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Air Crash Investigation S25E11 No Exit
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00:02U.S. Air flight 1493 erupts into flames upon landing in Los Angeles.
00:08Heads down, state down.
00:11And crashes into a building.
00:14It was so violent.
00:16Passengers struggle to reach the exits.
00:19My only thought was to get out of the plane.
00:21Of the 89 people on board, 21 don't get out alive.
00:27NTSB investigators must figure out why.
00:30There's no reason to believe that they all couldn't have evacuated.
00:34They soon make a horrifying discovery.
00:36Good God.
00:38We found 11 victims located within just a few feet of the emergency exit.
00:43How do they get trapped here?
00:44What they learn will improve the odds of survival in aviation disasters.
00:49Hey, Mom. Mom, we have to jump.
00:51In an emergency evacuation, every second counts.
00:55Leave your belongings. Come, this way.
00:56Brace for impact.
01:02Evacuate! Evacuate!
01:20It's just before 6 p.m. on the California coast.
01:25U.S. Air flight 1493 is preparing to land in Los Angeles.
01:31This was a nice flight.
01:33Everything went perfect.
01:35The service went perfect.
01:37The weather went great.
01:38There had been no problems.
01:40Seep out.
01:43I was seated near the front of the plane in row 4.
01:46I was seated in the middle seat on the right-hand side of the plane.
01:50Elise Rosewater is looking forward to a vacation on the west coast.
01:56I had just graduated from college and was working my first job, and it was time for a break, and
02:02I wanted to go out to California and visit my brother and explore L.A.
02:08Flight 1493 is 25 miles from the runway.
02:12U.S.A. 1493, do you have the airport in sight?
02:16Affirmative.
02:17The pilots disengaged the autopilot on their Boeing 737.
02:24A bag underneath, please.
02:26This version of the plane has 128 seats.
02:30But tonight's flight is not full.
02:33Only 83 seats are occupied.
02:36Together with two pilots and four flight attendants, there are 89 people on board.
02:42Seated near the middle of the plane in row 9 are Vicky Rosemeyer and her mother Judy.
02:49They're traveling to Los Angeles for a holiday.
02:59I was a novice flyer at the time.
03:02I had not flown much and was nervous about the flight.
03:07My mother had never flown before, so I was, you know, looking after her.
03:16Confirmed visual approach for USA.
03:191493 is 2-4 left.
03:20That's correct, USA 1493.
03:24On this leg of the flight, First Officer David Kelly is the pilot flying,
03:28while Captain Colin Shaw communicates with the controller.
03:32They've already had a busy day.
03:35They began their flight on the other side of the country in Washington, D.C.,
03:40before stopping in Columbus, Ohio, on their way to one of the busiest airports in the world.
03:48Situated not far from the center of Los Angeles, LAX handles 1,500 flights per day.
03:55Controllers are kept very busy.
03:59246, are you still holding short of 47?
04:02Affirmative.
04:03You're next.
04:05Sky West 569, taxi up to and hold short.
04:10Flight 1493 is minutes from touchdown.
04:15Near the back of the plane is a seasoned traveler, Scott Vaughan.
04:19He's sat through this landing many times.
04:23It was a multi-city trip for work.
04:25It was a Friday night, and I just couldn't wait to get home.
04:28I was sitting in the back of the plane on row 19 on the aisle.
04:34A few rows behind Scott, the flight attendants take their seats in the galley.
04:40Once all the passengers were secured, I went to my jump seat and buckled in, and Van was beside of
04:49me.
04:49Van and I had gone through training together.
04:53U.S. Air 1493 is for the left side.
04:562-4 left.
04:58The pilots wait for the final clearance to land.
05:02U.S. Air 1493 cleared to land.
05:04Runway 2-4 left.
05:062-4 left.
05:10Just as the plane touches down.
05:14What the?
05:21We were in the middle of a big fireball.
05:25The plane wasn't stopping.
05:33I didn't realize what was happening.
05:38I could hear metal scraping.
05:41It was so violent.
05:44Smoke was infiltrating the plane very rapidly, and the smell became overwhelming.
05:50Grab your ankles.
05:52Heads down.
05:53Stay down.
05:57It was a surreal movie.
06:00Things were actually slowing down.
06:03Felt like a lifetime.
