هل تشعر بالارتباك عند حساب كمية الـ $DNA$ في مراحل الانقسام المختلفة؟ هل تائه بين الكروموسوم أحادي الكروماتيد وثنائي الكروماتيد؟ في هذا الفيديو، سنقضي تماماً على "بعبع" مسائل الكمية ونحولها إلى أسهل جزء في منهج الأحياء!ماذا ستشاهد في هذا الفيديو؟التأسيس الصحيح: الفرق الجوهري بين عدد الكروموسومات وكمية الـ $DNA$ (الـ $2n$ والـ $x$).رحلة الانقسام: تتبع كمية الـ $DNA$ من الطور البيني مروراً بالتمهيدي والاصطفائي وحتى الانفصالي والنهائي.فك الشفرات: متى تتضاعف الكمية؟ ومتى تنقسم؟ وكيف تتغير في الخلايا الجسدية (الرحم، الكبد) مقارنة بالأمشاج (الحيوان المنوي، البويضة).حل المستويات العليا: مجموعة مختارة من أصعب أفكار الكتب الخارجية وأسئلة امتحانات السنوات السابقة التي تعتمد على الفهم العميق.النقاط الرئيسية التي سيتم تغطيتها:مخطط الـ DNA: رسم بياني يوضح تغير الكمية خلال دورة الخلية.خلايا الجسم vs الأمشاج: حالات خاصة (أمهات المني، الخلايا البيضية الأولية والثانوية).أفكار "التركات": ماذا يحدث في الطور الانفصالي من الميوزي الأول والميوزي الثاني؟لماذا تتابع هذا الشرح؟تبسيط التعقيد: نستخدم لغة بصرية ورسومات توضيحية تجعل المعلومة تثبت في ذهنك.تدريب عملي: لن نكتفي بالشرح النظري، بل سنحل مسائل تطبيقية مباشرة.سرعة الوصول: نوفر لك الخلاصة التي توفر عليك ساعات من المذاكرة المتخبطة.الكلمات المفتاحية (Tags):#الأحياء #ثانوية_عامة #DNA #كمية_DNA #شرح_أحياء #مسائل_الـDNA #نظام_جديد #مستويات_عليا #تعليم #ثالثة_ثانوي #Biology
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LearningTranscript
00:02In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and peace and blessings be upon the noblest of messengers.
00:06Dear students of the third year of secondary school
00:10May the peace, blessings, and mercy of God be upon you
00:13Today, God willing, guys
00:15We will talk about
00:17The third proof
00:19On the condition that it is him
00:21Stock market material
00:23We talked previously about
00:26Two very important pieces of evidence
00:28World Guide Graves
00:31Bacteriophage guide
00:35Today, God willing, we will talk about the third piece of evidence.
00:38It is the amount of DNA in cells
00:43The amount of DNA in young cells
00:46Give me proof that it is stock market material.
00:52This evidence is from a youth group specifically for human rights cells.
00:58And of course I know what a core human rights cell means
01:01cells containing a nucleus
01:05That means its core has a wall
01:07bedroom wall
01:09Of course, from the nucleus of the progenitor cells, like bacteria.
01:13Its cells have no cell wall or membrane.
01:21The amount of DNA, guys, that's physical evidence.
01:26It is in the book that physical evidence follows.
01:29It means physical evidence, guys.
01:30This means evidence that is not based on experience.
01:33A guide, not based on experience
01:35I didn't do any business.
01:37So I know that this is evidence
01:40On the other hand, it is the stock exchange material.
01:42But a very important guide
01:45First, it is a guide specific to eukaryotes.
01:49Kind of means
01:52Secondly, it is physical evidence.
01:54This proves I didn't do any business.
01:56In order to get this guide
02:00This is the table in front of you, guys.
02:02He's telling me, or rather, he wants me to explain it to him.
02:06What does that mean?
02:08The quantities are evidence that ND is the stock market commodity.
02:12Of course, before I get into the details in the table in front of me, this is
02:17I want you to know that this is
02:22It is naturally present in somatic cells and sex cells.
02:28Let's see, guys
02:30Here in the table in front of me is
02:32He tells me the quantity inside somatic cells
02:35What is the religion and protein?
02:38I mean, the problem is actually with protein religion.
02:40Scientists believe that the protein enters in some way
02:45In the formation of religion, or in the material of the faith
02:49Or among the traits or what the genes are made of
02:53Okay, he's asking me what quantity of DIN is. I'm obviously comparing DIN to protein.
03:01Well, some books aren't as organized as they seem.
03:07It tells me that the amount of debt is equal in the different types of somatic cells.
03:11The same thing as a living thing, like chickens
03:14Okay, so protein is another issue. The amount of protein is not equal in the same types of cells.
