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The latest episode of India Today Explains covers five major national and global developments. First, a major controversy has erupted over the alleged misappropriation of nearly seven crore rupees from donation funds at the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya.
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00:06Hello and welcome to another edition of India Today Explains.
00:09I'm Akshar Tananda Gopala.
00:10Over the next half hour, we'll break down the biggest stories of the week.
00:14What do we have for you this week?
00:16We'll start off by getting you details of the alleged Ram Mandir scam.
00:20What are the allegations?
00:21Who governs the temple?
00:23And who is to blame for what's happening right now in the temple?
00:27We'll also focus on the entire question of whether a passport can be a citizenship document or not.
00:34Is there anything new over the fact that now suddenly it's been discovered that a passport is not a citizenship
00:39document?
00:40Not really.
00:41But I'll explain that in greater detail on the show.
00:44Also on this edition of India Today Explains, the Indus Waters Treaty.
00:48Pakistan has resorted to rhetoric once again threatening India over the same.
00:52We'll break down for you why the treaty has been put in abeyance and why Pakistan is struggling, is panicking
00:58over the same.
01:00In international news, UK is all set to get a new prime minister.
01:05Why is it that Britain constantly sees this churn of prime ministers?
01:10Why is there no political stability?
01:12I'll explain that for you.
01:14And finally, a debate that's been doing the rounds on social media.
01:17Does China have a caste system in place?
01:20Very interesting one.
01:21I'll get you more on that on this edition of India Today Explains.
01:25So lots lined up for you.
01:26Let's get started.
01:32The alleged misappropriation of nearly 7 crore rupees from donation funds at the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya
01:38has snowballed into a major controversy,
01:41with police recovering between 10 lakh and 12 lakh rupees from the residence of a temple employee in Ayodhya.
01:46In response to the growing public and political backlash,
01:50the Yogi Adityanath-led Uttar Pradesh government constituted a three-member special investigation team
01:55to look into these claims.
01:57The rise of theуГйam and political alliances,
02:00the Nathan Manal Bundy for the Jewish people,
02:07the rights of the Yugamala and Kumbach.
02:11The people who love trying to kill the Rames and the Yogi Adityanath-led Kunga Pugas,
02:20They are making a great deal.
02:32This controversy has also acquired a political dimension, with opposition parties targeting
02:36the Uttar Pradesh government and demanding greater transparency in the handling of temple
02:40donations.
03:11This is the case of the Uttar Pradesh government.
03:21foreign
03:51has been filed in the case, naming eight individuals, including Champath Raisa driver
03:56Tinnu Yadav and other cashier employees who were involved in the counting of the notes.
04:03But what has been found so far? The SIT has now submitted a preliminary report to the Uttar
04:08Pradesh government, raising concerns about the systems used to count, monitor and safeguard
04:13donations. According to findings reviewed by investigators, negligence was observed at
04:19multiple levels. The SIT examined the process through which personnel handling donations
04:24were selected and found lapses in employee screening, security checks and frisking procedures
04:29during entry and exit from duty. The probe also found that dress code rules for employees handling
04:34cash were not being enforced strictly. Investigators noted instances where employees allegedly stood in
04:41front of CCTV cameras, therefore obstructing visibility in sensitive areas. Now, the investigative team
04:47further flagged negligence in the transportation of donation boxes and in procedures followed
04:51between collection, counting and the final deposit of cash in bank accounts. But investigators for now
04:58have reportedly concluded the direct removal of cash from the hundis, the donation boxes appear unlikely.
05:05But let's look at the overall picture here. Who oversees the temple? The Ram Mandir is administered
05:10by the Shri Ram Janmabhumi Teerth Shetra. This is a trust, a 15-member body created in February 2020,
05:17after the Supreme Court's Ayodhya verdict. The trust oversees the temple's construction,
05:22finances and administration. Twelve members were appointed by the government. Three were selected
05:28during the trust's first meeting. Former Attorney General K. Parasaran is a founding trustee.
05:34Mahant Nithya Gopal Das serves as chairman. Champath Rai handles much of the day-to-day administration.