06:07In the tower, controllers can only watch as the burning plane speeds towards a building.
06:17Oh, Jesus!
06:20The plane came to a halt, and another fireball.
06:25It was a pretty dramatic stop.
06:27Our bodies went flying forward.
06:28It was similar to being in a car crash.
06:3583 passengers and six crew members find themselves inside a burning airplane.
06:41Decisions made in the next few minutes will determine who will live and who will die.
06:50We've had a crash on runway 24L, a U.S. Air 737.
06:58The airport's fire and emergency crews are immediately dispatched to the scene.
07:04Crash was called in, and the goal is to mobilize quickly, arrive on scene, and start deploying resources within three
07:12minutes to create survivable conditions for those on board.
07:17The passengers and crew on board the burning plane find themselves in a fight for survival.
07:25It was a very, very thick, black smoke, very sooty, and difficult to see anything.
07:32It basically became like pitch black in the cabin.
07:37It's now up to the cabin crew to evacuate the plane as quickly as possible.
07:43My training kicked in, and it all came right back to me.
07:46I didn't have to think, what do I do next?
07:48When I got the door open, and I saw that the slide was inflated, I had a sense of relief
07:56that we can get everybody out of this aircraft.
08:01There's fire outside the left side door. It's not safe to use.
08:06Our evacuation drills are ingrained in us. We know them by heart. We don't just make them up.
08:11Come this way. Leave your belongings. Come this way.
08:16Go. Go. Jump. Jump. Keep your first hands up. Go.
08:21It takes fire crews only one minute to get to the crash site and begin extinguishing the fire.
08:27The response time was amazing.
08:29They started firefighting and rescue operations simultaneously.
08:35They begin by covering the burning 737 with fire-retardant foam.
08:42The objective is to control 90% of that fire within the first minute of arrival to allow the best
08:49chance of survival for passengers and crew.
08:52Jump. Keep your first hands up.
08:54I had in the back of my mind the plane could explode at any second.
08:58But seeing those passengers, I just thought, that's one more, that's another one, that's another one.
09:05And I believe that is why I stayed on the aircraft.
09:08At the front of the plane, passengers struggle to find their nearest exit.
09:12I don't think I was thinking. I followed the person in front of me.
09:17I do remember the smoke being so thick that I was trying to get down, remembering a PSA from my
09:24childhood, that smoke rises and you should try to get down in a fire.
09:29The line of people who's moving slower than you'd like in an emergency, it was mass chaos.
09:39Five rows back, Vicky Rosemeyer and her mother are just across from an overwing emergency exit.
09:45Come on, come on. Come on.
09:50I remember helping my mother up.
09:53I remember turning around, noticing the door open, and I seen light from that.
10:00Scott, Elise, and Vicky all have the same goal, to reach the overwing exit at the middle of the plane.
10:07Almost there.
10:10Mom? Mom!
10:12Mom!
10:13I was three or four feet from the emergency exit.
10:16My mother was with me. I had a hold of her.
10:18And just within an instant, she was gone.
10:22I was not going to leave without my mother.
10:25Mom!
10:29My only thought was to get out of the plane, and I was in go mode.
10:34After crashing into an inactive fire station at LAX, the passengers of U.S. Air Flight 1493 are desperately trying
10:43to get off the burning plane.
10:45I knew there was an exit on the right side of the plane.
10:50The cabin's filled with smoke, so it's very hard to see.
10:53The aisle was jammed with people, and so instinct took over, or fight or flight took over.
11:02I took an alternative route. I just started climbing across the seats.
11:08There were no people in those seats, and I was crawling across them and moving as fast as I could.
11:19Vicky finally sees her mother.
11:24She got knocked down because she turned around to get her purse, and pretty much resigned at that point.
11:43But she found the strength to get up, and made her way to the door.
12:01Vicky and her mother have made it out of the plane and onto the wing, but they're not safe yet.
12:07All we could hear were people yelling at us to jump.
12:11Jump! Jump!
12:14Firefighters would have been worried about passengers standing on the wing, because they're actually standing on a fuel tank.
12:21That wing, or fuel tank, has the potential to explode.
12:27When I told my mother that we needed to jump, and she said no, she was not going to jump
12:33that far.
12:34She was afraid to jump.
