هل بدأت دراسة البيولوجيا الجزيئية وتريد بناء أساس قوي؟ في هذا الفيديو، سنبدأ رحلة استكشاف "شفرة الحياة". سنشرح تركيب جزيء الـ $DNA$ بأسلوب مبسط وشيق، بعيداً عن التعقيد، لننتقل بك من مستوى "الصفر" إلى مستوى "الإتقان".ما الذي ستكتشفه في هذا الفيديو؟وحدة البناء (النيوكليوتيدة): شرح تفصيلي لمكوناتها الثلاثة (سكر الخماسي، مجموعة الفوسفات، والقواعد النيتروجينية).هيكل سكر-فوسفات: كيف ترتبط النيوكليوتيدات معاً لتشكل العمود الفقري للشريط؟ وفهم اتجاه الشريط ($3' \to 5'$ و $5' \to 3'$).القواعد النيتروجينية: الفرق بين البيورينات والبيريميدينات، وكيفية ارتباطهم (قواعد التكامل: $A$ مع $T$ و $C$ مع $G$).الروابط الكيميائية: أين توجد الروابط التساهمية؟ وأين توجد الروابط الهيدروجينية؟ ولماذا هي مهمة؟نقاط القوة في هذا الشرح:تبسيط المصطلحات: تحويل المفاهيم الجزيئية الصعبة إلى صور ذهنية سهلة الحفظ.التركيز على "ليه؟": لماذا يكون شريطا الـ $DNA$ في وضع متعاكس؟ ولماذا ترتبط قواعد معينة ببعضها فقط؟أساسيات الامتحان: تسليط الضوء على الأجزاء التي تكرر دائماً في أسئلة الثانوية العامة والاختبارات التأسيسية.خارطة الطريق بالفيديو:مقدمة عن أهمية الـ $DNA$.تركيب النيوكليوتيدة بالتفصيل.أنواع القواعد النيتروجينية وطريقة ارتباطها.شرح هيكل سكر-فوسفات والروابط التساهمية.لماذا الشريطين متوازيان ولكن في اتجاهين متعاكسين؟الكلمات المفتاحية (Tags):#الأحياء #DNA #تركيب_الـDNA #بيولوجيا_جزيئية #ثانوية_عامة #النيوكليوتيدة #شرح_أحياء #تعليم #ثالثة_ثانوي #Biology #MolecularBiology
Category
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LearningTranscript
00:00In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and peace and blessings be upon the noblest of messengers.
00:03Peace and blessings be upon him.
00:05Dear third-year high school students
00:08Welcome to Dr. Mohamed El-Saeed's channel
00:12For biology and geology
00:14God willing, we will continue together.
00:18DNA
00:21We stopped before that
00:23At the last of the evidence
00:26Proving that DNA is the stock market material
00:29And of course, this is the evidence.
00:30Which is the amount of D
00:32He speaks to us in a beneficial way
00:35And we got to know
00:36It is certainly necessary
00:39I differentiate between something called
00:40female chromosome
00:43or monochromatic
00:45and the chromosome
00:46Which is artificial
00:48The chromatid or a type of it
00:50duplicated chromosome
00:53Today, God willing
00:55We will talk about
00:56Praise be to God
00:58The composition of the nucleus of praise
00:59DNA
01:17Today's youth
01:19means share
01:20a task
01:22And a very important topic
01:25This is of course the basis for studying
01:27Criminal biology
01:31Praise be to God
01:33DNA
01:36naturally
01:37he
01:37It is a polymer
01:39What does polymer mean?
01:40It means a compound of
01:41small units
01:43or building units
01:44Suitable for the cell
01:46The living cell, guys
01:50There is
01:51There are four types of
01:52Something called major penalties
01:54Major penalties
01:56Which are the penalties
01:58polymerization
02:00Meaning
02:00The one that was made from a single piece
02:02Collected from penalties
02:04The smallest name is monomers
02:07Of course, I studied our words.
02:08In a year or a year
02:10Okay, so what are these big penalties?
02:13These are major penalties
02:14It consists of four types of major penalties
02:17What does "big" mean?
02:18That means we said
02:19Once a planner
02:20Meaning: Composed of monomers
02:22small parts
02:24Firstly
02:25Carbohydrate
02:27Which are sugars, of course.
02:28Mask?
02:29Of course I want to
02:30Gathered or planned once
02:32or the structural unit
02:34What does it have, of course?
02:36glucose or
02:38Ah, sugars
02:40Okay?
02:40glucose
02:41AA or fructose
02:43or mannose
02:44or ribose
02:45All these young people
02:46Sugars accumulate
02:47It does
02:48Many sugars
02:49And then of course you work
02:50Starch or polysaccharides
02:53Okay, what's next?
02:54protein
02:55protein
02:56Its structural unit
02:58Something called
02:58Which are amino acids
03:01good
03:02After that
03:03We take fats
03:04Fats
03:05fats
03:05Ah
03:07polymers
03:08What are its monomers?
03:10or
03:10small parts
03:12Or what is its building block?
03:14naturally
03:14fatty acids
03:16completely?