05:39Swami Govan Devgiri oversees financial matters as treasurer. The trust's accounts are independently
05:46maintained and audited. It's authorized the State Bank of India to manage the counting and banking of
05:50donations. So how is that counted? Well, around 35 donation boxes, hundis, essentially are placed
05:57across the temple complex. Temple officials estimate daily cash offerings range from 8 lakh right up to
06:0413 lakhs and that goes up to 50 to 60 lakhs during major festivals. The trust therefore authorized SBI to
06:10handle the money. The bank outsourced counting to a private agency. Counting takes place in two shifts
06:17each day. And so these private agency staff members sought and bundle currency notes. Trust employees
06:23supervise the process. DCS is involved. It manages the CCTV network. SBI officials verify the cash before
06:30deposit. This is the multi-layered system and involves several agencies and checkpoints which
06:36investigators are now examining closely as part of the investigation. Who controls the finances?
06:41Well, the Shri Ram Janmubhumi Teeth Shetra Trust functions as an autonomous charitable trust, manages its own
06:48finances. The Uttar Pradesh government does not directly control the trust's funds. Oversight comes through internal
06:55and statutory audits. Government intervention generally is limited to exceptional circumstances.
07:01What about other major temples?
07:04Ram Mandir's governance structure differs from many major temples that operate under state-controlled boards.
07:09If I were to give you an example, the Thirmala Thirupati Devastanam functions under Andhra Pradesh law and the
07:15subjective government oversight, audits as well as administrative intervention. By contrast, the Ram Mandir Trust
07:21operates independently. While the temple has received substantial donations since its consecration, institutions
07:27like the Thirmala Thirupati Devastanam, the Padmanabha Swami Temple, they've accumulated wealth and
07:32endurements over decades. This controversy has now triggered calls for reform in the temple's management.
07:38The Ram Janmubhumi Temple Construction Committee chairman, Ripendra Mishra, has said this episode
07:44exposed gaps in supervision, accountability and compliance systems. With nearly 1500 people involved
07:51in activities across the temple complex, he's argued that this institution now requires a more
07:56professional administrative structure.
07:58It was a matter of trust and very, very informal. That has led to some of these temporary failures.
08:10standards. And I would think that if we replace it by a formal system, by a trust backed with
08:21vigilance, we'll be able to restore the significance and, you know, the divinity of it.
08:33Among the reforms suggested are stronger oversight mechanisms, clearly defined responsibilities and
08:39the appointment of a chief executive officer to improve accountability. The investigation
08:45is underway. We'll be tracking closely what emerges and who is responsible for the scam.
08:55Europe or America, Dubai or Singapore, you've carried this little booklet across the world.
09:02This is an Indian passport. And if you've ever applied for one, you know, getting it isn't exactly easy.
09:08There are forms, verification, police checks and a whole lot of waiting, which is why most of us have always
09:14believed one thing that if you've got this, if you have an Indian passport, you're an Indian citizen.
09:20As simple as that. In fact, for years, this was seen as the ultimate proof of nationality.
09:26You could show your passport at an airport, at an embassy, almost anywhere in the world.
09:30And it would tell a simple story. This person belongs to India.
09:34But what if I told you that it doesn't quite do that? The Ministry of External Affairs has clarified
09:41that a passport is primarily a travel document. Its purpose is to facilitate international travel.
09:47In simple words, having a passport does not by itself conclusively establish citizenship.
09:55Confusing, right? Well, a passport is commonly understood as an official government document
10:00that certifies a person's identity. It certifies their nationality too, which is why you've been given the passport.
10:06But the Passport Act of 1967 allows passports to be issued in certain circumstances to non-citizens as well.
10:14And that's what makes the government's position clear on this.
10:18In fact, in 2013, the Bombay High Court held that a passport is not conclusive proof of citizenship.
10:24Indian citizenship is determined under the Citizenship Act of 1955, based on eligibility and overall evidence.
10:32Not one single document.
10:34So when the government or the courts say that a passport is not by itself proof of citizenship,
10:40it does raise an obvious question. What is?
10:43This isn't the first time India has faced this question.
10:46Before the passport, there was another document many people trusted for exactly the same reason.
10:51The voter ID card. Because only citizens can vote.
10:54So if someone has been voting for years, election after election, surely that should settle the matter.
11:01Surely that proves citizenship.
11:02Not really.
11:04It proves that you're a registered voter.
11:06It's not treated as a final certificate of citizenship.
11:09And this distinction came into focus recently during the debate over SIR exercises.
