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Titulo Original: Documentário Discovery Os Prazeres do Mundo Antigo
Canal Autor (Nome): Lukevi
Canal Autor (Link): https://www.youtube.com/@lukevi9250
Fonte do Video (Link): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_j0yRG1jAjs
Licenca: Este conteudo e reutilizado sob a Licenca Creative Commons Atribuicao 4.0 Internacional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Note: The original content has not been modified. / O conteudo original foi mantido integralmente.
Canal Autor (Nome): Lukevi
Canal Autor (Link): https://www.youtube.com/@lukevi9250
Fonte do Video (Link): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_j0yRG1jAjs
Licenca: Este conteudo e reutilizado sob a Licenca Creative Commons Atribuicao 4.0 Internacional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Note: The original content has not been modified. / O conteudo original foi mantido integralmente.
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TVTranscrição
00:103,000 years ago, a mysterious people thrived in Italy.
00:15Wealthy, elegant, and sophisticated, the Etruscans were well ahead of their time.
00:21They didn't seem to have those social inhibitions that we were worried about.
00:26They loved banquets and parties, drinking and dancing.
00:31The Etruscans taught the French, who at the time were the Gauls, how to drink wine.
00:36And they said that their women gave themselves to love freely.
00:40The Greeks thought there was too much promiscuity.
00:43Their fleets of super-ships made them ruthless traders.
00:48They were fierce and bloodthirsty warriors in battle.
00:51The Etruscan images found in the tombs are full of blood sacrifices.
00:56Gold and silver made the Etruscans rich men.
01:00And they squandered this wealth on spectacular sports and fabulous works of art.
01:08His world seemed like paradise.
01:12But he was doomed.
01:17The Etruscan priests predicted that their civilization would last only a thousand years.
01:23And it was true.
01:25One hundred years before the birth of Christ, this extraordinary world disappeared.
01:30What happened to this great civilization that paved the way for the powerful Roman Empire?
01:35Where are the Etruscans now?
01:40The pleasures of the ancient world.
01:45This idyllic landscape in Central Italy was once the homeland of the ancient Etruscans, Etruria.
01:52They were the ones who drained the swamps and cut down the forests.
01:56They dug canals and built roads, shaping the landscape that Italians now call Tuscany.
02:05The Etruscan cities, perched high in the hills, once dominated this entire region.
02:11Today, there is little evidence of these Etruscan fortresses.
02:14They were buried under two thousand years of Roman and medieval buildings.
02:21The Romans are seen as the greatest superpower of the ancient world.
02:26However, without the Etruscans, Rome would not have existed.
02:32They were the ones who set Rome on its path to glory and defined its boundaries.
02:39With extraordinary engineering skills, they transformed it from a swampy village into a major city.
02:48When Etruria was finally swallowed up by the powerful Roman Empire, Rome absorbed Etruscan culture and claimed it for itself.
02:58They were the first high civilization of the Italian Peninsula.
03:03They transmitted to the Romans a number of aspects of their own culture, which were then passed on by the Romans.
03:10all of Europe.
03:11And in many places they survive to this day, although they are never recognized as Etruscan.
03:16We can point to many things that influenced our culture that came from the Etruscans.
03:22Even what we call Roman numerals were actually Etruscan numerals.
03:27Copied by the Romans from the Etruscans and later inherited by us.
03:32We will never know how much of us is truly Etruscan.
03:36Our alphabet, some words we use, some very important ones like persona, personality,
03:44We wouldn't have it if it weren't for the complexity of Etruscan culture.
03:53The lost world of the Etruscans is now seen as one of the greatest known civilizations.
03:59Equal in importance to Ancient Greece and Egypt.
04:07Their culture emerged only 3,000 years ago in Central Italy.
04:16The earliest Etruscans lived in villages, in crude huts dating back to the Bronze Age.
04:21They explored the rich soil of Etruria, the vast forests and the fertile seas,
04:26taming the natural world around them.
04:29Armed with bronze weapons, they forced their way through, dominating the entire region.
04:36The development index was spectacular.
04:39Ancient authors labeled them exotic newcomers and claimed they were foreigners from the east.
04:46For a Greek or Roman author, the idea was...