03:17good
03:18Our fourth thing
03:19Al-Hamd Al-Nawawi
03:21Al-Hamd Al-Nawawi
03:21Hey guys
03:22This
03:23polymer
03:23big
03:24very
03:25in
03:26cell
03:27medicine
03:29What is its monomer?
03:30Or what is its building block?
03:32Of course, what's it called? That they feed a peptide
03:35Peptide
03:37good
03:38Why is he Hamda, guys?
03:41This means without
03:45The cell
03:47Okay?
03:49or Nawaa
03:50The Nawaa
03:51And what?
03:52Hamad
03:53Okay, praise be to God, the Nuclear, guys.
03:56Why is he Hamad in the first place?
03:58Praise be to God, of course, respected ones
04:00If I came
04:00I came like this, I came as a picture
04:04For the praise of the Nawawi
04:05Okay?
04:06Meaning components
04:07Its structural unit
04:08I find it like a patif
04:10Okay?
04:11This is called
04:15We will talk about it in detail, God willing.
04:16Now I have a question that says why
04:18Why Hamad?
04:19Why Hamad?
04:20I have, of course, three religious components
04:22Thousands, even millions, even billions
04:26You will be the nuclear praise
04:29Ribosodium
04:30And of course, those with us
04:32Hamad Al-Nawawi
04:34Is that you?
04:36Okay, but why is he also named Hamad?
04:38My question is, why is it Hamad?
04:39Hamad, guys, for this group
04:41This is the phosphate group
04:43Or Hamad Al-Fosfari
04:45Okay?
04:46Of course, this is the Hamdiya group.
04:48We know what Hamad means and what Qa'idah means.
04:51So, is this a rule, guys?
04:53Why didn't I say that it's a tie?
04:56No, this rule is very, very weak.
04:58This ontology rule is a very weak rule.
05:01And then he actually behaves like a praiser
05:03Of course, it involves browning the litmus paper.
05:06And all of this is what we know about
05:08What?
05:08The hottest
05:09Why is he still Hamad?
05:11Because of this group
05:12Group D
05:13What class of what is it?
05:15acidity
05:16Okay?
05:17good
05:18First, we want a historical account of D&E knowledge.
05:29Okay, let's take the book we have.
05:34So what exactly is historical narrative?
05:37When did you learn that it is Al-Hamd Al-Nawawi? Of course, this means we learned it from experience.
05:44Okay?
05:45And the evidence
05:46good
05:47He tells me
05:48He tells me that we learned about the introduction in the previous lesson, of course.
05:52The workers' continuous attempts to communicate led to the formation of the mortar material.
05:56good
05:57But since the early fifties
05:59Okay?
06:00or the fifties
06:01I need to focus now, guys.
06:02I need to pay attention to the appointment or date.
06:05He tells me the fifties
06:07Okay?
06:08In the last century, strong evidence became available.
06:10It suffices to consider that religion is replete with historical information.
06:14Meaning from the early fifties
06:15I still have evidence
06:18Okay?
06:19strong
06:20Enough
06:21Because religion is replete with religious material
06:23good
06:24Okay?
06:25No problem
06:25I still have evidence from the research material.
06:27It is religion
06:28And I spoke about it in detail
06:30With the year, I want to know
06:32Or I want to know
06:33So you think I'm talking about the early fifties?
06:35This means after the discovery of the electron microscope
06:38Approximately ten years
06:39electron microscope
06:40Of course, the first model is why it entered
06:43Work year one thousand
06:44one thousand
06:45Ninety-nine perfect
06:47and
06:48Ah
06:49thirty
06:50Okay?
06:50So we're talking about the forties, right?
06:53So, what I mean is that I have
06:55Dean Ni
06:56I saw him
06:57Yes, I saw its ingredients.
06:59Okay?
06:59Okay, in this lesson we will continue discussing the generosity of scholars.
07:02To understand the structure of Din Ni
07:04And he created a model for it
07:05Defining the characteristics and mechanism of action
07:07His work in demonstrating the qualities of the character
07:09Comparison of the content of the nucleus children
07:11And the nucleus
07:12That's all, God willing.
07:13What we will study in it
07:13Dean Ni
07:15good
07:16The composition of the religion of Ni
07:17First thing I have
07:18What is the structure of the religion of Ni?
07:23I still need to confirm that Dean Ni is dead on the stock exchange.
07:26And I still have new technology.
07:28I was able to understand the structure of the religion of Ni
07:33I am in the department of religious construction.
07:35To our department, guys
07:36Chemical composition
07:37The chemical composition of the religion
07:39And then the spatial structure
07:41Its shape fills the space
07:42Polymer shape
07:44Okay?
07:45Okay, first thing is the installation of the religion of Ni
07:46Guys, we said it's a polymer.
07:48It consists of skylights or building units
07:52These building blocks, guys
07:53It is Aninucleo Teda
07:57As you can see in front of you
07:59This is called Aniocleo Teida
08:02Any one of its components on its own
08:05It cannot be called Anioclio Teda
08:08We'll find out all about this now, God willing.
08:10Scientists were able to isolate DNA
08:12and the use of centrifugal mechanisms
08:14Biochemical analysis
08:16From the study of chemical composition
08:18DNA
08:19From this, he concluded that
08:24It consists of linking a large number of
08:27Smaller building units for the Mony Murad
08:29What is it called?