03:21What does this mean, guys? Come on, let me explain the proverb.
03:24I mean, if I brought young people into a chicken coop
03:28chicken cell
03:29Okay, I got it from Nin, I'll focus on this together.
03:32I obtained these cells from a mixture of nerves, for example, from a mixture of muscles.
03:35From a chicken skin mixture
03:37What are the different types of somatic cells?
03:44And I examined the cells.
03:45To��라고요
03:46Of course, for example, if I were to take hold of a cell like a muscle cell, I would find in it...
03:51A huge amount of protein. Okay? And what about the beard? No.
03:57How much beard? A basket. Okay? So, where will I find the spice mix in it?
04:02For example, a very large percentage of calcium. Okay? And also a percentage of
04:09Protein. Okay, what's the quantity of protein? No, I left it exactly the same as the number of cells.
04:15What is it? A muscle mixture. So, I got a skin mixture with the same number or the same...
04:21Quantity. The same quantity as the beard? What about protein? No, I could mix it.
04:27The skin contains a very small amount of protein. (Nashi cell masla zi)
04:32A secretory cell. Which secretory cell secretes its hormones? The one it contains.
04:37The amount of protein in this simple formula is... but what's the point? The quantity is fixed.
04:43So, I brought different types of cells from the same organism. What did I find?
04:49I found that the amount of DNA is constant. Okay? But the protein varies.
04:57Different types of cells. For example, a cell's turgor cell, a skin cell, a suppressor cell.
05:05Muscles. Of course, the protein content varies. So what does that tell me? Give me proof.
05:12This hibernation, guys. This hibernation gives me proof that my religion is based on what? The stock market.
05:18And the protein chief. Meaning, if I rely on that, or if I accept that
05:24Protein is a building block or component of genes. No, that's where it comes in.
05:41Hey guys, or number two in A, the quantity of D from A in A is from
05:47The evidence. The quantity inside the germ cell. The first thing is the quantity inside
05:53The somatic cell. We've already discussed it. The second question is, what is the quantity inside the cell?
05:57Physical. Which is sexual. Which is the intestines. The quantity within the intestines. Medicine
06:03What is D inside the gametes? He's telling me the amount of D inside the gamete cells in the cells
06:09Gametes modify half the amount of DA in the cells as a stromal cell for the same
06:14A living organism. So, if I brought a living organism, okay? And I saw it, I examined it.
06:19I will always find a quantity of germ cells and oxidative cells in gametes.
06:25What is in the sex cells, whether it is sperm or poida
06:29We always find it
06:31Half
06:32This is proof
06:34Yes, of course, it's proof that religion
06:36He has a Sabit
06:39Okay, so what if I come?
06:41Protein removal
06:42This does not apply to protein, where
06:44The amount of protein varies within
06:47germ cells versus cells
06:49physical
06:50For example, if I were to take an animal
06:52Me and some guys, and I came to see
06:54The amount of protein inside
06:56Barqa quantities or quantity
06:58I find the security inside him
07:00For example, large quantities vary
07:02For example
07:04For example, a cell
07:05Physical salvation, like a skin cell
07:08Liver cell
07:10Cell-like
07:11walls of Ma'az
07:13All these young people are different types
07:15It contains varying amounts of
07:18protein
07:18But here
07:22The amount of debt in the cells
07:24Which are cells
07:26The joints are always fine
07:56It always remains half the cells
07:58Okay, because I'll talk about this topic in more detail in a bit. Here.
08:04He tells me it doesn't necessarily have to contain half the amount of bromidin present.
08:08In somatic cells. Okay? Let's repeat that, or say...
08:14If I get sperm, is that okay? I'll look and see if I find sperm in it, for example.
08:22The human mentioned has 23 coronal masses, half the number of those found in the saprophytic region. Okay.
08:28Noon, if I saw the amount of bromidin in it, any amount is irrelevant.
08:36The number means the quantity of protons it contains is important; I calculated it. So, I went and checked.
08:42Another cell, another cell, yes, a somatic cell, okay? I'll examine the cell, I'll find it in it.
08:49Half of it is clear, of course, the religion is its source? I will find double in it. I will find double in it.
08:54The number of patients. Protein medicine? No, I might find the opposite. I mean...
09:01I might find the protein is less than the number of proteins in
09:09Sperm. Of course, this isn't proof, nor is it valid, that the protein...
09:14This remains, of course, proof that religion is the subject of the report. Here
09:20The conclusion is that it's a constant quantity. What is religion? It's always, always a constant quantity.
09:25It is clearly present inside the cells and does not break down. So, what about the protein?
09:31Protein is constantly being broken down and rebuilt within cells.