04:50You don't look like us, you don't talk like us.
04:54You're not from around here.
04:56Where did you come from?
04:58Where the Etruscans came from remains a mystery.
05:03What matters is that Etruscan culture formed on Italian soil.
05:08Regardless of where they originally came from, the same was true for the Romans.
05:12Roman culture was formed here, so it is Italian, although it may have originated elsewhere.
05:17What intrigued the ancients was the fact that, within a span of a few hundred years,
05:22The Etruscans emerged as the fastest-growing economy in the Mediterranean world.
05:27But now there is no mystery as to how the Etruscans became so rich.
05:32The ground beneath his feet was full of treasures.
05:41In 1980, the archaeologist Giovannan de Locampo Reale was lucky.
05:46His discovery revealed Etruscan society at the exact moment it was flourishing.
05:55We began by examining the woods.
05:58It was a dense, impenetrable forest.
06:02And we saw some stones.
06:03Stones that should have been placed there, because they weren't natural rocks.
06:10They looked alike.
06:13Then we found two, three, four more.
06:19The stones belonged to a wall.
06:22But let's gather around and find other walls.
06:32The professor had stumbled upon the most complete Etruscan city ever found.
06:38Abandoned in a mysterious way, with no other construction on top of it,
06:42It was miraculously preserved beneath the dense forest.
06:48For 20 years, this site gave archaeologists a glimpse into an ancient world.
06:55It was a large settlement, two imposing villages surrounded by a complex of smaller houses.
07:02One village in particular proved to be a rich source of finds.
07:07Weights made of stones were found.
07:10They were part of a hand loom, probably used by the household slaves to sharpen fine wool for the...
07:16winter clothes.
07:23The archaeologist Stefano Giuntoli walks through a large entrance hall that leads to a chamber,
07:28where fragments of a wine glass imported from Greece and other evidence of an exquisite dwelling were found.
07:37This was a banquet hall where men and women enjoyed themselves and relaxed.
07:43It should be decorated with sumptuous frescoes and precious objects.
07:48The Etruscan aristocrats who lived here lived well.
07:57This was a developing city built around a network of precious metal mines.
08:02who belonged to wealthy Etruscan families.
08:05That's how the Etruscans got rich so quickly.
08:08This is where they literally made their fortune from the land.
08:14They had enormous mineral deposits, the largest silver deposits in Europe.
08:19Copper deposits, and probably tin and iron deposits as well.
08:24This abundance of materials and perhaps other raw materials
08:28This manifests itself through the great explosion of Etruscan society around 700 and 600 BC.
08:36Cities are built and the Etruscan elite become increasingly wealthy.
08:41This wealth, concentrated in the hands of a few, created an extraordinarily unique society.
08:50Throughout Etruria, mines supported the economy.
08:54While Rome was still a collection of villages,
08:56The Etruscans poured money into building fabulous cities high in the hills.
09:02Up to 25,000 people lived and worked in these independent city-states.
09:07Huge populations for the ancient world.
09:10In ancient Etruria, wealthy and well-dressed ladies,
09:15Accompanied by servants, they walked along the paved streets of the city.
09:20There was stone architecture, bridges,
09:23And there should be better sanitation than in neighboring cities because of the engineering.
09:30It was the extraordinary technical skill of the Etruscans that made their great cities possible.
09:37Like modern cities, they were built in sectors, with running water and a sewage system.
09:44Beneath present-day Orvieto, large water tanks that were excavated by hand 2,500 years ago are still intact.
09:53Through mining, the Etruscans became rich.
09:56But it was technological developments that fueled the Industrial Revolution.
10:01The metal that enabled them to make that great leap was iron.
10:06With the discovery of iron, they were able to build tools that made intensive agriculture possible.
10:16For example, the plow and the axe.
10:19And so more land was cultivated.
10:22The trees were cut down, and the land was able to produce more than one harvest per year.
10:26They began producing iron tools for domestic use.
10:30And, without a doubt, all of this generated a genuine Cultural Revolution.
10:37Just 500 years after the Etruscans emerged in the 6th century BC,
10:42The chiefs of those villages with their crude huts had become aristocrats.
10:47landowners and mine owners.
10:49There was also a new middle class made up of artisans, merchants, and traders.