08:31What's in front of you, guys?
08:32Her name
08:35enough
08:36Each
08:37Nucleo Tida, yes
08:38What does the intention of Klo Tida consist of?
08:40De Nucleo Tida
08:42structural unit
08:43Who will tell the structural unit
08:44I have the intention
08:46I tell him
08:46It consists of
08:48Nucleo Teda
08:49And by the way
08:50Also
08:52The second type of acids
08:56nuclear
08:57Okay
08:57The
08:58Intention is also formed from
08:59Nucleo Tida
09:00But it's somewhat different
09:02Or there are some differences
09:03on
09:04Nucleo Ted
09:05Di Ni
09:06Each
09:08Nucleo teda from sugar
09:09quintet and group
09:10Phosphate and nitrogenous base
09:11Memorize this like your own name.
09:13What's wrong with you?
09:14Nucleo Teda consists of A
09:16Three components
09:17What are the three components?
09:18Base and sugar
09:19Phosphate group
09:21a base
09:21Sugar and a group of phosphates
09:24Like I told you
09:25I will keep your name safe in my hands.
09:26Okay
09:26Okay, let's talk about each component.
09:29That's how it is for young people
09:30naturally
09:31Here's every detail
09:33We will talk about it in detail.
09:35Okay
09:35What do these rules mean?
09:37Okay
09:38sugar
09:38We will discuss it in detail.
09:40Also, the phosphate group
09:42We will talk about it in detail.
09:43And how are they tied?
09:44In some and the shape of the part
09:46We will discuss all of this in detail.
09:47But first, I want to get to know
09:51Pentasaccharide
09:52Sugar, guys
09:53naturally
09:55This sugar is a carbohydrate component.
09:58Okay
09:58Okay, what does sleep acid have to do with this?
10:02But he's not going in alone.
10:04I mean, I'm going into a base with them.
10:05I have a group of phosphates with me
10:07Okay
10:07This is one unit
10:10Her name is Nucleotie De
10:11enough
10:12Okay, this contains sugar.
10:14Yes, yes, it contains sugar.
10:15But I can't consider them carbohydrates
10:17Okay
10:18Why? Because I have a nitrogenous base inside me.
10:20Okay, which is the Azudian rule.
10:21Phosphate group
10:23sugar
10:24Sugar, of course
10:26youths
10:26Yes, of course.
10:27A very big topic
10:28The topic of carbohydrates
10:29Or the topic of sugar
10:31Yes, sugar contains monosaccharides.
10:34And of course it contains artificial sugars
10:35And it contains many intoxicants
10:36Okay
10:37And also
10:38Sugar, of course
10:40It contains sugar
10:41It consists of
10:42three carbon atoms
10:43four carbon atoms
10:44five carbon atoms
10:46Okay
10:46six carbon atoms
10:48The meaning of the term "monosodium" doesn't mean a single carbon dioxide, but rather...
10:53One by one, okay, I mean, yes, five carbon atoms are shared, of course, with
11:00Some of the five-pointed sugar I use is the same as the regular sugar I use.
11:06Or the one containing the methyl group is called ribose sugar. I need to focus on sugar.
11:11Ribose, glucose? No, of course not. Mannose? No. Factose? No. Anything else? No.
11:17It is ribose sugar, a five-carbon sugar, a deoxyribose sugar.
11:23Okay, so what exactly is sugar de exerabozzi? Let's find out.
11:30Guys, the sugar in front of it is of course ribose. Guys, this is ribose
11:36Ribose sugar, ribose, this is just called ribose sugar, and this is ribose sugar.
11:41This information is essential to know; it's part of the complete lesson.
11:45Illuminated? Okay? Alright. Sugar, of course, all its particles are on
11:54The next two days. Sugar, all the groups that belong to it are on the left. Okay?
12:00This is sugar, ribose sugar. Ribose sugar, a spoonful of DXY, guys. This is sugar.
12:06Ribose. Okay, there's another type of sugar called carbon atom number two.
12:11This is it, guys. Carbon dioxide number two. It doesn't contain
12:15Oxygen. It remains oxygen-deficient. DI. Or whatever you want.
12:20You say it. "Dhay" means without. Without oxygen. That's it? That's the structural form. That.
12:25The structural form of ribose sugar. There is another form. Of course, there is the form.
12:32What? The ring shape. It has a ring shape. The ring shape, guys, this is done
12:37How? Between carbon atom number four. I have five atoms.
12:41Carbon. Okay? Let's write this down: one atom, two atoms.
12:46Okay? Two. That's a button. Three. Four. And that's button number five. Button
12:57This is the carbon number, guys. Okay? It's in dextrose. Dextrose.
13:02Which is sugar. DNA. What is this made of? It's oxygen-deficient.
13:07It means it's not there. Okay? This oxygen scatter. Not a gene. Not
13:11It's there. Okay? Okay, number two. Okay, and then? And it turns into a nudge now.
13:18It transforms into a ring shape. How does two transform into a ring shape? See?
13:23Carbon monoxide number one? Carbon monoxide number one undergoes changes.
