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00:01Today we are practicing all nine modal verbs. We are going to take a look at the
00:07affirmative form, the question form, the negative form and also the negative
00:12question form. The first modal verb that we're going to take a look at is CAN. CAN
00:19is super easy. Now take a look at the picture. Can you make a CAN sentence with
00:26the picture? You can say he can ride a bike. Now in this case CAN is related to
00:34his ability to ride a bicycle. He is able to do it. What is the negative form? He
00:43cannot ride a bike. Now watch out here. Many students make a mistake here. He
00:49cannot ride a bike is one word. CANNOT. It's not CAN, NOT. It's one word. He
00:57cannot ride a bike. Do you know the contraction? You probably know this. He
01:03can't ride a bike is the contraction of CANNOT. This means that he is not able to
01:11do it. He doesn't have the ability to do it. What is the question form? To make the
01:19question form, I'm going to help you a lot. I'm going to do this. Do you
01:24understand? To make the question form, you just need to know this. You have to
01:30switch the subject and the modal verb around. If you switch them around, it
01:37becomes, CAN he ride a bike? CAN he ride a bike means is he able to do it? Is he
01:44able to ride a bike? Does he have the ability to ride a bike? How about the
01:50negative form? For the negative form, you would say, CAN he ride a bike? But watch out
01:57here because if you say, CAN he ride a bike? It has a special meaning. Why isn't he
02:03able to do it? He should be able to ride a bike, but he cannot ride a bike. And that
02:10is
02:10very strange. So if you use the negative question, it means that you are surprised
02:17or you don't believe it. You cannot believe what you just heard. Also, you can add a
02:24question word before and it becomes an information question. Why can't he ride a
02:31bike? What's wrong with the guy? Here's a second example of CAN, but now it's a
02:39different CAN. Can you make a sentence with the picture? You can swim here. It is
02:47permission. You are allowed to swim here. You can swim here. There's no problem. What
02:54is the negative form? You cannot swim here. Do you remember the contraction? You can't
03:02swim here. You are not allowed to swim here. Now make the question form. Can you swim here?
03:11Can you swim here? Can be can you swim here or can people swim here? There's also a general
03:19word you. Can you swim here? It means is it allowed for people to swim here? What about
03:26the negative question? Can't you swim here? Can't you swim here? Now wait a second. I didn't
03:34tell you this before, but you have to use the contraction to make a negative question. You
03:42see it here? You can't swim here. Can't is the contraction. So you have to use can't you
03:48swim here? You cannot say, cannot you swim here? It does not work. You must use the contraction.
03:57And it means, why is it prohibited? Why can't you swim here? It's very strange. I'm very surprised
04:06and I can't believe it. You can also add a question word to make an information question. When can
04:14you swim here? When can you swim here? When are we allowed to swim here? Let's move on
04:23to COULD. Now take a look at the picture and I have to tell you that this picture was taken
04:29in the past. Maybe 15, 20, 25 years ago. Can you make a sentence? He could run fast. He could
04:42run fast is a past ability. He was able to run fast in the past, but not anymore. What is
04:51the negative form? He could not run fast. Can you make the contraction? He couldn't run fast.
05:01It means he was not able to run fast. How about the question form? Now you know how to make
05:07the
05:07question form. Take a look at the affirmative form right here and switch the subject and
05:14the modal verb. Okay? And it becomes, could he run fast? Could he run fast means was he
05:22a fast runner in the past? That is the question that you're asking. You can also add a question
05:30word. When could he run fast? When could he run fast? Oh, he could run fast when he was
05:3715 years old. Now let's try the negative question. Remember, for the negative question, you have
05:44to use the contraction here, the negative contraction. So he could not run fast. You ready? It becomes,
05:52couldn't he run fast? Couldn't he run fast means, why wasn't he able to run fast? It's very strange.
06:01So once again, you're surprised and you can't believe it. Here's another use of the modal could.
06:08Take a look at the picture. Wow, that's a nice steak dinner. We could eat steak. We could eat steak
06:17steak means it is a possibility. It is one option that we have. We could eat steak. We could eat
06:24pizza.
06:25We could eat seafood. Those are all possibilities. But watch out. It could also be a suggestion.