09:37Here's a diagram that illustrates protein synthesis processes, guys, just like
09:44You see, it's all demolition and construction, demolition and construction, demolition and construction, that's it? I mean...
09:49What? So the protein can be broken down. Why would it break down into amino acids?
09:53Then there's the protein, and so on, guys. That's regarding the protein.
09:59Religion is constant. Its quantity is constant. It is silent in the gametes or in
10:03What kind of cells? Somatic cells of the same animal species and the same type of cells.
10:08What is this for him? The clear evidence that the quantity
10:15DNA? The amount of DNA? Evidence of... Of course... DNA?
10:24It's the stock market material. Okay, I want to talk about some things he brought up.
10:31Even with me, there are some things related to the amount of DNA? He says
10:37I have some strange ideas about this, guys. In these cases, there are quantities...
10:44DNA? Yes. Someone told me that the amount of DNA could be equal
10:47In the somatic and reproductive cells of some organisms, such as the male bee
10:52What? Honey. Of course we know and have studied the concept of stagnation, and we know that it's male.
10:57Honeybees are haploid, whether they are stromal cells or not.
11:02Or haploid sex. The gametophyte phase in the life cycle
11:08The fuchiol plant is also here; the gametophyte stage is fine, but it differs from one plant to another.
11:20The fuchiol plant. The gametophyte stage, which has two parts, of course... I mean the gametophyte stage.
11:26Sleep itself is of course. What is the haploid set of chromosomes? Phase
11:32Gametophyte means the gametophyte, guys. The gametophyte is entirely monoecious. All
11:37All haploid. The entire plant is haploid. Its reproductive system or
11:43The shark, the genia, and the inseridia, no, this is also a modern discussion of the syllabus. In
11:48Here, yes, that's it, there's no change in quantities. Okay? So these are the cases.
11:53Shaza, io di, shaza cases, not a rule, ha. That's it? But the rule is that
11:58Sex cells are always half the number of somatic cells. I have cases
12:03Rare or exceptional cases, or a male honeybee, for example. And in the gametophyte stage or
12:13It's also one of those cases that are... well, a bit strange or a bit unusual.
12:18The amount of DmA can vary in human somatic cells. Okay? So?
12:23Yes, this is a new concept. And the cells in a human body can differ.
12:28Yes, the amount of DmA. Skeletal muscle cells contain it. He tells me so.
12:33Skeletal muscle contains the largest amount of DMA. This is because the cells within it...
12:39Which is a single muscle. It has multiple nuclei, and therefore the quantity remains
12:43Water is greater than DmA. Okay, assuming, of course, that the muscle fiber is the one being considered.
12:51Okay? We've studied this muscle fiber, guys. We said it's a...
12:56Regarding the word "important" (أوي أوي أوي), it refers to a cellular integrated circuit. A cellular integrated circuit.
13:02What does "fused cell" mean? It means a group of cells that have fused together, what does that make?
13:07The muscle fiber remains. Okay? That's why it's multinucleated. Meaning
13:13It can be considered that the amount of debt in it is greater than any greater than what
13:20What other cells in the body can be considered a quantity? That's it? These are, of course, some
13:25Rare or exceptional cases in the verses are the quantities. Okay, I
13:31I just want to talk about something very important and let you know something extremely important.
13:35As for the quantities, the amount of debt, guys, God willing, will be in
13:40May you achieve your dreams at university and study medicine and pharmacy.
13:46And top colleges, God willing. You will know that quantities are measured, God willing, in
13:52The university has a unit of measurement. The amount of DNA or the amount of protein has a unit.
13:58Measurement. Okay? It could be weight. It could be size, God willing.
14:05Unit of measurement. Okay. Now, in our annual exams, we have something very important. First.
14:12I want to know what a chromosome is. Chromosomes, guys!
14:17It consists of two chromatids. A chromosome is made up of two chromatids.
14:23Chromatids and chromatids. Oh, oh, that's chromatid
14:28Oh, guys. This is obviously a chromatid. Okay. And what's the name of the one next to it?
14:34Chromatids. Okay? And what are called chromatidines are identical sister chromatids.
14:42Listen up, guys. Here in the middle, what's this called?
14:47The centromere. The centromere. It's drawn here simply, but maybe it will work perfectly?
14:53Here's the centromere. Okay? And I'm coming, doing this, this, this, this, this
14:58Let's focus on each other, guys. That's it, then.
15:07Okay? What is the meaning of this text? Centromere. This is chromatid. That's it
15:12Hey guys, it's called a chromatid. Okay? So, this chromatid, uh uh uh uh, yeah.
15:19We're focusing on the topic of the centromere. Oh, of course, here he's talking about the telomere.