13:28You make a knot, you make a knot with carbon steel number four. With steel
13:34Carbon number four. So that it has what shape? The shape... Yes, the shape that...
13:42You see this in front of us, right? Okay? This is sugar, what kind of sugar? Sugar
13:50What is the ribose in? The ring-shaped ribose. Okay.
13:55Let's go back to what we said, that it's a five-carbon sugar, specifically Doxyribose sugar.
14:01Okay, the sugar compound, of course, is talking about sugar as a compound with a complex of bonds.
14:06The elements are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Okay, let's go back to the image so
14:11All these links are for young people, these are called nine-and-one links, but
14:18It doesn't matter. I mean, I'm not going to go into detail about it inside.
14:36This bond. And I'm interested in this bond. This one is covalent, of course. Okay? And in
14:44There's another tie up here, guys, we'll talk about that in detail too. A tie
14:48Yes? Covalent. Okay? We'll find out about all of this in detail, God willing. Let's go back.
14:53Our words. There is a five-sided ring. The shape's angles are formed by
14:59Four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Let's go back. There it is, ahead.
15:05I have some young men in front of me. He's saying to me, "Ah, he's saying to me, 'This guy in front of me...'"
15:10He said, "Let's grow up. So we can get to know... what does that mean? It's like a ring."
15:18See? Carbon atoms, number one. That's what the ring shape looks like, of course. Atoms
15:21Carbon number one, two, three, four. There's a button above that, a button, buttons.
15:25Carbon, also carbon atom number five, is outside the ring. It's outside.
15:30The episode. Why? Because, as I explained to you, carbon atoms number
15:38Okay? Let's go back here. Carbon atoms, number one, coin, tied with
15:45What are the carbon atoms number four and the carbon atoms number five coming out of?
15:52Outside the ring. Outside the ring. Okay? That's the ring shape for him.
15:58Why ribose sugar? It's an important sugar. Okay? Let's get back to it, guys.
16:06Why are we talking? Okay. He's telling me to number the carbon atoms from one.
16:13To five clockwise. Yes, clockwise. Direction
16:18The Syrians go by the hands of a clock: one, two, three, four, five. I can't say...
16:23Here, one, two, three, four, five, no. Here, it must be clockwise.
16:30Okay. It tells me that carbon atom number five extended outside the ring.
16:35The five-carbon atoms are arranged in a covalent bond. Okay?
16:40I'll talk about it too, God willing. This is it. Let's focus really, guys. This is our name.
16:45A covalent bond. Let's go back to the pictures of our tag that are being swept away.
16:51This is what I'm saying. Okay? Let's focus. This is a covalent bond. This is a bond.
16:59Covalent bond, covalent bond, covalent bond, covalent bond. All
17:12It's all inside the sugar molecule. I'm right here. Right here, guys, I didn't break anything.
17:18Outside the sugar molecule. Okay? Outside the ribose sugar. Outside the sugar.
17:25Ribose sugar. Of course, every link that connects buttons is also a contribution.
17:31Every bond that connects carbon atoms is a covalent bond. Okay? Let's go back.
17:37My right hand sees it and says, "What?" "Okay?" He tells me, "The carbon atoms extend outwards."
17:42Pull us, this is talking to us, the eyebrow is outside, a particle, okay? All carbon atoms are bonded
17:47It is linked by covalent bonds. Okay? It can be with carbon atoms.
17:52They were between the two isolated fifth links, which are linked to your zart link.
17:55The seeds of the GT brand contain all the ribose. Each carbon is linked to the sugar.
18:01Sugars are linked by two arrows. Sugars and monosaccharides are different. Okay? In
18:09One oxygen atom's tendency is compared to two oxygen atoms. The words speak for themselves.
18:15A little while ago. So he knows that DMA is RNA. It's RNA.
18:21Deoxyribonucleic acid. Okay? Which is deoxyribonucleic acid.
18:27Nucleo, nucleo, nucleo, okay? Yeah, lion. Okay? Which is it?
18:32The DNA deserves to be configured. Deoxygenated in atoms
18:40The second question. Okay. I need to know this number, this is what I'm talking about.
18:45It needs to be known in detail. The second step in the process. The Doxie is incomplete.
18:49Oxygen. Okay, in ribose, I mean, it's not complete. I mean, there's oxygen.
18:55Oh, so carbon dioxide is present in the solution? Okay, let's go back and look at something important.
19:03Okay? So, what does that mean, Professor? Carbon deficiency? Okay? Alright.
19:10Let's see something important. Let's see this drawing.
19:14Okay? Yeah, here, here's sugar. What's this? Just look at the carbon dioxide.
19:20Number two. Carbon dioxide, number two, oxygen deficiency. It should be H₂O.
19:26HOH. This is ribose. What does that mean? Does it mean RNA? Why here? No, this...
19:32Deoxy. Deoxy means oxygen. Oxygen? Okay.
19:38Let's go back to what we were saying and see what he's saying. The phosphate group. The group
19:43Phosphates are a very, very, very important group. A chemical group.
19:47We explained it. Okay? It's a derivative of phosphoric acid. Okay? I need to focus on this.
19:53Phosphoric acid. Okay, phosphoric acid. Let's see.