06:33It could also mean, how about steak? What is the negative form? We could not eat steak. We could not
06:41eat steak. Or we couldn't eat steak means it was not possible. The question form is, could we eat steak?
06:51Is it possible to eat steak? Or are we allowed to eat steak? That's what it means. You can also
06:58say,
06:59where could we eat steak? Where is it possible for us to eat steak? Couldn't we eat steak? Couldn't we
07:07eat steak
07:08steak means, why don't we eat steak? You're surprised and you can't believe that steak is not an option.
07:16Let's move on to should. You see a beautiful car like this for sale and you say, you should buy
07:25it.
07:26You should buy it is a piece of advice. It means it's a good idea for you to buy it.
07:32Not for me,
07:33for you. You should buy it. Negative form. You should not buy it. You shouldn't buy it is the
07:40contraction. It means it's a bad idea to buy that car. It's super old. What about the question form?
07:49Should I buy it? Should I buy it? I changed it here because I said, should you buy it? Should
07:56you buy it
07:56is a little strange? Should I buy it? Maybe you're asking someone, is it a good idea for me to
08:02buy it?
08:03You can also add a question word. Why should I buy it? Why buy this car? I don't need it.
08:11Why should I buy that?
08:12The negative question, shouldn't you buy it? Or shouldn't I buy it is good as well. Shouldn't you buy it?
08:20It means why aren't you buying it? You saw the car together and your friend is like, all right,
08:27let's keep going. And you're like, wait, wait, wait, shouldn't you buy it? It's a good deal.
08:31Why aren't you buying it? You are surprised and you can't believe that your friend is not buying this
08:37car right now. Here's another example for should. She should be at work by now.
08:45She should be at work by now. It is an expectation. It means I expect her to be at work
08:54at this time.
08:55For example, it's 10 a.m. So she should be at work by now. I expect her to be at
09:02the office at this
09:04very moment. What's the negative form? She should not be at work by now. The contraction,
09:12she shouldn't be at work by now. It means I expect her not to be at work yet. What's the
09:20question form? Should she be at work by now? Should she be at work by now? Is she expected
09:28to be at work now? The negative question form, shouldn't she be at work by now? It means why
09:36isn't she at work? It is very strange. I'm a little surprised and I can't believe that
09:42she's not at work now. She should be at work, but she's not there.
09:49Let's move on to must. Now, you know this. When you take an airplane, usually you have to buckle
09:56your seatbelt. So, you must fasten your seatbelt. You must fasten your seatbelt. It is an obligation.
10:05You do not have a choice. You must do it. What's the negative form? You must not fasten
10:13your seatbelt. You can also say you mustn't. You mustn't fasten your seatbelt. This one is
10:20the opposite of obligation. It is prohibited. You cannot fasten your seatbelt. What about the
10:29question form? Must I fasten my seatbelt? Must I? Must you would be a little weird once again.
10:38Must I fasten my seatbelt? It means do I have to fasten my seatbelt? Actually, most of the time
10:45people would say, do I have to fasten my seatbelt? Have to instead of must in question form. Must I?
10:53Sounds very formal. You could also say, why must I fasten my seatbelt? Excellent question. The negative
11:02question form is, mustn't I fasten my seatbelt? Mustn't I? Why am I not forced to do it? You should
11:12be forcing
11:13me, or they should be forcing me to fasten my seatbelt, but they are not doing it. So, I wonder,
11:20don't I have
11:21to fasten my seatbelt? Once again, I'm surprised and it's a little bit hard to
11:27believe that they are not forcing me to fasten my seatbelt. May. For this one, you
11:35need a little bit of background knowledge. What do you call a high school
11:39graduation party? Do you know? We call it the prom. So, here's your example. You may go
11:48to the prom. You may go to the prom is permission. I allow you to go to the prom. It's
11:57something
11:57the parents could say to a teenager. I allow you to go to the prom. You may go to the
12:03prom.
12:03The negative form? You may not go to the prom. There is no contraction for this one. You mayn't
12:11go to the prom. Nobody says that. Forget that. There is no contraction. It means you do not
12:18have my permission to go. You cannot go to the prom. You may not. It's very, very strong.
12:25What about the question form? May I go to the prom? In this case, you wouldn't say,
12:32may you go to the prom, but I would say, may I go to the prom? It's a very polite
12:37way to ask.