15:25Telomer, this is the youth section that we built upon, the pieces that
15:30The ones found in the terminals. They are called the terminals found in
15:35Chromosomes. What are their benefits? What protection do they provide? Chromosomes from
15:40Dreaming. That's it? Telomeres are also very, very important. Because telomeres are young.
15:46Evidence of cellular aging. Right? The telomere decreases in size with each cell division.
15:54Or, yes, its volume decreases in the cell. This leads to aging. The important thing is...
16:00We need to study it in detail, God willing. It might not be available here.
16:03This year, God willing, you will study it in detail at the college.
16:07Telomeres are an indicator, as we said, of aging; that is, everything that decreases
16:11Every cell that divides becomes smaller. This leads to that cell becoming old.
16:16It's grown. Okay? Because its protection has decreased. Telomeres.
16:20Of course, I already said it. I said the number and size, right? Okay, of course, that's called
16:27What? That's called chromatin. In replication, if I... if I... God willing.
16:33We will study multiplication, God willing. This multiplication occurs before cell division.
16:38Small. Before division, before mitosis, the cell is always...
16:44It doesn't divide at all unless it doubles. What does "doubles" mean? It means...
16:50The chromatid you see in front of you is building, focus now, it's building
16:54Another one in front of him, like this. Okay? What's this called? Chromatidine.
17:04Two chromatid states. We have one first chromatid. Oh, by the way.
17:09I can call this single chromatid a chromosome. Now pay attention. What is a chromatid?
17:14What is the name of a chromosome? What is the name of a chromosome? So, before the cell...
17:19The replication phase, also known as the interphase, is now underway.
17:23The amount of dini must be doubled. That means the quantity of dini must be doubled? It must be doubled.
17:30The amount of my religion. And note, I said the amount of my religion. I didn't say the number of my religion. Okay?
17:37This is very important, guys. I said "the amount of my religion." What does that mean? It means...
17:43So, the chromosome you see is this? Okay? Another one is being built next to it.
17:51The same centromere. Let's focus on the centromere. It's the duplication that
17:56We'll study it again, God willing. Okay? Yes, before the interphase. The phase
18:01Interphase in cell division. The driver was either mitotic or meiotic division. The cell
18:05Before concentrating, what is a cell like before interphase?
18:10It's like what you see. Which is what? The senzel that
18:14It's a single chromatid. That's chromosome A, they call it a chromosome.
18:20Plural. Or a non-replicated chromosome. Okay? Just like you're living, you call it what you will. So
18:26After the duplication process, it becomes a chromosome, as you can see. It's called a chromosome.
18:33Doubled. Doubled chromosome. Or a chromosome with two chromatids. Or a chromosome
18:40Zata Kurum Satan
18:42It is a promise
18:55I have a Korom pell 오ية
18:58I'll get it. (responded)
18:59The most important thing in the center of Mir
19:02The center is long, what is it that we lack?
19:06I'm drawn to Kurumaacağım
19:08It means chromosome. I also put another chromosome on it. Yes, no, this is not a chromosome
19:16Again. Okay? This is called a single chromosome, but a diploid.
19:21Okay? Or does it have chromatidine? Okay? Fine. Why am I telling you this? I'm telling you
19:27This is to help us understand the concept of quantities, guys. To understand the concept
19:31How much DNA? What happened to me? It happened during the interphase.
19:37The duplications. There was duplication. What does duplication mean? It means each chromosome...
19:42A chromosome. Okay? What happened to it? The centromere? What happened to it?
19:47What happened to him? Every single chromosome. What happened to him? What happened to him? Yes.
19:53One more thing was done in a similar way. I didn't speak simply so we could understand it.
19:57Guys. One of them was made into a chromosome. Okay? So what is it now? It's a chromosome.
20:01Doubled. Doubled chromosome. Okay. So what happens next? Come on.
20:07Let's look at the next picture. This is what the Infinity symbol looks like. I'm focusing on it.
20:13The centromere. In this picture, guys, I'm focusing on the centromere, like
20:19What does chromosome duplication look like? Here, here, of course.
20:24A normal centromere in the middle of the chromosomes, right? And here, here, move.
20:30Is it singular? And then it doubles here, it doubles normally, there's nothing wrong with it.
20:34What's the problem? The chromosome is a little way up here, okay? By the way
20:38Each of these shapes has a name, meaning it has a specific chromosome position, not necessarily yours.
20:44The position of the chromosome, the position of the centromere, excuse me? The position of the centromere on the chromosome
20:50It has names. So, its name is Tarfi, right? That's the normal, middle one in
20:54The text means... Okay, that's also... far from the center, a bit centromere.
20:59Centromeres are separated by a middle section. And what happened here? They doubled. As you can see.
21:03Here, it's still further away from the center area and doubles normally.
21:08Naturally. Here, here's the terminal centromere. What does that mean? It means this is the chromosome.