12:37Okay, Mom. Mom, we have to jump.
12:40So I grabbed her arm and took her with me.
12:43Okay.
12:46While passengers struggle to escape, fire crews are still trying to extinguish the flames.
12:53They cannot send rescuers into the cabin until the fire is under control.
12:59I'm going to be wanting a significant reduction and control of the external fire before I send my firefighters in
13:07to do an internal attack.
13:08This is because the lives of the firefighters is also a top priority.
13:15Just two minutes have passed since the plane came to a stop, and there are many passengers still on board.
13:22When I got to the exit row, I climbed on to what I thought was luggage.
13:31I got out on the wing.
13:33I could feel fresh air on my face, and I could breathe again.
13:38Scott Vaughn also reaches the overwing exit at row 10.
13:42There was like a light or a gap that opened up that I could see that I must be close
13:47at that point.
13:50I went out to the wing, and we jumped down to the ground.
13:55And then I stood back up, and I turned, and I looked at this massive plane on fire.
14:01It was a disaster scene.
14:04And then I turned around, and it was complete chaos all over the runway.
14:09There were emergency vehicles, triage centers set up everywhere.
14:15But not everyone has made it off.
14:17At the rear of the plane, the flight attendants can barely breathe.
14:21The smoke had gotten so thick that it burned the back of my throat.
14:29My nose was burning.
14:32My chest was burning.
14:34I had no idea smoke could be so painful.
14:39The passengers were not coming to our exit any longer, and the two of us were still inside the aircraft.
14:49You got to go.
14:51And he pushed me out, and then I went down the rear slide.
14:56Van Spurgeon enters the smoke-filled cabin to see if he can find any more passengers, but he doesn't get
15:02far.
15:03I was able to feel the seat back, so I know that I went up two rows, and I could
15:10not see or hear anybody.
15:15Van, get out! Come on!
15:18I heard my co-worker, Patricia, shouting for me to get off the aircraft, and that's when I decided to
15:25jump.
15:25I felt that there were no more people on the aircraft that were coming to that exit.
15:33After five minutes of battling the inferno, fire crews make an unexpected find.
15:41They found a propeller, and that gave them a clue that there was another aircraft involved.
15:48It's now clear that the unimaginable has happened.
15:53What the?
15:55U.S. Air Flight 1493 has collided with another aircraft on the runway.
16:01An aircraft crash is probably the worst type of incident a firefighter could face.
16:07And in this case, two aircraft were involved.
16:12The news sends air traffic controllers scrambling to determine the identity of the other plane.
16:20What about SkyWest 569?
16:23No, we're not hearing from them.
16:28SkyWest 5569, a Fairchild Metroliner with 12 people on board, is unaccounted for.
16:34We recognized through discovery of the wreckage that this 737 had collided with a Metroliner.
16:43The full toll of the accident can now be measured.
16:4768 people have made it off the burning 737, but 21 people from that plane do not survive,
16:54including a flight attendant and Captain Colin Shaw, seated right at the point of impact.
17:00Two other passengers are fatally injured.
17:03I had no idea that anybody had died, especially two of my co-workers.
17:08I was devastated. Just devastated.
17:12All 12 occupants of the Metroliner have also been killed.
17:17Investigators must now determine why a total of 35 people lost their lives at one of America's busiest airports.
17:24News of the horrific collision at LAX shocks people across the country.
17:30Just a short few hours after everything that had happened, I'm home, turn on the news to watch it,
17:36and it was like a movie that I was not part of.
17:41Two runways are immediately closed for the investigation, sending air travel into chaos across the country.
17:50Investigator Bob McIntosh leads the team of investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board, or NTSB.
17:57It's his job to determine what caused the deadly collision.
18:01This kind of collision of a major air transport airplane and another aircraft on a runway is unusual.
18:12It was a challenge to find out why this terrible accident had taken place.
18:18While McIntosh leads the investigation into how the collision happened, survival factors investigator Hank Hughes has a different priority.
18:28737-300's cabin was configured for 128 passengers and four crew.
18:35Our primary mission is to look at the survivability or non-survivability of the accident,
18:40how people were able to survive, how they were able to evacuate the airplane,
18:44and for that matter, how the evacuation was carried out.
18:50Okay, there were 89 passengers and crew on board.