12:39Do you allow me to go to the prom? You could also say, when may I go to the prom?
12:45When can I go?
12:47Can I go at 7 p.m. or can I go at 9 p.m.? What time may I go
12:52to the prom? is also a great question.
12:55The negative question? It's not possible here. You cannot say, may I go to the prom because there is
13:04no contraction. So, we do not have a negative question for may. Here's another possibility.
13:13He may come fishing with us. In this case, it is not a permission. It is a possibility. 50%
13:22possibility. Maybe he will come fishing. Maybe he won't come fishing. What's the negative form?
13:29He may not come fishing with us. Once again, there is no contraction. It means, maybe he won't come.
13:38It depends on something else. He's not feeling so well these days, so he may not come fishing with us.
13:46There's a 50% possibility, a 50% chance that he will not come fishing with us. What's the question
13:54form?
13:56Questions with may as a possibility are not possible. I know what you're thinking. You're thinking,
14:03may he come fishing with us, but that is not a possibility. It is a permission. May he come fishing
14:11with us? You're asking someone if they allow him to go fishing with you. So, it is not a possibility.
14:20Let's move on to might. He might go to the gym later. 30% possibility. He might. Looking at the
14:29picture,
14:29I understand a little bit. He might go to the gym later. Maybe he will go. I'm not sure. Negative
14:37form.
14:37He might not go to the gym later. There is no contraction for might not. Mightn't. Mightn't is
14:46possible actually, but people do not use it. So, don't try to use it because you will sound a little
14:52strange. Now, it means maybe he won't go. It depends on something. Oh, he has a very important
14:59meeting today. So, he might not go to the gym later. What's the question form? Might he go to the
15:07gym?
15:08Might he go to the gym later? Is it possible that he will go? When might he go to the
15:13gym? When is he
15:15going to go to the gym? For the negative question form, think about it. There is no contraction here.
15:22So, the negative question is not possible. Let's move on to will. Will at the affirmative form,
15:30it will be sunny tomorrow. It will be sunny tomorrow is a future prediction. I expect the weather to be
15:38nice tomorrow. How about the negative form? It will not be sunny tomorrow. The contraction is a little
15:46bit tricky here, so be careful. It won't be sunny tomorrow. It won't. Will not is not willent.
15:55It won't. It means I expect the weather not to be sunny. What's the question form? Will it be sunny
16:04tomorrow? Great question. Do you think it will be sunny? That's what it means. Will it be sunny tomorrow?
16:12Won't it be sunny tomorrow is the negative question. Why are you bringing an umbrella? I see you bringing
16:19an umbrella and I'm like, wait, won't it be sunny tomorrow? You are surprised because you thought it
16:26would be sunny tomorrow, but now your friend is taking an umbrella with him to go on the trip,
16:33so you're wondering why. Here's another example for will. We will pay you back. Yeah, right. It's a promise.
16:45It's a promise. I'm not sure if it's going to happen, but I promise we will return your money. We
16:52will pay
16:52you back. What's the negative form? We will not pay you back. Oh, that's very mean. We won't pay you
17:00back.
17:01It means we do not plan to return your money. What about the question form? Will you pay me back?
17:09You wouldn't say, will we pay me back? It doesn't make sense, right? Will you pay me back? It means,
17:18do you plan to return my money? The negative question, won't you pay me back? Won't you pay
17:25me back? It means, why won't you return my money? I'm surprised and I can't believe you will not be
17:31honest. You can also add question words. When will you pay me back? Why won't you pay me back? Two
17:40excellent questions. Would, would is a challenging moral verb. If you take a look at the picture,
17:49what would you say? You would say, I would like some coffee. Here we have a special case because
17:57for the other modal verbs, there was no contraction at the affirmative form, at the positive form.
18:04It was not possible to have a contraction, but with would, it is possible. So you would say,
18:11I'd like some coffee. I would like some coffee. I'd like some coffee. It is a polite request.
18:18Or it could be an offer. I will explain later. It's basically the polite form of, I want coffee,
18:25but I want coffee is not polite. So we don't say that. I'd like some coffee, please.
18:31The negative form is, I would not like any coffee. It is a little strange here. I wouldn't like any
18:38coffee.