21:13Or a chromosome, or what's shown on it as a chromatid. Chromatoids, just chromatid, of course.
21:21Oh, I mean, its appearance is like this because of the chromosome, because its centromere is terminal.
21:27Of course, what method is this? Its duplication. This view or image is important.
21:33I really need to know what the centromere is so very, very important for. By the way...
21:38It is also very, very important in the matter of division. Because the division is a problem.
21:42Spindle fibers, if you remember the division. Spindle fibers pull
21:50This is the chromosome. Okay? All, all, all, every group or all of the spindle fibers.
21:57It pulls to break or divide the chromosome from the chromosome at the chromosome at the chromosome.
22:05The centromere verse. Okay? Alright, let's look at the table.
22:18To understand what quantity of debt means and what the difference is between the quantities
22:23And the chromosome number. The chromosome number, guys, is N and two N.
22:27It doesn't express quantity. Okay? Alright. Let's see now.
22:32We know everything. He says the change in the amount of DNA is the tooth of mitosis.
22:36The teeth of mitosis. As you can see. This tells me in the position
22:42Non-mitotic. This is a non-mitotic state. Meaning the cell is not yet mitotic.
22:47You'll enter my division. Okay? You won't enter my division yet. Normal situation.
22:53Non-mitotic mode. The number of chromosomes, by the way, is in
22:56Mitosis. Focus. Mitosis. This is what happens.
23:02So you see this, meaning this is a chromosome, is this really a chromosome? Okay, by the way, there
23:10Who is this? 46 chromosomes from this. 23 and 23. The important thing is that this is mitosis. Yes
23:17The shape of the chromosome is as you can see; it's a chromatid or chromosome. And also...
23:22The chromatid is very common. Greedy? The chromosome count is 46. The number of chromatids.
23:27It is 46, as I told you, it is called a chromosome or chromatid.
23:32Now let's focus on the number of dini molecules. The number of dini molecules is also 46 molecules.
23:39Okay? So the number of chromosome sets is two. Two. Okay, two.
23:47Nun. 46 chromosomes. Two Nun. Okay, now this is the important stage. Which is
23:54Interphase. Before cleavage. Okay? Interphase stage. Before
23:59Division is the stage of replication. What is replication? Let's focus now because this is it.
24:02These are the links of opportunity. How are they connected? What's this? What happened to the chromosome?
24:07The chromosome. It was built into one next to it. Okay? There's one next to it. Just like that.
24:13Is that what you see? What does "built" mean? What does "built" mean? Oh, it doubled. It happened.
24:18It duplicated. I mean, this little one. This chromosome. There it is? Okay? And it happened that one
24:24Next to it. Adopted. That's it? By duplication. This chromosome duplicated. Okay, so they're the same now.
24:32At that time I had forty-six. Forty-seven chromosomes. They
24:37They remain a Zaun and have ninety chromosomes. No. We focus. In this cell, there are two.
24:44Guys. The cell hasn't changed. It's two N's. Two N's. And the number of chromosomes.
24:50Just as I have forty-six Langerhans chromosomes, I have forty-seven centrosomes (pillars).
24:54Okay? So this is what happened? The number of chromatids, if it changes, is a problem. The number of chromatids...
25:00Ninety-two chromatids. How are these two ninety-two chromatids?
25:05And they weaken them, my dear, they weaken them on the same centromere, they weaken it
25:12On the same centromere, I'm not saying new chromosomes, I didn't say
25:16I have new chromosomes, or rather, new chromatids, meaning chromosomes.
25:21This is called the Snahi chromatid chromosome, exactly what I want you to know.
25:28And the difference between them is very, very good, because I study in the annual program.
25:33This refers to the number of chromatids, which is ninety-two, and the molecules.
25:36Ninety-two, but yeah, quantities, guys, they have their own units, I'll study them.
25:44God willing, in the years after this, God willing, then this chromosome will be fine.
25:49It is chromosome 46, but I can say it's a chromosome.
25:54You have a duplicated chromosome, not a double chromatid chromosome.
25:59Okay, that's why I said the number of chromatids. So, yes, the number
26:05The parts of religion, yeah, yeah, yeah, they also increased, they increased, now it's ninety-two.
26:09Part, because I'm here, next to each part I built another part, but there's something else...
26:16They didn't separate from the centromere, they didn't separate from the centromere. Okay, then.
26:23The division after the division, the center remained, two cells here, two Nun, okay?
26:30In the doubling, there are also two nuns. This doubling is what I have.
26:34What caused the crisis? So after the duplication, they became two cells, two nuns.
26:38Why is that? Focus, keep in mind that it's forty-six, one of these six
26:44And forty one of those people in front of you, is that it? Okay, 68
26:48I see, I see the pain of division; this is how the youth of division are affected.