19:59Pain. Oh, phosphoric acid, guys. I mean, it's just... it's... yeah, it's like that.
20:09God willing, I'll see the details. How does phosphoric acid bind to it?
20:14Sugar. Oh, the phosphate group is a chemical group. Oh, of course.
20:25We are told that it is what gives it its acidity, that it is what makes it acidic, or
20:31It's called an acid because we naturally attribute acidic properties to it. So, what's the point of putting a seed in it?
20:36Carbon number five in the sugar is linked by covalent bonds. We focus
20:41Okay. This is the phosphate group. Let's take a look, guys.
20:45The phosphate group you see is bonded to sugar. Okay? It's bonded.
20:50DDDDDDD Carbon atom number five. Let's focus together. D atom
20:54Carbon number five. So what is this bond? This bond is very important in
21:00The goal is water. We'll talk about that in detail too. Yes, a covalent bond.
21:04What are you linking? You're linking the phosphate group to the sugar. That's all there is to it.
21:09Guys. This is all sugar. There it is. Okay? What are you linking it to? Is sugar even linked?
21:16What is it? Of course, the phosphate group, and it's also linked to the nitrogenous base.
21:20Okay? We'll find out about this link in detail, God willing. Alright? Of course, it's here.
21:24I'm losing part 100 here, and I'm losing part 100 to do the link? And what?
21:30These are all covalent bonds. So, I have a covalent bond.
21:33Because I will study it again in detail. The covalent bond is present in
21:38Sugar is the same, right? Every carbon atom in sugar is bonded to the next.
21:42By covalent bond. The phosphate group is bonded to the sugar.
21:48Phosphates, oh yes, young people. Linked to sugar. A very strong link, Jeddah.
21:53Phosphate bond. Yes, a phosphate bond, right? Yes, we say.
22:01It has a covalent bond, either ester phosphate or phosphate ester. Is that clear? Still?
22:07We'll talk about it in detail. Okay, let's get back to what we were saying. He tells me a group
22:13The five carbon atoms in the pentose sugar are bonded to a covalent bond. Okay?
22:18He tells me, "Ah, ah, it forms an interchangeable pattern with sugar molecules. Okay? I know what that means."
22:27After that, the sugar-phosphate structure in the DEAEE partner. This is extremely important.
22:33Very. Let's go back to these pictures in front of us. Flash? Yeah, yeah, of course. We said that the DEA, yeah?
22:42It's a polymer. Okay? And its monomer... its monomer that
22:47You see all of this? It's called a nucleotide. What does that mean?
22:51Professor? So this nucleotide links to another one? Another one? One?
22:56Thousands, even hundreds of thousands of these nucleotides. Okay? Ah, they bond with
23:02Some. Okay. Sugar and phosphate, that's what it's called. They're both called that.
23:11The structure of sugar phosphate. He's looking at another image; you explain this structure to us.
23:17The structure of sugar phosphate is detailed. Okay, generally speaking, we'll get pictures now.
23:25Hopefully, you'll explain the sugar-phosphate structure in detail. Meiji keeps saying...
23:29I have a sugar-phosphate structure; I know it's sugar combined with phosphate. And that's it? Okay.
23:35Sugar with phosphates with a base? No, I've gotten myself into this mess.
23:42And of course, what does the linking of nucleotides together give me? He said DNA.
23:46Okay? DNA strand. And we'll also learn what a strand is and what it means
23:51Molecule? When they ask me about a molecule or the word "strand" in the exam, we'll know.
23:55This topic, God willing. So what is sugar phosphate? It's a bond.
24:00Of course, sugar is now phosphate. Oh, and of course there's a strip of what? There's a strip. The one that's left
24:06That's what I meant by the word DNA strand. What's the third component I have?
24:11The nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous base is now the focus of the discussion.
24:15Because this is extremely important. Nitrogenous base. What's the point of this?
24:20Organic chemistry refers to organic nitrogenous compounds. (The second part is unclear and seems to be a fragment.)
24:27Organic nitrogen compounds. This is a vast field with a huge number of compounds.
24:33Very, very, very good. Okay. Some are sitting together, and some are not. In
24:38These include alpha and aromatic forms. Now, what we have for you, guys, are the rules.
24:43Aromatic. Meaning, logical rules. These rules, young people, belong to the compound.
24:50Which is urea. Okay? Yes, which is, of course, the amino group. The group
24:58Okay? Yes, just so you know what a nitrogenous base is?
25:06If you're a teacher of chemistry, this is about compounds.
25:10Nitrogenous organic compounds, or nitrogenous organic compounds. A group
25:15A very large number of compounds. Among them are what we call alpha-fetish and aromatic. Come.
25:19So, we'll learn about some pictures based on these rules. Okay? Ready, guys? Yes.
25:28Oh, he brought me here, oh, a picture like that for me, oh, I mean, he's telling me this is called the rules.
25:34Of course, this is how it relates, and we'll discuss that in detail later, God willing. These are the rules.
25:39So, nitrogenous bases again, meaning nitrogenous bases are a group.
25:44Very many organic compounds are called nitrogenous organic compounds.
25:49The amine group is included in its composition. (The amine group is H series, H series).