11:15So then which document is definitive proof?
11:18Well, the answer is a bit complicated.
11:20India doesn't have one single citizenship card.
11:23Take Aadhaar for that matter.
11:25Again, in the midst of the SIR debate, you had millions using it every day.
11:29It's perhaps the most widely held identity document in the country.
11:33Yet, an Aadhaar doesn't prove citizenship.
11:36It was designed for residents, not just citizens.
11:39Then there's the PAN card.
11:40Useful for taxes, not proof of citizenship again.
11:43You're thinking ration card?
11:45Proof that you're part of a welfare system?
11:48Nope, not proof of citizenship.
11:50So you've got different documents, different purposes.
11:53But none of them on their own answer the citizenship question.
11:58Why?
11:58Because citizenship in India is not based on a single card.
12:02It comes from the Constitution.
12:03It comes from the Citizenship Act.
12:05A person may be a citizen by birth or through descent or through registration.
12:10So for one person, a birth certificate may be crucial.
12:13For another, parental records.
12:15For someone else, documents establishing family history, residence or citizenship granted
12:21through registration or naturalization.
12:24So a set of facts that are taken together to establish identity and belonging essentially.
12:29And perhaps that's what makes this debate larger than just a passport.
12:34For decades, most Indians never had to actively prove that they were citizens.
12:38Citizenship was assumed.
12:40It was reflected in school records, in government documents, voter lists, honestly in everyday life.
12:46The system worked because that assumption was rarely challenged.
12:50But as debates around citizenship, verification around illegal immigration grow, one gap has become clear.
12:56India still has no single universally accepted proof of citizenship.
13:01So in a country where citizenship determines who can vote, who can hold public office and enjoy the full protection
13:07of the Constitution,
13:09how should citizenship be proved?
13:11Should a modern democracy continue to rely on a patchwork of documents, records and presumptions?
13:17The real question really is not about what a passport proves.
13:21The real question is why even today, India doesn't have that one document that settles the matter once and for
13:26all.
13:32It's been a year since India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, stating that the suspension would remain in
13:38effect
13:39until Pakistan credibly renounces its support for cross-border terror.
13:44Tensions are rising again now, as Pakistan's Defence Minister Khwaja Asif has warned that water security could become a cause
13:51of war with India
13:53if Islamabad believes its national interests are under threat.
13:56The moment we feel that our national security, water is part of our national security, is being threatened, we'll go
14:00to war against India.
14:01In response to his statement, India has doubled down on its position over the Indus Waters Treaty.
14:07Water Resources Minister Siyad Patil said New Delhi is taking steps to stop the flow of Indus waters to Pakistan,
14:13asserting that Islamabad will not receive a single drop of water from India in the years ahead.
14:19He doesn't take any water for a single drop of water because it doesn't need to be able to be
14:22done,
14:23He doesn't need to be able to be done.
14:23Theх╖о of energy within his own country, where he also takes care of Nanabinder,
14:26and of them, and the Agra reflecting us, are working on him.
14:31We are working on him at the close-up.
14:33I think the work that is going to be working on the other day,
14:36by the sure and format of the other way.
14:39And the word that is saying,
14:42will not take any water for a single drop of water.
14:45He will not take any water for years and he will not take any water now.
14:47Next, I've said that the word in many days.
14:48So let's explain to you what exactly the Indus Waters Treaty is.
14:52This is a water distribution agreement between India and Pakistan,
14:55brokered by the World Bank and signed way back in 1960.
14:59It governs the use and sharing of water from the six rivers of the Indus River system,
15:04including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutledge.
15:09The treaty was signed to manage water sharing peacefully and sustainably between the two countries,
15:14which have historically had tense relations, especially of course after the partition in 1947.
15:20But what are the key provisions?
15:22This treaty has divided the Indus River system into two parts,
15:25the Western River system, including the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab rivers,
15:29and then there's the Eastern River system, the Ravi, Bias and Sutledge rivers.
15:34As per the treaty, Pakistan received control over the Western rivers, India over the Eastern rivers.
15:40Under this treaty, the waters of the three Eastern rivers, I'll repeat that,
15:44Ravi, Sutledge and Bias, amounting to an average of 33 million acre-feet annually,
15:49were allocated to India for its exclusive use.