10:55They lived the good life while their slaves did the hard work.
11:00Etruscan slaves, although still belonging to their owners, also led a good life.
11:05One of the ancient Greek authors mentions
11:08Some of these Etruscans are so wealthy that they treat their slaves as if they were free men.
11:14They own their own homes, have nice clothes, and run businesses.
11:19It's a different kind of slavery, difficult to understand in the modern world.
11:26The wealthy aristocratic class spent their money on art.
11:32Etruscan art remains their most extraordinary legacy.
11:37Through it, we can travel through time.
11:41There are many different scenes that depict the daily life of the Etruscans.
11:47We see people at banquets, dining, dancing.
11:52People listening to music or playing musical instruments and games.
11:58We see people loving each other, wearing different outfits, different clothes.
12:05Their neighbors were envious and mocked the vulgar display of wealth by the Etruscans.
12:11Undoubtedly, the Greek competitors of the Etruscans thought they had too much.
12:18And they accused them of being spendthrifts, saying,
12:22The Etruscans paid close attention to their own comfort and well-being.
12:28Without art, we would know very little about Etruscan thought and how they lived.
12:35There are thousands of Etruscan inscriptions, but none of their books have survived.
12:41They say history is always written by the victors, and so far, the history of the Etruscans...
12:46It was only told by their enemies, the Greeks and the Romans.
12:52They said that Etruscan women were permissive regarding sexual favors.
12:57and they had sexual relations with their slaves.
12:59The Greeks accused them of human sacrifice and piracy.
13:05The Romans said that the Etruscans were very superstitious.
13:09Obsessed with trying to predict the will of their gods.
13:12How much of that is true?
13:15We have to play detective and compare a small piece of evidence that has been extracted.
13:20from a Greco-Roman writer with something that was excavated.
13:25It is a great tragedy that we have lost Etruscan literature.
13:29Without a doubt, if we had some of his books,
13:32This would completely change our view of them.
13:36Our understanding of the Etruscans becomes much clearer.
13:38through another surprising aspect of their culture.
13:42They were very religious and believed that the good life would last for all eternity.
13:49Sixty years ago, Italian archaeologists discovered undisturbed tombs on the coast.
13:55near Tarquinia.
13:57They used seismic probes and periscopes.
14:00to examine underground tombs hidden for thousands of years.
14:04It was the first serious attempt to explore the tombs.
14:07using a non-invasive technology.
14:11Once inside, they were stunned.
14:15There lay the lost treasure that archaeologists had dreamed of.
14:19a time tunnel to a lost world,
14:21perfectly preserved, from this extraordinary people.
14:25In the underground tombs of Tarquinia,
14:28Archaeologists have found entire chambers decorated with fabulous frescoes.
14:34These people, who loved to have fun,
14:37They celebrated life even in death.
14:39In vibrant colors, they feast, drink, dance, and make love.
14:55The Etruscans built large cities for their dead.
15:01Full of elaborate tombs, arranged in sections with streets and squares,
15:06They reflected the cities of the living.
15:11This necropolis was built along the ancient city of Caesarea.
15:16Each family burial chamber contains the coffins of generations of Etruscan nobility.
15:23The Etruscans believed they owed their good fortune and power to their ancestors.
15:28Honoring them was essential.
15:33The tombs here are miniature houses.
15:36Plaster reliefs on the walls display each object that the deceased might need in the afterlife.
15:54We know, through the paintings in the tombs,
15:56that a noble funeral was a dramatic and colorful event,
15:59a kind of celebration.
16:04The Etruscans believed that death was a new beginning.
16:08Life was good, but death was going to be even better.
16:11because it would be enjoyed in the company of the gods.
16:22This people's obsession with the afterlife and their preparations for it.
16:26He gave us the clearest vision of his world.
16:30Almost everything we know about the Etruscans
16:33It was obtained through objects that came from the tombs.
16:36Almost everything you see in museums came from aristocratic tombs.
16:42People were buried with elaborate collections of ceramics and bronze.
16:49and sometimes armor and weapons for the men.
16:55Daily life and the afterlife were intimately linked.
16:59And the objects in the tomb always included plates and things related to drinking.
17:06and to celebrate for all eternity.