25:54These are very large groups, right? It's a very large number of vehicles, but
26:00Now, let's focus on what's coming to me. What's coming to me is in the DNA or
26:07DNA, two sets, yes, two sets. So let's see what it is.
26:12What is the verse? Two sets of "ah" to "oh," what is the breakdown of the rules?
26:18There are two sets of nitrogenous bases, the first set being called the complementary set.
26:27Purines are one group, and there's another group called pyrimidines.
26:33Named after the compound, which is their main component.
26:37Purines are compounds, specifically purine compounds. They are in this form, but what exactly is this? (The rest is unclear and likely a fragment.)
26:44The adenine and the junnine. The junnine, add some perfumes to them. Okay? They remained.
26:51It's still called purines. Okay? So, what's the basic compound for pyrimidines?
26:57Theirs is called pyridine. A pyridine compound. So what is derived from it?
27:01Many things are derived from it: cymene, uracin, cytosine, and other compounds.
27:07Many others. Okay? Let's go back and see what he's saying again.
27:12A nitrogenous base. A nitrogenous base is a compound.
27:17Cyclic. A complex rich in nitrogen. Young man, walk, your goat thinks the base
27:24Nitrogen is a strange thing, or it's a strange compound. No, it's a chemical compound.
27:30It belongs to the organic nitrogen compounds. Okay, what does that mean, teacher?
27:36There are many compounds. Among them are amine compounds. Amine
27:42Which is NH series. NH series, of course, is used in open vehicles.
27:49The series means types of aphthous and other types of aromatic, which are
27:54Types of cyclic compounds. Okay? Ah, he's saying they're linked to carbon atom number one.
28:00This base is linked to the first carbon atom in the pentose sugar by a bond.
28:05Covalent. Okay? I haven't explained what all these links mean yet.
28:10How did you do it? I haven't talked about it in detail yet. Let's go back here.
28:15Again. Okay? This base is a nitrogenous base. A nitrogenous base.
28:20It's linked to sugar. It's linked to sugar. By what bond? A covalent bond.
28:30Covalent. Okay? This is a covalent bond. Done? And this is also a covalent bond.
28:39Yes, there is a covalent bond. We will learn all about this in detail shortly, God willing.
28:44Okay, let's talk and see what the topic is. I have sugar inside here.
28:49Sugar is in covalent bonds. Yes, its covalent bonds? Okay?
28:54Its covalent bonds are at each carbon atom. In sugar, it works with
28:58Carbon dioxide has a covalent bond. But there are covalent bonds outside. Yes.
29:03Covalent bonds link sugar. Let's focus now. They link sugar to the body.
29:09It binds sugar to phosphate. Okay? For the phosphate timing. Or phospholic acid.
29:16Okay? Yes, and God willing, we'll explain in detail how this link works.
29:24Oh, of course, here are some links. This guy is losing a water molecule. He's losing a water molecule, HOH.
29:30Which is H2O. What does the link always do for me? God willing.
29:34In the Reelza section, you will find, God willing, all the details of this.
29:39Okay, and there's a bond here above? Yes, there is a covalent bond here too. If
29:42You're smart, you'll know there's also a covalent bond here. So this is a covalent bond. Okay?
29:49What? What do you know about covalent bonding? There's another one, what's up? Yes, there is another one.
29:53A bargaining bond. But this bond is something else, a bit different.
29:57These two covalent bonds are within the nucleotide. Within the nucleotide.
30:06But the link above has young people outside the nucleotide. What does it do?
30:11All these nucleotides are linked to which nucleotide?
30:17The one above it or the one below it, we'll learn about that in detail later, God willing. Okay?
30:22Okay, let's get back to what we were saying. He tells me this is the mood of carbon number one, Nashi in
30:27Sugar speaks of the century in five-carbon sugar with its numbering of 100 and 100.
30:32It is perforated with genetic markers that are translated into traits such as
30:38Eye color characteristics. What does this sentence mean, guys? Let's focus together now because
30:44This is important information. These are the nitological rules, guys, just as you can see.
30:53Okay, let's take the line and see what it's about, then we'll talk.
30:57I'll explain the rules of physiology in detail because they are very important. He tells me...
31:00The sugar phosphates are represented in all nucleotides, while they differ
31:05The nucleotide bases differ from one nucleotide to another. This difference means
31:12This is due to the difference in genes and genetic information from one individual to another.
31:19This group is extremely important, very, very important. He tells me, he tells me that
31:25Sugar structure and properties... Let's go back to this image. Sugar structure and properties, okay? Which is...
31:32The structure in front of me is the sugar structure and the phosphate structure. Excuse me. The sugar structure.
31:38So, these qualities, guys, are present in all types of nucleotides, right? God is...
31:44These nucleotides have different types. Let's focus on the nucleotides.
31:49Types. Yes, nucleotides have types. Types? How, sir? You determine them.
31:55What are these types determined on? Based on the judge's opinion, guys. I have
31:58Five types of nitrogenous bases, okay? Let's explain them in detail.
32:05Five types. That means there are five types of nucleotides. Yes, there are five types of
32:11Nucleotides. What do they determine? They determine the type of nucleotide, guys.
32:17So, the nucleotide contains an adenine base other than cytosine, right? Not the same.