15:52In contrast, the waters of the three Western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab,
15:57with an average annual flow of about 135 million acre-feet.
16:04So you see that about 100 million acre-feet difference that was allocated to Pakistan,
16:08with India permitted only limited use for domestic, non-consumptive and specified agricultural purposes.
16:15So that's hydroelectric power, irrigation, navigation and fishing without interfering with the flow to Pakistan.
16:22Also, India cannot store or divert the waters of Western rivers for consumptive use.
16:27Here, the World Bank acts as a facilitator and observer,
16:30but has no adjudicatory role unless both parties step in and request the same.
16:35Now, with the treaty being suspended, how does it affect Pakistan?
16:40This treaty, mind you, survived multiple wars and periods of high tension between the two nations.
16:45But after the Pehalgaam attack in 2025, it's been suspended by the government of India.
16:50How is this affecting Pakistan?
16:52The Indus Waters Treaty is not just a water-sharing agreement,
16:55but a lifeline for its agricultural economy and water security.
16:59Pakistan gets around 80% of its total water supply from the Western rivers.
17:04These rivers are the backbone of Pakistan's irrigation system,
17:08which feeds the Indus Basin irrigation system,
17:11which is the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world.
17:14And so this suspension is ruining the agricultural economy of Pakistan,
17:19which employs over 35% of Pakistan's labor force.
17:22It contributes around 19% to the country's GDP.
17:25Major crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton,
17:29they all rely heavily on irrigation from these rivers.
17:33A disruption of water flow could lead to crop failure,
17:36food shortages and inflation, hitting the poorest the hardest.
17:41Pakistan, moreover, has limited water storage capacity, just about 30 days.
17:45Rainfall in Pakistan is seasonal, highly variable,
17:48and so rivers are the only consistent source of fresh water.
17:51Millions of people in Pakistani cities, Lahore, Multan, Hyderabad,
17:56rely on water from the Western rivers for drinking and for sanitation.
18:00This disruption of water flow would have a direct impact on public health
18:03and urban infrastructure.
18:06The Indus Waters Treaty is not just a water agreement.
18:08It's critical to Pakistan's survival.
18:11It ensures access to life-sustaining rivers.
18:13It underpins the country's agriculture and economy.
18:16This division by the Indian government is a message against Pakistan's regular support
18:21for cross-border terror.
18:22It poses a serious strategic challenge for Pakistan, both internally and internationally.
18:32Why can't Britain keep a prime minister?
18:35This question has haunted British politics ever since the Brexit referendum.
18:40And now it's claimed yet another leader.
18:42Keir Starmer has resigned.
18:44Andy Burnham is set to become Britain's new prime minister.
18:48So since 2016, Britain has had seven prime ministers.
18:53That's right, since 2016.
18:54In 10 years, seven prime ministers.
18:57Five of them have changed within just the last five years alone.
19:00Compare that to the 28 years between 1979 and 2007,
19:05when only three people held Britain's top political office.
19:09Margaret Thatcher, John Major and Tony Blair.
19:12Britain was once known for political stability.
19:16And that was, of course, pre-2016.
19:18The country had only four finance ministers in 23 years.
19:23Today, Britain has yet another prime minister.
19:26So why has the UK system suddenly become so fragile?
19:30The answer lies in how Britain actually chooses its prime minister.
19:34Unlike presidential systems, British voters do not directly elect their prime minister.
19:39Instead, voters elect members of parliament to the House of Commons.
19:42And the leader of that party that wins a majority of seats usually becomes prime minister,
19:46much like the India model.
19:48This creates a fundamentally different kind of political system.
19:52A British prime minister serves not at the direct mandate of the public,
19:56but at the confidence of their own party's MPs.
19:58And that means a prime minister can be removed without a national election ever taking place.
20:04There are three main ways a British prime minister can fall.
20:08First, losing a general election. Easy enough.
20:12Second, losing a parliamentary vote of no confidence.
20:15That forces the government to resign or call fresh elections.
20:17But the third, by far the most brutal, is internal party revolt.
20:23And this is how most modern British prime ministers actually fall.
20:27Under Conservative Party rules, MPs can submit letters to the powerful 1922 committee,
20:32requesting a confidence vote against their own leader.
20:36If enough MPs rebel, a leadership contest is triggered.
20:39Labour Party rules are slightly different, but the principle is the same.