26:55Centromin is divided into two parts, meaning each part is divided into two.
27:00It remains a chromosome called a daughter chromosome, also called an A chromosome.
27:06The term "Benawi" means the number of chromosomes is also forty-six, yes, forty-six.
27:10But the chromosome here is different from the chromosome here; it's chromosome 1.
27:15Chromatid or nucleosome, whatever you want to call it, it doesn't matter. Of course. But
27:19Here, no, here, consistent, ah, ah, ah, doubled, doubled chromosome, or
27:23Snai chromatid. The most important thing for me is the centromere. Okay? Here's the centromere.
27:28This one has been divided in two. There it is. Is that all? And here, the centromere has been divided in two.
27:33Okay. So, that's it? Yes, of course. We said the number of chromatids is forty-six.
27:39The number of molecules is forty-six. The second one is also forty-six. Now let's focus.
27:46The number of chromatids is concentrated in each D cell, and forty-six chromatids are found in each D cell.
27:52Chromosome 46, number of molecules, number of subunits
28:00Two, when the second one returns, like a cell, is that for what?
28:07That's different. Where did these huge numbers come from? These ninety-twos
28:11Two? And the ninety-two, that's also two? Okay? This one, guys, came after
28:16It duplicated. After duplication, it was no longer called a daughter chromosome. It remained called a chromosome.
28:22It is duplicated, or it is no longer called a single chromatid chromosome; it is now called a chromosome.
28:27What is the chromatid? Yes, he gives me examples, he tells me of course a change in
28:34The quantities are in my hands, like our example of organisms that reproduce asexually.
28:38Organisms that reproduce asexually, that's their method of reproduction. Okay?
28:42Asexual. Okay? He doesn't have any problems. Okay? Like amoebas, yeast, and hydras.
28:48Starfish and bacteria. All these organisms reproduce. How they reproduce.
28:53That's it. This is what you see in front of you. Okay? For example, a cell if you take an amoeba.
28:57The amoeba naturally undergoes both simple and multiple mitotic fission.
29:02Simple fission of the necrotic amoeba divides into two, each individual
29:07Each cell becomes a new individual, of course, which divides, that is, the replicated cell.
29:12Under difficult conditions, the amoeba's nucleus divides in a certain way.
29:17This is divided into dead cells inside the amoeba and then into money and circumstances.
29:21Of course, things improve. The cell bursts, and what comes out? A large number of amoebas.
29:26Yeast is also a type of yeast, and this is also the method of using yeast, which is
29:31The verse about donations is also in the same way as the hydron; we'll beautify the sea of bacteria, all
29:36These are all creatures, all these are creatures, all these are creatures. What are they divided into? The verse is division.
29:45Or, what he calls indirect, yes, yes, the cells that divide
29:53Dead cells, like somatic cells, are of course found in organisms.
29:57Of course, in any organism—I mean, humans, rabbits—all these cells divide.
30:04So, for growth, right? Because the cells that divide are dead, like...
30:08Somatic cells, that's what I mean to you.
30:15What's the amount of DNA? The constant amount of DNA, guys.
30:20The amount of protein varies depending on the type of cell. Okay, let's talk about...
30:26Sometimes we see something else, or another type of division, and this is very important.
30:34Which is meiosis, the reduction division? Very important.
30:43As you can see, the table that supports you also has some
30:47The problems, the problems here in 92, guys, just like we are in
30:51Mitosis, as we mentioned, is the problem in word 92.
30:55Big, I mean, and where did the 92 come from? Like you said, so come on.
31:02So, let's take the table. The details tell me that in this non-division situation...
31:05Of course, meiosis—that is, where does it occur in the reticulum?
31:10Okay? In the gonads, okay? It happens in the gonads to produce gametes.
31:16Okay, the gonad, the cell, of course, as you can see, what kind of cell is this? A cell.
31:23Bell, bell, water, water, okay? In the genitals, in the wall of the genitals, in
31:27The testicle, or in the sale, okay, what are the details? The number of chromatid, Dad, no
31:37Forty-six is also okay? As you can see, the chromatid, the chromatid
31:41Or this chromosome, uh, as you can see, is a unilateral chromosome
31:47The chromatid, therefore, has a total of forty-six molecules, as you can see.
31:52So, the number of the serogroup, as far as I know, is forty-six. (This is before...)
31:56Cleavage remains a very important process. Before cleavage, there is something called interphase.
32:00Doubling also occurs. Doubling is necessary; otherwise, I'll divide the cells.
32:05How is that? It has to happen that her glory is multiplied. Okay, the one who's watching
32:10What's in front of me? It's doubled! Yeah, man, it's doubled! How? All
32:15A chromosome was built next to another chromosome identical to it. Okay? It's called a chromosome.