32:23Fasting is different from the other types of rules. These are all five types of rules.
32:30It specifies types for me. Let's look at this. It's the same as the other type. This is part of it.
32:38The voice is perfect, it tells me they're identical in every way, meaning they're the same in every aspect.
32:44The nucleotype differs from the other, and this difference is attributed to or goes back to
32:52The difference lies in the genes and crucial information; the difference is nucleotide.
32:56This is youth, this is what's changing my genes, what does this mean? I'm cured.
33:01Professor, so let's look at a picture that explains the topic more clearly. Okay, fine.
33:11In the book, God willing, he will explain what he means.
33:17I, for example, have cytosine, cytosine, cytosine, cytosine, and some
33:23Ah, guanine, guanine, guanine, guanine, and some, this is all the guys, this sums it up
33:28So, the issue is that these types are controlled by the type of protein that doesn't harm them, right? Okay, what is it?
33:37What controls me in terms of type is the nitrogenous bases, right? So it's me.
33:45I have five types of nitrogenous bases.
33:49The nitrogenous bases determine the type of nucleotide; how many bases are there?
33:54There are five types of bases, right? Okay, so nitrogenous bases are included in...
34:00The structure of nucleic acids may be derived from pyrimidines, right?
34:10Are purines and pyrimidines organic compounds?
34:18It includes something called the amine group, which is the purine group.
34:25Hey guys, purines are all purines, all purines are the same.
34:30There are many compounds, by the way. Zeta has two rings? A five-ring ring and a three-ring ring.
34:35Okay? Let's take a look. Okay, a five-part episode and a six-part episode, like
34:46That's what I see in front of me. Okay? This is called adenine, it's a type of purine.
34:50A five-sided ring and a six-sided ring. The larger one is, of course, very large.
34:57Two rings. It occupies more space than the religious structure because it is large, two rings.
35:03Less sleep means less susceptibility to damage. This, God willing, will be in
35:09Ah, mutations. Okay. The second type, purines, right? Purines, of course.
35:19Their basic compound, or parent compound, is called pyrimidine.
35:24Many things are derived from it, and many more are derived from it. I only took three of them. Or I
35:29I didn't take what would be my religion from them, from the purines, three compounds only.
35:36Okay? Fasting, of course, and uracil and cytosine. So let's see what else.
35:42The properties of purines are such that they form a single-ring structure, as you can see. This ring is usually composed of...
35:48A six-membered ring. Right? Because there are five-membered rings in pyrimidine compounds.
35:54It is naturally smaller in size because it is a single ring. Therefore, smaller size occupies less space.
36:00What is the structure of the debt? Breaking a sabbata means less prone to damage. If it is exposed
36:05The chemical and chemical effects, i.e., the religious evil, if exposed to any of these
36:09The AKSR SBATA remains less prone to damage. Let's explore the different types.
36:19Apermidines and purines, okay? Adenine is a very, very important compound.
36:24What is included in the composition of the religion? What is the composition of the religion?
36:28War eh? Then I have the guanine. Guanine, and its symbol is G. I need to know.
36:35Symbols. Okay? Adenine is symbolized by A. Guanine is symbolized by G. Same thing.
36:41The system has two rings, one hexagonal and one pentagonal. So, of course, I'm here.
36:45What do you see? I see here that there is an, hydrogen, and o. That's besides carbon.
36:49Of course, what's it about? The episodes, the gasoline episodes, about the idea of these episodes.
36:55Gasoline, guys. Organic gasoline. Okay? Aromatic gasoline. These episodes are respectful.
37:01Other than sugar rings, or other than sugar rings, these are rings, rings that begin
37:08The compound has a cyclic shape. There are aromatic benzene rings. Okay? For those who don't understand...
37:14Young people, or rather, chemistry, oh yeah, our teacher, we mean in chemistry.
37:19God willing, all the students are doing well in chemistry. May God grant us success.
37:22Guys. Okay, so why is it the periwinkles? Periwinkles.
37:30Of course, it contains three compounds. Young people have many compounds. But the one that
37:36It's involved in the composition of DA. Which is, of course, what? The three compounds
37:42Countries. First, the fasting ones. The fasting ones, oh, its symbol is T, and it's very important that I know.
37:48Its symbol is included in the composition of this, of course, it's a very respectable composition.
37:55In its structure and symbol, it's all good, then the compound, which is of course
38:04The last one is normal, just like that, okay, yes, as seen, of course, it goes into
38:12The structure of D consists of five types of nitrogenous bases: adenine and guanine.
38:20The siyamin, norasyl, and cytosyl determine the types of nucleotides for me.
38:28Siamine nucleotide means that the sugar phosphine is released from it, just like the rest.
38:33Like the rest of the verse, the rules, but of course, what about the fasting people, other than the admin?
38:40Oh, not good. After that, I talked, guys, about... I talked about...
38:47The chemical structure, the chemical structure of DNA, okay?
38:57The chemical composition consists of three things: a very laxative, which preserves them: sugar.
39:03Pentacarbole, a phosphate group, and a specific nitrogenous base are also present here.
39:09I'm still talking about the ingredients, okay? I want to know something.