17:09There were also sofas where they could recline and sleep happily.
17:14wearing fine clothes and jewelry, flaunting the symbols of their status.
17:23No respectable Etruscan woman would go to meet the gods.
17:26without at least one polished bronze mirror.
17:31Thousands of these delicate, uniquely Etruscan objects,
17:35They were found in these tombs.
17:38Originally, these mirrors were shiny.
17:40and reflected the face of the individual wearing them on one side
17:43And when it was turned over, there was an ornamented concave surface on the other side.
17:50It was very common to use an ornament called a bow.
17:56It is a particularly Etruscan figure.
17:58And there is one represented right here in this mirror.
18:02It is a nude female figure with wings, carrying a perfume bottle.
18:07It's a kind of spirit of adornment.
18:09who accompanies the lady in the afterlife
18:12to offer you fragrance for all eternity.
18:17Death was a state referred to as animalistic.
18:20which meant becoming a spiritual god.
18:24For the Etruscans, the ancestors still lived, but in the sky.
18:29We have the idea that they considered life after death.
18:33like a wonderful place.
18:35It was great to go to the afterlife.
18:37Later, these people were venerated as ancestors.
18:41They were considered gods themselves.
18:50The Etruscans worshipped several gods,
18:52Some violent, others wise and friendly.
18:56They shared with the ancient Greeks
18:59Apollo, Hercules, and Persephone, gods of the sky.
19:02But the religion of the Etruscans was born at a unique and dramatic moment,
19:07coming from the bowels of the Earth.
19:12The gods sent a messenger named Tagis,
19:16a boy born of the Earth with the face of a child
19:18and the wisdom of an elder.
19:21He sang mysterious songs that only a nobleman named Tarkon could hear.
19:25I could understand.
19:27When they were written down, they became the Etruscan discipline.
19:33Etruscan discipline is the complete plan for an individual's life.
19:39and for the life of their culture,
19:42which involved moral teachings
19:45and all the necessary formulas and rituals
19:49to remain in good standing with the gods.
19:54These gods ruled over all aspects of life.
19:57And they spoke through nature.
20:00Every animal, every tree, and even the wind.
20:03They were carrying a message from the gods.
20:05The flight of birds was especially important.
20:08The altitude at which they were flying and the direction from which they were coming.
20:12It was an omen of success or disaster.
20:17The Etruscan priests, teachers, and interpreters
20:20They were the most powerful members of society.
20:24They taught that everything in the world was divided.
20:27according to sacred law
20:28And only they could decipher the message from the gods.
20:33An Etruscan priest, while preparing
20:36to read the will of the gods,
20:39It marked the cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west.
20:42and then he would watch what was happening in the sky.
20:46The quadrant of the sky, the sector where it appeared
20:50a bird, a lightning bolt, or anything else,
20:54I would tell you which god was responsible for that.
20:58The gods sent their most urgent messages.
21:02through thunder and lightning.
21:04A secret manual that only priests possessed.
21:07He explained the meaning of electrical storms.
21:11Called the brontoscopic calendar,
21:13It is one of the few Etruscan texts that have survived.
21:17It's a complete document for every day of the year.
21:22It works perfectly.
21:23If it thunders, you look up that date in the book.
21:29Many of the messages seem quite tedious to us.
21:33If it thunders today, the barley harvest will be good.
21:37And others are quite racist.
21:39On August 19th, for example,
21:42If it thunders, the women and the slaves
21:45They will have the courage to commit murder.
21:49The Etruscans did not risk making decisions.
21:52without consulting the priests first
21:54so that they could read the omens.
21:55and to foresee what the gods might think.
21:58They were considered very superstitious.
22:00And the Romans were said to be the most superstitious people of all.
22:03because they were truly obsessed
22:06to understand the will of the gods.
22:10This was a very particular concern of the Etruscans.
22:13To know what the gods wanted,
22:15what the gods were thinking,
22:16They would get angry,
22:18What will be the result if I anger the gods?
22:22Ancient travelers who encountered the Etruscans
22:25They were fascinated by their religion.
22:27and amazed by the priests' skill
22:30in predicting the future.
22:31The Romans even employed Etruscan priests.
22:35as advisors.