18:39It's a little weird, but I put it there anyway. Okay. It means I don't want any coffee, but like
18:46I said,
18:46I wouldn't use it. I would not use it. So for other sentences, it's fine. But for my example,
18:54it doesn't really work. How about the question form? You would say, would you like some coffee?
19:02And that is what I meant when I said it can also be an offer. It's an offer when it's
19:08at the question
19:09form. Would you like some coffee? Yes or no. It means do you want coffee, but in a polite way.
19:17What's the negative question? Wouldn't you like some coffee? It means are you sure you don't want
19:23coffee? I'm surprised you're not going to have a cup of coffee. You can also add question words in
19:31front of your yes, no questions. When would you like some coffee? Ah, what time would you like some
19:37coffee? When would you like some coffee? Here's another example with would. He would swim if he had
19:45a swimsuit. He would swim. That is the second conditional. It is the unreal conditional. You
19:53got to be careful with this one. It means he is willing to swim if a condition is met and
20:00the
20:00condition here is having a swimsuit. But he doesn't have a swimsuit, so he's not swimming. He would
20:09swim, however, if he had a swimsuit. What's the negative form? He would not swim if he had a swimsuit.
20:18He would not swim or you could say he wouldn't swim. It means even if he had a swimsuit, he
20:25is not
20:26willing to swim. What about the question form? Would he swim if he had a swimsuit? He's not swimming.
20:34You see the guy is on the beach in his suit and you wonder if he had a swimsuit, would
20:40he even swim?
20:42Because maybe we could go and buy a swimsuit for the guy and give it to him. Would he swim
20:48if he had a
20:49swimsuit? It means do you think he is willing to swim? The negative question, wouldn't he swim if he
20:57had a swimsuit? Once again, you are surprised and you can't believe it. You can also ask where would
21:05he swim if he had a swimsuit or why wouldn't he swim if he had a swimsuit? Next up is
21:13shall. Shall is a
21:15little special because it is rarely used in American English. We don't really use it. Sometimes you may
21:22hear it, but not very often. So if you speak British English, you can use shall. But if your English
21:30is
21:30American, if you have the American accent, then maybe you shouldn't use shall. Use should instead.
21:38Here's the affirmative form. We shall dance. That is a formal future action. It means I swear to you
21:48that we will dance. The negative form? We shall not dance. It means we will not dance. What about the
21:59question form? You know this one. Shall we dance? Shall we dance means do you want to dance? And actually,
22:07this one is used sometimes even by American English speakers. The negative question form, like I said,
22:16there is no contraction or you shouldn't use the contraction. So the negative question is not
22:21possible. You can also add a question word. Where shall we dance? When shall we dance? Those are two great
22:31questions. Here's another example for shall. I shall complete the project. I shall here is determination or
22:41intent. So I am intent on finishing that project. It means I will complete the project no matter what.
22:50What's the negative form? I shall not complete the project. Once again, no contraction. It means I will
22:57not finish the project. What about the question form? Shall I complete the project? Do you want me to
23:05finish the project? Yes or no? Shall I? For the negative question, it is not possible once again.
23:14But remember that you can add question words in front of yes-no questions. When shall I complete the project?
23:22Great question. Let's review with a final quiz. You are now a modal verb expert. You know all nine of
23:32them.
23:33You know how to make affirmative sentences, negative sentences, positive questions, and also negative
23:39questions. So now I'm going to give you 28 questions to test your knowledge. Let's go.
23:48Here's the first question. I'm giving you the affirmative form. You have to find the negative form and at
23:56least one question form. I'm not asking for both because I know it's hard. Give me one at least. Okay?
24:04He can speak Korean. So this is an ability. He can speak Korean.
24:08Annyeonghaseyo. What is the negative form? He cannot speak Korean or he can't speak Korean.
24:17Give yourself one point. Question form. Can he speak Korean? That's great. Or can't he speak Korean?
24:25You're surprised that he cannot speak Korean. He should be able to speak Korean. So here,
24:31give yourself two points. One for the negative form and one point for one of the question forms.
24:38Let's move on to question two. I cannot use dad's car. What's the affirmative form?
24:46I can use dad's car. I have my dad's permission to use his car. Question form. Can I use dad's
24:55car?
24:56That is a very useful question to know if you're a teenager. Can I use dad's car? The negative
25:03question. Can't I use dad's car? Why am I not allowed to use his car? Two points.