20:43The biggest threat to a British prime minister is often their own party.
20:48But why did this instability suddenly explode after 2016?
20:52One word. Brexit.
20:54The referendum to leave the European Union triggered a political quake in Britain.
21:00Brexit split both the country and the Conservative Party into rival ideological camps.
21:05It created endless battles over immigration, trade, sovereignty, economic policy
21:10and Britain's future outside Europe.
21:12The result was chaos.
21:14Prime ministers rose and fell at unprecedented speed as governments struggled to survive internal
21:20rebellions, parliamentary deadlock and collapsing public trust.
21:24But now, even Starmer came to power promising stability, faced a political siege of his own and left.
21:31The 2026 crisis surrounding Starmer's government emerged amid growing public frustration over the economy,
21:37public services and the rising cost of living.
21:39His popularity collapsed after repeated policy U-turns, especially on welfare reforms and economic promises.
21:47Critics increasingly began comparing him to Lystra's, whose disastrous 45-day premiership triggered market panic,
21:54sent the British pound crashing.
21:57Starmer was further damaged by his controversial appointment of Peter Mandelson as Britain's ambassador to the United States,
22:03a decision heavily criticised because of Mandelson's past links to Jeffrey Epstein.
22:08So now that Starmer has resigned, what next?
22:12Does Britain need another general election?
22:14If Labour MPs and party members elected a new leader, that person would automatically become Prime Minister.
22:20In this case, it seems to be Andy Burnham, as long as he retains the confidence of Parliament.
22:25In which case, no public vote required.
22:27And this is exactly why Britain can cycle through Prime Ministers so rapidly.
22:32But the deeper story goes beyond Starmer himself.
22:35Britain's traditional two-party political system appears to be breaking apart.
22:40For decades, British politics was dominated almost entirely by Labour and Conservatives.
22:46Now, at least five major political forces compete nationally.
22:49Labour, Conservatives, Reform UK, Greens and Liberal Democrats.
22:55And that could also be one of the real stories behind Britain's revolving door of Prime Ministers.
23:01It's no longer just simply a crisis of leadership.
23:03This is a crisis of the entire political system.
23:07Britain was built on stable party loyalties for decades.
23:11Voters largely moved between Labour and the Conservatives.
23:14Government lasted for years.
23:16Prime Ministers governed with strong mandates.
23:18That era has collapsed clearly.
23:20Brexit shattered old alliances.
23:22Prime Ministers govern rather weakly, fall faster than they've risen.
23:27And unless Britain rebuilds public trust, adapts to its changing politics,
23:3110 Downing Street may continue to remain a revolving door of temporary Prime Ministers
23:36instead of a symbol of stable leadership.
23:43For weeks, social media platforms have been abuzz with claims that China has its own version of a caste system.
23:50Videos highlighting cramped migrant housing, labour-intensive factory jobs
23:55and the contrast between China's glittering megacities and poorer rural regions have fuelled the debate.
24:01At the centre of the discussion is China's Hoku system,
24:05a household registration mechanism that determines where citizens officially belong
24:10and what public services they can access.
24:12Critics argue that it creates birth-based inequalities affecting education, health care, welfare, as well as opportunities.
24:20Supporters maintain that comparing Hoku to a caste system is misleading because this is an administrative tool.
24:27The debate is further complicated by references to Xinonggongshan, an ancient Chinese social structure.
24:34Together, these two systems are often cited as evidence of a Chinese caste order.
24:39But how accurate is that claim?
24:41Let's break down the two systems that I'm referring to.
24:43First, the imperial China, the Xi-non-gong-shan system.
24:48This system emerged during the late Zhou dynasty and warring states period
24:53and was later documented by Han historian Banju.
24:57It divided society into four occupational groups.
25:00At the top were the Xi.
25:02Scholars, intellectuals, government officials,
25:04who were valued for governance and moral leadership under Confucian philosophy.
25:10Next came the Nong.
25:12This is the second level.
25:13The Nong, farmers considered essential because agriculture is the backbone of the economy.
25:17At the third level, the Gong, comprising artisans and craftsmen.
25:22Third, for their contribution to production and daily life.
25:24And at the very bottom, were the Shan, merchants and traders.
25:28Despite often being wealthy, they held lower social prestige
25:31because Confucian thought viewed profit-seeking with suspicion.