18:54Most accidents are survivable.
18:57Our question was, how and why did these people perish?
19:02Hughes' team inspects the burnt-out plane to understand why 21 passengers and crew were unable to escape the Boeing
19:10737.
19:12The cabin floor of the airplane was completely destroyed by fire.
19:16Therefore, we had to use plywood to reconstruct the floor and make a safe area to stand on so we
19:23could begin our work.
19:25We started at the back of the airplane and worked our way forward.
19:31Make sure you get a picture of that.
19:36We were very concerned about the fire and the consequences of such a rapidly spreading fire.
19:46We found 11 victims in the center of the passenger compartment,
19:51all of whom were located within just a few feet of the emergency exit.
19:57Good God.
19:59They had piled up on top of each other.
20:02How did they get trapped here?
20:14Look at this burn pattern.
20:18This is where the fire started.
20:20And it moved rearward from here.
20:23The area of the airplane that suffered the most intense fire damage was the front of the airplane, the front
20:30of the passenger cabin.
20:31That's where it started.
20:35Hughes comes to a striking realization about the victims.
20:41They were all out of their seats.
20:46Everybody in the cabin survived the initial impact.
20:51It was quite apparent that all of them had been able to unbuckle from their seatbelts and make their way
20:56back to the overwing exit.
20:59But somehow, 20 of those passengers and one of the flight attendants never made it out.
21:05Investigators need to find out why.
21:09Okay.
21:16After we realized that many of the fatalities were seated in the front of the airplane, it was important to
21:23understand why.
21:24The team interviews surviving crew members.
21:28In many instances, flight attendants have provided some insight that we wouldn't normally get.
21:34Right after that first bump, I could see flames.
21:37Before the final impact?
21:39That's right.
21:40As we were skating.
21:43During the course of our interviews, it became very apparent that almost upon initial contact with the Metroliner, within milliseconds,
21:52that airplane was on fire.
21:54That's how instantaneous it was.
21:57There was a lot of concern within our investigation about the intensity and the spread of the fire.
22:05Investigators soon discover a vital clue in the burnt-out wreckage, a damaged oxygen tank in the forward cargo compartment.
22:15It had damage to the regulator up on top of the bottle, and it had a broken feed tube coming
22:21out of the bottle.
22:23Take a look at this.
22:25It was a 76 cubic foot capacity tank.
22:28That's a lot of oxygen.
22:37It was housed exactly where they impacted the Metroliner.
22:41A ruptured oxygen tank on the 737 would have fed the fire.
22:48Add the fuel from the burning Metroliner.
22:51There was a great deal of liquids from the collision that were flammable, and the gaseous oxygen was most probably
23:01the accelerant.
23:04Investigators build a mock-up of Flight 1493's cabin to test how quickly an oxygen-fed fire spreads.
23:13Previous tests showed that under normal circumstances, the fire would have accelerated in about five minutes.
23:22The results of the new test are astonishing.
23:26As a result of the introduction of the oxygen and the burn test, the fire accelerated out of control in
23:31two minutes.
23:33Very significant difference.
23:36The test explains why passengers reported seeing fire spread through the cabin as quickly as it did.
23:43Because of the oxygen-fed fire, the passengers were denied what would have been an extra three minutes to make
23:50their way out of the airplane safely.
23:52The oxygen didn't just prevent passengers from getting off the airplane.
23:56It may also have prevented firefighters from getting on.
24:01If compressed oxygen had not been introduced into that fire, in my opinion, the fire would have been much less
24:09severe inside the aircraft.
24:12But fire wasn't the only obstacle to the evacuation.
24:16Passengers also described seeing heavy black smoke filling the cabin.
24:20As the airplane was skidding down the runway, smoke began to come into the cabin.
24:28And it went from kind of a soft willy smoke to thick, dark, and had a horrible odor within five,
24:38ten seconds.
24:48So why all that smoke so darn fast?
24:52Since 1985, regulations mandate that cabins must be fitted with fire-retardant materials
24:59that slow the spread of flames and toxic smoke in the event of a fire.
25:05But the damage to Flight 1493's cabin indicates it did not meet that standard.
25:11This airplane was equipped with the older materials that were not fire-retardant.
25:18And that would include the carpeting, the seat fabric, as well as the sidewalls.