32:21This is it? This is called the duplicated chromosome or the synaptic chromosome
32:25The chromatid, as we mentioned before. The one next to it, is the same system.
32:30They duplicate. By the way, these two, pay attention now, are called representative chromosomes.
32:38Represented chromosomes. Because the way they are arranged, guys, pay attention to what we're saying.
32:42I'm speaking in simple terms so you understand. What does "arrangement" mean? If you develop
32:47Leveling means... It is extremely important in the splitting process.
32:51Okay? These are young people who are calling here, twenty-three, and here, twenty-three.
32:55Will the division remain? Do you see this line? yeah? This is the division that
32:59It's just information for the sake of accuracy, but it means you'll get away with it, God willing. The division is like that.
33:06Young people? From half. What does that mean? Does it mean that there are twenty-three cores that go like that?
33:11And twenty-three go like that. They're already high-achieving. Twenty-three
33:15And twenty-three. That means there was no concentration here. There was no division here.
33:20Centromere? No, there was no centromere division here. Then what happened? This
33:25These two are called homologous chromosomes. What happened? I mean...
33:30The chromosomes are exactly the same. Completely identical. Each one is unique.
33:36The cell. And the cell remained called Nun, and this is its name Nun. Exactly? How is it Nun when it
33:41Forty-six, actually. Now let's focus on the number of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes.
33:46So, I've finished the interphase stage and division has occurred. Number of chromosomes
33:52Twenty-three. How is that? Let's focus. Focus with me. How is it a chromosome?
33:59This view is hot. And you and the other guy are saying this is twenty-three. I mean
34:04I mean, yes, the new cell has twenty-three of them.
34:08Twenty-three duplicated chromosomes. Twenty-three chromosomes.
34:12Doubled. Or twenty-three centrosomes. As it is
34:18That's how you see it. Finished? Each cell has twenty-three cells. It should be the original then.
34:23Six and forty. No. No. I'm the most important thing at Centrumer. I'm with us.
34:27Here are 23 centromeres, and here are 23 centromeres. Okay, the number of chromatids is 46, which is how many chromatids are there?
34:34The number of chromatids is 46, and the number of DNA molecules is also 46 DNA molecules.
34:44Professor, how come there are 46 DNA molecules and 46 chromatids when I have this look?
34:5023 chromatid, that's from me, 23 is the most important thing for me, 23 centromeres, 23 centromeres, of course, the number
34:58The chromosomal verse is good light, in relation to the second meiotic verse after division.
35:07First meiosis, we said the method, we said, guys, the method of arrangement is important
35:18The way the mortar is laid is extremely important, as you can see.
35:24This is his deposit with the writing of Sha'alim, and in the middle of Shadun, meaning as you can see.
35:29So this one is divided in two, this one is divided in two, and this one is also divided in two.
35:36Now let's focus on what I'm saying after meiosis II. Okay, here's the number of chromosomes.
35:43The number of chromosomes is twenty-three, and the number of chromatids is three.
35:49And twenty here also, the number of parts of religion is twenty-three, that's it, and the number
35:54The chromosome groups, the chromosome groups, remained. Okay, here of course, division occurred.
36:01Okay, guys, that's fine. So the centromere is what was divided. The centromere was divided.
36:06That's it, text. And of course, yes, I got four. What? Four? Umm Shamel? Okay, he says...
36:17Here's an example: Your teeth divide in this way, of course, cells.
36:22Meiosis is a branch of progeny of human and cell progeny.
36:25Security guards in flowering plants, of course, that's all.
36:31We have it available; the quantity is sixty-two. This is for young people.
36:37A very important number, which is that there is an increase in quantity here, yes, an increase in
36:43The quantity is just not an increase in the chromosomal groups. I hope the topic is clear.
36:48So, let's look at some questions.
36:55Regarding self-performance in the book "Excellence," let's look at some questions.
37:02The sweet thing is, good questions. He's asking me, "What?"
37:11The condolences shown in the opposite figure are made up of the same building units, of course.
37:19Here's the shape I'm talking about, guys. Oh, of course, this is a bacterial capsule.
37:27Bacteria, or rather, bacterial cells, so that's it, and on top of that, which is...
37:32Which is Pectinophage, and it gives me numbers one, two, three, and four.
37:37Of course, we see that this is pointing to what is and the protein
37:42The virus, and then, uh, number two, uh, of course, uh, here too, he's pointing at
37:52The virus is three, of course. The verse is "Ah, here is the viral delnia," and here is the delnia.
37:58The bacterial culture, or the parts indicated in the diagram opposite, consists of
38:04The same building blocks, of course. The correct answer is three and four, three.