25:12You could party all night when you were young. Past ability. You could party all night when you were
25:19young. Negative form. You could not party all night when you were young or you couldn't party all night
25:26when you were young. What's the question? Could you party all night when you were young?
25:33Couldn't you party all night when you were young? I'm surprised you couldn't. Hmm. I'm a little disappointed.
25:41We could not go shopping. It was not a possibility. We couldn't go shopping. Affirmative form. We could go shopping.
25:50That's a possibility or a suggestion. Hey, guys, we could go shopping. How about shopping? Question form. Could we go
25:59shopping? Or couldn't we go shopping? Both are good answers. Give yourself two points.
26:09You should see a doctor. That is a piece of advice. Negative form. You should not see a doctor. You
26:17shouldn't see a doctor. Question form. Should I see a doctor? Should you see a doctor? Should you see a
26:26doctor is a little weird. OK, so that's why I'm changing it to should I see a doctor? How about
26:32the negative question? Shouldn't you see a doctor?
26:36This one is great with you. Shouldn't you see a doctor? I'm surprised that you're not at the doctor's office
26:43right now. You should be there.
26:47The train should not arrive soon. The train shouldn't arrive soon. Affirmative form.
26:55The train should arrive soon. I expect the train to arrive soon. What's the question form?
27:03Should the train arrive soon? Should it arrive soon? Should it arrive soon? Or shouldn't the train arrive soon? Shouldn't
27:11it arrive soon?
27:12It's not here yet and I'm a little bit worried. I'm a little bit surprised that the train is not
27:17here yet. Shouldn't the train arrive soon?
27:22Next question. I must follow the rules. It's an obligation. I must or you could say you must follow the
27:32rules.
27:33The negative form. I must not follow the rules or I mustn't follow the rules.
27:39Question form. Must I follow the rules? That's a great question.
27:45And the negative question is mustn't I follow the rules? Mustn't I. Mustn't I follow the rules?
27:55Next question. You may not use the restroom. Affirmative form.
28:02You may use the restroom. I am giving you permission to use the restroom.
28:08Question form. May I use the restroom? May I. Not may you.
28:14Okay. May I use the restroom? It's a very polite way to ask.
28:18And of course there is no negative question with may.
28:25John may need help. Oh yes. He's by himself lifting a big heavy couch.
28:30John may need help. It's a possibility.
28:34Negative form. John may not need help.
28:37And the question forms. Are not possible. May John need help?
28:45Do you think John will need help is more commonly used.
28:50She might go out tonight. It's a possibility that she will go out with some friends.
28:56Negative form. She might not go out tonight.
29:00How about the question form?
29:03Might she go out tonight? Is it possible that she's going to go out tonight?
29:08And the negative question is not possible.
29:13It will not rain during our vacation.
29:16Affirmative form.
29:18It will rain during our vacation.
29:21It's a prediction about the future.
29:23Question form.
29:25Will it rain during our vacation?
29:27Negative question.
29:30Won't it rain during our vacation?
29:32Give yourself two points.
29:36She will call me later.
29:38It's a promise.
29:39I hope she does.
29:41The negative form.
29:42She will not call me later.
29:45Oh, that's so sad.
29:46She won't call me later.
29:48What about the question form?
29:50Will she call me later?
29:53Or the negative question.
29:55Won't she call me later?
29:57If you got the two question forms right, you are very good.
30:03She would like to speak with the manager.
30:06Oh, yes, yes, yes.
30:08A Karen right here.
30:09It's a polite request.
30:11She would like to speak with the manager.
30:14What is the negative form?
30:15She would not like to speak with the manager.
30:18She wouldn't like to speak with the manager.
30:21Question form.
30:23Would she like to speak with the manager?
30:25It's a kind of offer.
30:26You're offering to set up some kind of meeting with the manager.
30:30The negative question is wouldn't she like to speak with the manager?
30:37Last question.
30:38She would not travel if she had money.
30:41Affirmative form.
30:42She would travel if she had money.
30:45It's a hypothetical situation.
30:47It's the second conditional.
30:50Question form.
30:51Would she travel if she had money?
30:54Negative question.
30:56Wouldn't she travel if she had money?
30:59It's very strange that she wouldn't.
31:01I'm surprised.
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