25:25A review of the plane's history explains why the cabin was fitted with out-of-date furnishings.
25:31It was made in 1985, before the regulations kicked in.
25:38This particular airplane was exempted from the fire-retardant cabin furnishings regulation
25:45primarily because it was manufactured before the effective date in 1985.
25:51But fire-retardant fabrics were to be installed on older planes when they received cabin upgrades.
26:00The FAA's philosophy was that when an aircraft would be brought in for major rehab of the interior,
26:08that all of the cabin furnishings would be retrofitted with the upgraded fire-retardant furnishings.
26:16Investigators learned that the 737's cabin was refurbished in 1989.
26:24Hardly anything met the new flammability standards.
26:28Hold on, hold on, hold on.
26:30But because of a loophole in the regulations, it never got the fire-retardant upgrade.
26:36The FAA reg said if you just want to do the rug, or you just want to do the seats,
26:41or you just want to do the walls, that's not considered a major upgrade.
26:45That's where the loophole was.
26:49None of the interior panels were touched.
26:53If the cabin had been retrofitted with fire-retardant furnishings,
26:57it would have given people more time to make their way to the emergency exits
27:02and safely evacuate the airplane.
27:05An oxygen-fed fire and out-of-date cabin furnishings
27:09explain the intensity of the smoke and fire.
27:12Yet 68 people did manage to get off the plane.
27:17What decisions did they make that enabled them to escape when so many others could not?
27:26As Hank Hughes looks into why 21 people were unable to make it out of the cabin of U.S.
27:32Air Flight 1493,
27:34Bob McIntosh investigates why two planes were allowed to be on the same runway at the same time.
27:42We had to wonder how it was possible that the tower controller responsible for that runway
27:48had not seen this issue taking place.
27:54Why was the Metroliner even on that one?
27:59No, I positioned it there and asked it to hold.
28:03Skywest 569, taxi into position and hold short, runway 24L.
28:09So why did you give U.S. Air 1493 permission to land?
28:14It was a hectic night.
28:16I lost track of the Skywest flight.
28:21U.S. Air 1493 cleared to land, runway 24L.
28:26Our challenge was to try and figure out how the tower controller allowed this to happen
28:33when she had numerous years of experience and training.
28:39The collision happened here at 1807.
28:43Just before 1806, she gave U.S. Air clearance to land on runway 24L.
28:50But that runway wasn't clear.
28:54Skywest has been holding on the runway for more than a minute.
28:59What were the human performance issues that caused her to not recognize this situation?
29:07As McIntosh pieces together events in the LAX tower...
29:12Doesn't make sense.
29:14...investigator Hughes wonders what prevented so many passengers from reaching the plane's exits.
29:21This airplane was designed with six functional emergency exits,
29:26all of which would have allowed the passengers, under normal circumstances,
29:30to have made a safe evacuation in 90 seconds.
29:35L1 wouldn't have even opened.
29:37Hughes learns what he can about the exits used during the evacuation.
29:43As the airplane slid to a stop, the L1 door collided with the side of a building,
29:50which wouldn't allow it to be open.
29:53At least five others.
29:56That's the story with L2.
30:01The rear left exit was operational, and it was not used during the evacuation.
30:07Patricia Hodges explains to investigators why no one exited from the left rear exit.
30:14The door has a little porthole, and that's where I saw the orange glow.
30:21With a fire burning outside the exit, Hodges keeps the door closed.
30:27That leaves four, but this would have been too dangerous.
30:33The left over wing exit was utilized by only two passengers.
30:38No other passengers made way out of the airplane through that exit,
30:42which was probably due to the intensity of the fire and fumes on that side of the airplane.
30:47Everything else opened.
30:49People made their way out of R1, the right over wing, and R2.
30:56You should be able to get 89 people out of three doors in less than two minutes.
31:01Given the number of passengers on the airplane that wasn't full,
31:05there's no reason to believe that they all couldn't have evacuated within the 90 seconds.
31:10Investigators take a closer look at how the evacuation unfolded.
31:15Okay.
31:17Only three people went out here at R1.
31:21Three people were able to make their exit through the R1 door,
31:26and I believe it was attributable to the intensity of the fire
31:31and the toxic fumes that were generated in front of the cabin.