25:36Historians, however, caution against calling this a caste system.
25:39It may sound like it.
25:40You can easily compare that to caste.
25:42Social mobility, however, in this case was possible.
25:45A merchant's son could pass imperial examinations and so rise,
25:49become scholar official,
25:51while wealthy traders often gain significant influence.
25:54Most importantly, the system was not based on hereditary concepts
25:58of purity or rigid endogamy.
26:01It disappeared more than a century ago.
26:03It plays no role today in modern Chinese governance.
26:06But there's another system that I refer to.
26:08The Hoku system.
26:09That's in place right now.
26:11This system was introduced in 1958 under Mao Zedong
26:15as a nationwide household registration framework.
26:19That's what it's called.
26:20Every Chinese citizen is registered to a specific locality
26:23and so they are assigned a registration category.
26:25The system has two major components.
26:27First, geographical registration.
26:30Linking a citizen to a village, a county, city, district or municipality.
26:35Then there's a second classification.
26:36This is socio-economic.
26:38Historically divided people into agricultural, non-agricultural categories
26:42based on the occupation.
26:44And so that obviously also translates to rural and urban residents.
26:48Because access to many public services has traditionally depended
26:51on a person's location,
26:53Hoku is often described as an internal passport system.
26:56While citizens can move freely within China,
26:59the benefits available to them often depend on where their Hoku is registered
27:04and whether that location has those perks.
27:06For decades, the system has been a key tool for managing population distribution
27:10and economic development.
27:12But why was this created in the first place?
27:15The origins of Hoku lie in China's industrialization strategy during the mid-20th century.
27:21As the government sought rapid economic growth,
27:24policymakers feared that unrestricted migration from rural areas into cities
27:28could overwhelm urban infrastructure,
27:30which is a conversation even being had today.
27:32That this could strain public resources and create sprawling informal settlements.
27:38And so they believed that the Hoku system offered a solution.
27:41Linking social benefits to a person's registered location,
27:45authorities could regulate population movements
27:47while directing resources towards strategic industrial centers.
27:50access to public education, subsidized housing, health care, pensions, welfare programs,
27:57all of that tied to the Hoku status.
28:00The arrangement enables cities to receive significant state investment
28:04while limiting uncontrolled rural to urban migration.
28:13The strongest criticism, however, of Hoku is the inequality it created
28:17between rural and urban populations.
28:20For decades, urban residents had better access to schools, hospitals,
28:25and of course, overall infrastructure and job opportunities.
28:28Rural residents faced significant disadvantages.
28:31The divide became more visible as millions of rural workers moved to cities,
28:35becoming the backbone of China's manufacturing, construction, logistics, and urban development.
28:41But most retained their rural Hoku and remained excluded from many urban public services.
28:47The impact extended to their families as well,
28:50with migrant workers, children often facing difficulties enrolling into a city school,
28:55forcing some families to pay extra fees,
28:57or simply leave children behind in rural hometowns.
29:01But can Hoku be compared to a caste system?
29:03This comparison is based on three features.
29:07Inheritance first, children traditionally inherited their parents' registration status,
29:11so they continue in the same location, more or less.
29:15Second, unequal access to resources.
29:17Hoku status officially, historically determined access to education, health care,
29:23and all possible other perks, and that creates disparity between different groups.
29:28And the third, restricted mobility.
29:29Although changing Hoku status was possible, obtaining urban registration was often difficult for migrants.
29:41But in recent years, China has introduced reforms to reduce Hoku-related restrictions,
29:47viewing the rural-urban divide as an economic challenge that limits labor mobility,
29:52limits growth, domestic consumption, and demographic adaptation.
29:56Restrictions have been removed in many cities, with populations below 3 million,
30:00while stable employment or housing can often qualify even migrants for registration in medium-sized cities.
30:07China has also weakened the link between Hoku and social insurance,
30:10giving migrant workers greater access, therefore, to all benefits where they work.
30:16Major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou,
30:19They still maintain stricter requirements, but many now use a points-based system,
30:24based on education, skills, tax contribution.
30:29Hoku remains in place, but it's far less rigid than it was decades ago.
30:34That's all we have time for in this edition of India Today Explains.
30:36Thanks very much for tuning in. I'll see you at the same time next week.
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