will have a series of questions to you.
26:34Okay.
26:34And pointed questions.
26:36You please answer them in about five seconds or so.
26:41Very sharp from both directions.
26:44First one.
26:45Inventor versus policy maker.
26:48Which gives you more satisfaction?
26:51One word.
26:52Choose one word.
26:53Inventor.
26:53Okay.
26:54Electronic diary versus mobile wallet.
26:58Which makes you more proud of?
27:00Mobile wallet.
27:02Very good.
27:03Political leadership.
27:04Out of three prime ministers you worked with, who was the easiest to convince or who had
27:11more understanding of what you were saying and who were equal?
27:15Rajiv Gandhi.
27:15Good.
27:18And then innovation killers.
27:20What kills innovation faster?
27:23Is it bureaucracy, fear of failure, or lack of capital?
27:30Bureaucracy and lack of capital, both.
27:33Okay.
27:35Okay.
27:35Artificial intelligence.
27:36Is it humanity's greatest tool or its greatest existential risk?
27:44First of all, it's the wrong name.
27:46There is nothing artificial about intelligence.
27:49Yes.
27:50I agree.
27:50I agree.
27:51So I have a very serious issue.
27:53Yes.
27:54When people say artificial intelligence, intelligence cannot be artificial.
27:58Exactly.
27:59I have been arguing.
28:01Since we have a wrong name.
28:02Yes.
28:03We have a wrong idea of what it can do.
28:08Yes.
28:09Got it.
28:11Social media.
28:11Is it net positive or net negative?
28:15Net positive.
28:17Dual identity.
28:19Chicago, what's up to New Delhi?
28:22Which is more close to your heart?
28:25I'm a global citizen.
28:28But please pick one.
28:32U.S.
28:34Because this is where my family is.
28:36Okay.
28:37I don't mean to push you.
28:39No problem.
28:40Yeah.
28:40That's right.
28:41Okay.
28:42And then healthcare.
28:43Where do you feel more comfortable if you have any health issue?
28:48Ayurvedic medicine or allopathic medicine?
28:52Allopathic.
28:53Okay.
28:55In terms of progress, do you like the approach of patents or open source?
29:01Open source.
29:02Very good.
29:04Well, now let us come to your personal life or personality.
29:10Self-reflection.
29:11Self-reflection.
29:12What is your biggest personal strength?
29:14And what is your biggest weakness?
29:17Here you can take one or two sentences for each.
29:21I would say my biggest strength is my Gandhian and Einstein as heroes.
29:30These are my two heroes.
29:33Einstein for imagination and Gandhian for character, values.
29:40Very good.
29:41So, these two guide me in my own different way.
29:46Good.
29:47Okay.
29:47What is your biggest weakness?
29:49My biggest weakness probably is I'm always in a hurry.
29:56Okay.
29:57Okay.
29:59I don't see it as a huge weakness though, but that's okay.
30:02I take it.
30:03I'm always in a hurry.
30:04Okay.
30:06In terms of your daily routine, what is one daily habit that is very important to you?
30:15I'm getting up early and start my day by 7, 7.30 and my day ends at 11, every day,
30:25seven days a week.
30:27I don't do anything.
30:28I don't go to parties.
30:29I don't go to wedding ceremonies.
30:31I don't go to, you know, social events.
30:34I'm on the phone.
30:36I'm on the laptop.
30:37I'm on learning.
30:38I'm talking.
30:39I'm meeting people and I keep my brain going because that keeps me alive.
30:46That will be a good message to the younger generations if they want to become entrepreneurs as successful as you.
30:54Coming to family and friends, among all the people, whether it's children or grandchildren or friends,
31:00whom do you spend the maximum time every single day?
31:05My wife.
31:07Okay.
31:08Oh, my God.
31:08Good answer.
31:09You can't go wrong with that.
31:10No, but that's true because I've been married to her for 60 years.
31:13Okay.
31:13Okay.
31:14I assume.
31:15She was my love.
31:16She was my, you know, friend.
31:18You know, though we are very different human beings, you know, we are as always opposite, attract each other.
31:25We have very little in common.
31:28Very good.
31:29But by the way, I'm remembering that saying, happy wife, happy life.
31:33So you must be enjoying because you are genuinely having a great admiration for her spending time very well.
31:41Great.
31:41Great.
31:42Okay.
31:42You know, in terms of resilience, you went through a lot of health problems, disproportionately long, large share of health
31:50problems.
31:51How were you resilient?
31:53Please tell in one or two sentences.
31:55I think I've been lucky to have good doctor friends.
32:00I have two, three, very close, I would say five, very close friends in Chicago.
32:05One died several years ago.
32:08But I have, you know, friends who take care of me.
32:11You know, my cardiologist calls me every day, every day.
32:15How are you?
32:17How are you?
32:17Everything okay?
32:18So I think I've been blessed with one of the best friends in life.
32:23I have so many friends from school days, you know, from college days who are so very dear to me.
32:29We hardly meet.
32:31But when we meet, as if we have not lost any time.
32:35So I am blessed with a lot of good people around me.
32:39Here is a simple but difficult question.
32:42Do you believe in God?
32:44Yes or no?
32:45No.
32:47Okay.
32:47Good.
32:49And your present mindset.
32:50What keeps Dr. Sam Pitroda awake in the nighttime?
32:55Only one sentence.
33:00The global conflicts and the need for people to recognize that we all need to live together.
33:12We are one earth and we are all the same.
33:18Irrespective of religion, race, gender, color, caste.
33:23We are all human beings.
33:24I want humanity to be way above religion, way about nationality, way about citizenship.
33:37That's what I want.
33:38I can't agree with you more.
33:40I have written a couple of articles.
33:42At some stage, I may share with you.
33:44A final question.
33:46My most favorite question.
33:47If you are king of the world for one day, what is one thing you will try to accomplish with
33:55all the power you will have?
33:58Equality.
34:03Great.
34:04Great.
34:04Well, Dr. Pitroda, I am so happy that you could come on to our show.
34:09I loved everything you said.
34:12That would be a lot of inspiration to lots of people, including me, particularly for young generations.
34:17I made a right choice for inviting you, me and South Asia Monitor, and you gracefully agreed to join us.
34:26Thank you very much.
34:26And you shared everything, honestly.
34:29And please come on to our show sometime down the road again.
34:33We want to have this opportunity to talk to you more.
34:37Now, let me turn to South Asia Monitor audience.
34:40Thank you very much for watching the show.
34:44And please, you can look forward for this kind of exciting shows in the future.
34:48I also want to thank South Asia Monitor Management for giving me this opportunity to interview and have a dialogue
34:57with Dr. Sam Pitroda.
34:59I feel highly honored.
35:01Thank you very much.
35:02Thank you, sir.
35:03Thank you for your time and thank you for your generosity.
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