31:35Other people weren't able to go forward and make their exit through that door.
31:41About 37 people went out here over the right wing.
31:45That's a lot.
31:48Only about 15 passengers made their way back to their best option, the R2 exit.
31:54The rest went forward.
31:58The flight attendants tell investigators they were urging passengers to move to the rear.
32:03Come this way. Leave your belongings. Come this way.
32:08Yet passengers moved in the opposite direction.
32:11Initially, we wondered why the people were moving toward the front of the airplane
32:16rather than the back of the airplane as directed by the flight attendants.
32:21Hughes hopes survivor testimony will give him the answer he needs.
32:25A passenger in 19C actually crawled over seats to get to the overwing exit.
32:33Scott Vaughan is one of the passengers sitting at the rear of the plane who moved forward.
32:39There was a lot of confusion, and I'm quite sure there was a lot of quick assessment
32:45to which way should I go in this cabin.
32:49He starts here, on the left side of the plane.
32:52Then he moves to the right side, and he climbs over eight rows of seats to get to this exit
32:59here.
33:01There was an emergency exit just three rows behind him.
33:07Why did Vaughan move forward and take a longer path out of the plane?
33:12I never looked back.
33:13All I was focused on was reacting and getting out of the plane.
33:19And for whatever reason, at that moment, I saw it as the exit was go forward, not in back of
33:25me.
33:27It's just human nature.
33:28You know, if you know you're in a fight-or-flight situation, you've got to get out of the airplane.
33:32And if you see daylight near an overwing exit window, chances are that that might be what attracted the people
33:38to go in that direction.
33:41One after another after another.
33:45If only they'd look behind them.
33:49Hughes understands why so many passengers went forward instead of to the nearer exit at the rear,
33:55but not why 11 people died within reach of an open door.
34:03As survivability investigators try to work out why so many died on board US Air Flight 1493...
34:10She was having trouble reaching another plane.
34:14Transcripts of radio calls have given Bob McIntosh a better understanding of why the controller forgot there was another plane
34:22on the runway.
34:27Wings West 5006, tower.
34:32Wings West 5006, tower.
34:36Just before she cleared the Metroliner to hold on the runway,
34:40the controller lost radio contact with another taxiing airplane.
34:46The controller called the aircraft several times,
34:49and there was a delay of, I think, more than 30 seconds,
34:53where there was no communication from this aircraft.
34:57Then, one minute before the crash,
35:00she can't find a flight strip for a departing aircraft.
35:07Tower, Wings West 5072 is ready for takeoff.
35:13Wings West 5072.
35:17McIntosh has identified a series of distractions that caused the controller to lose track of the Metroliner holding on the
35:25runway.
35:28The local controller had numerous deviations from an aircraft she couldn't get a hold of,
35:34an aircraft without a departure strip.
35:36All these things were working on her efficiency
35:40to recognize that aircraft that was still out there in the middle of the runway
35:45when she issued a landing clearance for 1493.
35:53They all reported a logjam when they approached the exit at row 10.
35:59Survivability expert Hank Hughes now pieces together the events
36:03that led to the blockage at the row 10 exit.
36:07It's estimated the evacuation took approximately three to four minutes.
36:23Three to four minutes is a long time.
36:28According to passenger interviews,
36:30people were moving very slowly as they headed towards the right overwing exit.
36:35They were almost at a standstill.
36:47Investigators find their first clue in the burnt-out wreckage.
36:53What's this doing here?
36:56We found that the overwing exit hatch
36:59was sitting in the actual emergency exit row.
37:08I was crawling on top of the exit door
37:11that was on top of the seats
37:13to get out of the exit.
37:17Everyone was just moving slowly.
37:19The placement of the hatch on the floor resting against the seat
37:24provided an obstruction that was the width of the hatch,
37:27which is probably close to a foot and a half or two feet,
37:30and it would have been a significant impediment
37:33to their getting out of the airplane quickly.
37:37After the 737's emergency exit door is opened,
37:41it's supposed to be pushed through the opening
37:44and tossed away from the plane.
37:46This clears the opening to allow passengers to escape quickly.
37:52Passengers are briefed on how to properly open the emergency exit door.
37:56So why didn't that happen?
38:00The passenger sitting next to the door wasn't the one who opened it.