38:09Of course, DNA is made up of the smallest unit, which is the verse, which is
38:12Intestinal infection number four, oh, bacteriostatic. Then he says
38:21So, should I study the opposite shape? Let's focus on this question for a bit.
38:26Excellent. The image opposite shows a bacteriophage with its envelope stacked.
38:30By using sulfur and leaving her own DNA without sulfur. Okay?
38:36Then it was used—it was used to treat bacterial infections in Egypt—in food.
38:41It contains nitrogen and common i.e., it represents the structure of viruses.
38:45The new one. Here I am, here, oh, the cover, oh, here, I numbered it or encoded it with cable.
38:52The common feeling and its consequences, and he's patiently waiting, but it's not getting any benefit anymore? Okay, yes.
38:59Then the toxin was used, it was used perfectly, yes, in infecting the bacteria, meaning
39:07The virus entered the bacteria, but these bacteria grew in a nutrient medium.
39:12It contains nitrogen; the verses and emotions represent the structure of viruses.
39:16The new verse. This question is extremely important and needs to be understood.
39:21Because it explains so many things about bacteriophages. The most important point it explains is...
39:26I'm here, I went in, I went in, oh, oh, religion, oh, my virus, okay, what did he do inside?
39:33The bacterial cell? It does something very, very important; pay attention.
39:39Strong. This bacterial cell is actually in a nitrogen-containing medium, meaning...
39:44Yes, it contains nitrogen, emotions, meaning any nitrogen, emotions inside
39:48The bacterial cell, oh yeah, anything containing nitrogen, feelings, that's it, I mean
39:54This means that the protein in it is the cell protein, which contains nitrogen; the bacterial protein contains nitrogen; it is shared.
40:01Is the bacterial religion one in which nitrogen is shared?
40:05The virus enters a cell, breaks down, or analyzes the bacterial cell's DNA, and uses it.
40:18Nucleotie uses his data to create a new Dean Newes
40:25Or the bacterial religion includes shared nitrogen.
40:40So then the viral nucleic acid enters the cell and uses its own nucleotide to create a new viral nucleic acid.
40:54Okay, so the protein that will build it is also the protein that will build it.
41:00American acids are the core of the bacterial cell, filled with shared nitrogen.
41:04The answer, of course, is what?
41:07D. common nitrogen and common nitrogen means religion new
41:12The new virus contains shared nitrogen.
41:14The new viral protein contains nitrogen starvation
41:18The table in front of me is a simple question that asks to study the table.
41:22Malnazi can deduce from studying this table, of course, only one thing: that the religion is new.
41:28And who is responsible for protecting the information of the verse? Why?
41:31I believe that all sex cells are always half of the somatic cells.
41:40In which of the following decomposition images does a change occur in the amount of Deep N (not the sine)?
41:48So I saw those pretenders, like the Hydra, uh uh uh uh, I challenged them as they were
41:52Their competition is complete; there is absolutely no change in the amount of DNA.
41:57Dragon Nun, you are starting me. Dragon Nun cell divides mitotically, normal regeneration.
42:02Also in hydras, there is no change in the amount of DNA.
42:07Mitosing also occurs in the bread mold here.
42:15The whole thing is the same, no changes.
42:20The germination in a plant or the germination in a jasmine
42:25The genetic makeup in Fujairah is different; there are variations in the amount of DNA.
42:31Because of course I have a germ-shaped container for the letter Nun, which contains Nun germs.
42:36The clover plant, the Nun De Shabab, is what grows for me. What is the gametophyte?
42:40So there's a change now; the answer is a change in the amount of DNA.
42:44The answer is, of course, a thousand.
42:46Okay, he tells me, "What is the beginning? You are not correct about the content of the dominant gene in the majority."
42:50Influenza virus strains and HIV
42:54HIV
42:55Of course, the flu, young people, this is its biological material RMA
43:02And also, AIDS has the active ingredient RMA.
43:06And of course, RMA is a single-stranded gene.
43:10By the way, this information is important; these are viruses called retroviruses.
43:16This is a very, very, very, very complex course.
43:19This virus, whose genetic material is RMA, enters the brain cell.
43:24Okay, it's switching back to RMA.
43:27What is this made of?
43:28My father adopted RMA from him.
43:30Okay, so that it releases or produces a viral protein.
43:36And she told us very, very stories
43:38Which is the influenza virus and AIDS viruses
43:42And of course
43:46I want you to know something: this is called the cyclical pattern.
43:51The HIV virus, which causes AIDS, has a very long incubation period.
43:57God willing, we will continue in the next lecture.
44:02Which is, God willing, the formation of the nucleic acid
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44:20Thank you very much, and good luck, guys!
44:22Thank you very much
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