39:16The important thing now is the mechanism by which nucleotides link together to form
39:21DNA, or nucleotides, like you see, nucleotides,
39:26Young people, you need to get together, you need to get together, okay? Come on, let's go!
39:34Guys, let's look at the nucleotides bonding together in this picture, okay?
39:45Let's focus on what I see, guys. What I see, guys.
39:57Of course, it's tied up. How is it tied up? Of course, it's tied up.
40:11With links, of course, with links. Yes, with links, okay? So, what are the links? We said.
40:21There are covalent bonds within the nucleotides.
40:31Covalent bonds, okay, as you can see, inside the nucleotides are bonds
40:41Covalent, exactly, ah, ah, he's also commenting here on the verse, on the form of the links
40:50And the numbers, the limits, and all that stuff tells me, of course, I'm here.
40:57In front of me, here in front of me, is a sugar-phosphate structure with bases attached to it.
41:07Nitrogenous, right? And I want to know, so let's see, guys...
41:15Let's talk again, and hopefully it will turn out better, much better. Let's see.
41:21This picture, guys, is meant to help us grow up and understand the covalent bonds that
41:33Peterbil has D1N1 or D1N1 components, as you can see.
41:42Of course, nucleotides are very important; how do we understand how they interact with each other?
41:49Okay? Let's focus, guys. We know that a nucleotide has three components.
41:56Sugar and sitting, and it's a group of good phosphates that are being enjoyed together, guys, with links
42:05Let's focus on this: this is a covalent bond, and this is also a covalent bond.
42:11And this is also perfect, no, this is not a tie, guys, this is not a tie, a tie
42:19Ah, the nucleotide bond... no, this is a bond inside the sugar molecule, right? Inside
42:24The sugar portion between the two points corresponds to number four and number five, but this
42:29A covalent bond connects the phosphate group, meaning it's a component of
42:34The nucleotide links it to the sugar, and here too, there's a covalent bond.
42:40The nitrogenous base is perfectly bonded to the sugar molecule via a covalent bond.
42:48Here is a covalent link; here, losing one part means losing one part of the carbon.
42:56Number one of the carbons, number one with the nitrogenous base, exactly
43:03It gives me a covalent bond here, which is what connects the base
43:09And the five-carbon sugar, which is a type of sugar, also has a covalent bond.
43:20It's called a covalent bond; it's called a phosphate chain because we're here.
43:26I'm creating a line link, guys. I'm creating a line link here, same system. What do I take?
43:31I'm taking the phosphate group along with the carbonate number five. Okay, I took it.
43:41Part of the water was removed and formed a bond called a covalent bond.
43:47Covalent bonds remain here. Yes, these are covalent bonds.
43:52These two are bonds that connect the components of the nucleotide, just as they connect to the base.
43:59The nitrogenous component is linked to the sugar, and it also binds to the phosphate group of the sugar. Okay, let's go back.
44:08We'll discuss this further in this book; of course, here we're referring to the phosphate group.
44:16The phosphate group attached to carbon number five in a sugar is one of the nucleotides linked to its nucleotide.
44:21With the Ministry of Carbon, uh, okay, the association is coming, young people, uh, we won't talk about it.
44:31Is the sugar-phosphate structure okay now? Do you want it?
44:35Should I talk about it a little? This is where the sitting is, and this is where I get the details, which is...
44:42The old model or the details of the two conditions are good, also the same as the pictures here.
44:49I want to know the links that are available, guys. There are breasts in Koz'i Al-Din.
44:54So you're not going to talk to me about hydrogen bonds anymore? You still haven't talked to me about...
44:59Hydrogen bonds are covalent bonds, and the bond is strong and stable.
45:03The break is more than seven times the hydrogen bonds, okay. He's telling me about the bonds.
45:10The important thing is that here, Jay, comes with one, two, three, four, five types of links.
45:16The diamonds I said, but I didn't draw your attention to the one.
45:22The third one is too much. But let's see. What does the fifth one say? It says
45:26Removal of the fifth part of the five-part sugar and group
45:30Philosophes. They contain mycotopecin. Transfer these lots. Remove the corpora cavernosa.
45:35Its number is in the pentose sugar section and the philosophies group. It contains
45:39Is the tape on the same tape, okay? The tape number is removed.
45:42The pentose sugar fraction has a terminal hydroxyl group. [Unclear phrase - possibly a name or description].
45:47One in a pentose sugar fraction and base. Nitrogels atom
45:51Organic carbon. Okay, explain this to her. Let's look again...
46:00Ah, this is a diagram of the nucleotide, right? Here's what I want you to know, this is it.
46:05Carbon atom AA number one coin covalent bond with the base
46:12Nitrogen, which is the base nitrogen. What type of covalent bond?
46:16A covalent bond. Okay, here's a phosphatid group forming another covalent bond.
46:21The covalent bonding agent we isolated isolated carbon number five in the bond.
46:27Where are the Dolens? I want you to know them now and focus on them now. Covalent bond.
46:30They linked these nucleotides together, they linked these nucleotides together, right? Okay, uh
46:39That's enough for now, God willing. And God willing, the next video...
46:45We'll explain some things about the links in detail, right? Thank you so much!
46:53Peace, mercy and blessings of God be upon you
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