38:04During the emergency,
38:06the passenger seated directly next to the right overwing exit hatch
38:10was unable to open the door,
38:12where they either froze or were frightened.
38:21Fortunately, a passenger seated behind them
38:24was able to get up and open the overwing exit hatch.
38:28The passenger who opened the door didn't push it outside the exit.
38:34Passengers had to climb over and around the emergency exit hatch
38:39to get out of the airplane, which cost time.
38:43Investigators identify one further factor
38:46that would have slowed progress to the emergency exit.
38:50There was a fight?
38:54There was a fight.
39:04Investigators discover reports of an altercation
39:07between two passengers on board U.S. Air Flight 1493.
39:12A young man's mother was trying to get out
39:14and a male passenger pushed his way past the mother
39:18and her son, unfortunately, got into a fistfight
39:23with the gentleman that pushed his mother out of the way.
39:27It was very unfortunate and tragic
39:29because it cost valuable time.
39:33The delay opening the door,
39:35the crush of passengers moving forward
39:37instead of to the exit at the back,
39:39the placement of the door,
39:41and the altercation at the exit
39:43all added vital minutes to the evacuation,
39:47minutes that ended up costing passengers their lives.
39:52In an emergency evacuation, every second counts.
39:56The one thing you don't have is time in an emergency situation
39:59because a post-crash fire or other hazard
40:04as a result of an accident
40:06often kills as many people as an accident does.
40:12Raging fire, blinding smoke,
40:16unusable exits,
40:17a series of obstacles and delays.
40:20That's why 21 people died in that cabin.
40:23Hank Hughes' investigation has determined
40:26why nearly one-quarter of the passengers
40:29on U.S. Air Flight 1493
40:32were unable to escape the burning airplane.
40:35In the view of the safety board,
40:37the toxic fume and fire
40:39was the major contributing factor to the loss of life.
40:43Hughes and his team make a number of recommendations
40:46to improve the chances of survival inside the cabin.
40:50They focus on preventing a bottleneck at an exit
40:54from occurring again.
40:56Basically, the recommendation provided
40:58that the F.A. provide a rule
41:00that requires that the passengers be screened
41:02for their suitability
41:03to serve as evacuators in overwing exit rows
41:08and also provide a specific briefing for those passengers
41:12and that the passengers acknowledge
41:14that they are responsible in the event of an emergency.
41:20Flight attendants are also required
41:22to make sure passengers know
41:24where the nearest emergency exit is
41:27during their briefing
41:28and to point out that it may be behind them.
41:32Take out that seat-back card,
41:35find out where all of the exits are,
41:37and then count the rows, if you can,
41:40between the exits
41:42that could possibly save your life.
41:48Finally, to prevent the fast-spreading fire
41:51which quickly engulfed the cabin
41:53and released toxic smoke,
41:55the NTSB recommends that all older planes
41:58are fully updated with fire-retardant materials
42:01as soon as possible.
42:05Modern-day aircraft cabin furnishings
42:07don't burn so easily,
42:11allowing more time for passengers
42:12to evacuate the aircraft,
42:15increasing their chances of survival.
42:20Van Spurgeon goes on
42:22to join USAir's training program as an instructor.
42:26I wanted to pass along all of the information
42:31that I learned from my situation
42:33as a training instructor.
42:38The survivors of Flight 1493
42:41have their own ideas
42:42about what allowed them to escape.
42:47I was feeling,
42:49get the hell out of there.
42:50That's what I was feeling.
42:52But it was all reactionary.
42:53It wasn't this logical moment
42:55that many people think about,
42:57well, first, then we're going to do this,
42:58and then we're going to do that.
42:59It doesn't work that way.
43:05I think it was luck.
43:08I think the fact that I went backwards
43:11instead of forwards saved my life.
43:13I think the fact that I remained calm
43:16probably helped.
43:18But at the end of the day,
43:20if something blew up,
43:22I would have been unlucky.
43:29I was in the right seat
43:31and did the right things.
43:37I don't think I panicked at all.
43:39I was listening to my instincts, I think,
43:44and I did what I had to do.
43:47Go! Go!
43:52I never felt like I was going to die.
43:55I wasn't ready to die.
43:56I was like, oh, you were you?
44:01I was like, oh, I was going to die.
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