22:38The ritualized blood sacrifice
22:41It was an essential element in a priest's repertoire.
22:45Heavenly messages were being read.
22:47inside the entrails of recently slaughtered animals.
22:51The liver was considered an organ.
22:54who had the power to transmit messages from the gods.
22:59The art of prediction through liver interpretation.
23:03It was as developed as the reading of the heavens.
23:07The priests examined the livers.
23:10guessing by looking at marks or spots
23:12The writing of the gods.
23:15This liver model was found
23:17in a priest's tomb.
23:19It was probably used to teach new priests.
23:23to interpret the will of the gods.
23:25Boundary lines separate the spheres of each deity.
23:28telling the priest who is speaking.
23:34Readings and forecasts
23:36They took place in Etruscan temples.
23:38that dominated the landscape.
23:40This temple was the command center.
23:43From here, the priests examined the heavens.
23:46They performed the sacrifices.
23:48and then they translated the will of the gods.
23:50for every aspect of life
23:51big or small.
23:54The Etruscan elite was a kind of theocracy.
23:58They were priests, tyrants.
23:59who controlled the population
24:02through religion.
24:03This type of ceremonial center
24:05It was located at the heart of Etruscan power.
24:07of Etruscan culture.
24:10In times of crisis, famine, disease, or war.
24:14the priests could even demand
24:16The ultimate sacrifice.
24:18A human life.
24:21Human sacrifice was a possibility.
24:23But there is no concrete proof yet.
24:25However, the Etruscan images
24:26the images of the tombs
24:28They are filled with blood sacrifices.
24:30The sacrifice of prisoners
24:31That sort of thing.
24:33Perhaps a human sacrifice would have occurred.
24:35At least once in a while.
24:38The Greeks accused the Etruscans.
24:40of being tyrants and pirates.
24:43We know this from their accounts.
24:45who were cruel warriors
24:46and massacred hundreds of prisoners.
24:49The Etruscans were constantly
24:51at war with its business rivals.
24:54However, new discoveries
24:56near the coast of Italy
24:57They prove that they were the most coveted.
25:00Business partners from across the region.
25:07The Etruscans soon became
25:10the most powerful commercial force
25:12of the Mediterranean.
25:13They had the raw material.
25:15that everyone wanted,
25:16rare metals.
25:18First, they were courted.
25:20by the Phoenicians from the east.
25:22Then the Greeks arrived.
25:24They had the mineral deposits.
25:26that the Greeks wanted
25:28And the Greeks came from the east.
25:31getting as close as possible to the Etruscans.
25:34They attracted them like a magnet.
25:39In the 8th century BC,
25:41Greek merchants
25:42They joined others from the east.
25:44creating a trading post
25:45on the island of Pitecusai.
25:48It suited the Etruscans
25:50Keep your business partners away.
25:52The Etruscans were strong
25:54both on land and at sea.
25:56Their greatness gave them power.
25:58They stopped the Greeks.
25:59to settle in Etruscan territory,
26:01which reveals something about their military strength.
26:05They made it clear that they would negotiate with you.
26:08but they would not give him their precious land.
26:11Metals attracted the Greeks.
26:13Pitecusai,
26:14But trade was not one-sided.
26:17The Etruscans worshipped everything.
26:18which was new and exotic.
26:20In exchange for Italy's natural resources,
26:24the Etruscans received
26:27a wealth of food products,
26:30wine, olive oil,
26:32which they soon learned to cultivate
26:34and to produce.
26:35The Etruscans liked the deal.
26:38of growing grapes and drinking wine
26:40on a large scale.
26:41Originally a Greek idea,
26:43In a short time they were making a better wine.
26:45and they exported barrels of it
26:47to France.
26:50It can be said that the Etruscans
26:52the French taught
26:54who at the time were the Gauls
26:55drinking wine.
26:58Excavations carried out at La Ciotat,
27:00near Nice, in the south of France,
27:02They unearthed an Etruscan fort.
27:04with a network of deposits
27:05capable of storing
27:06large shipments of wine.
27:10Etruscan merchants
27:12They transformed the business.
27:13exporting wine by sea
27:14A true art form.
27:17They presented it to the French.
27:19a way of life
27:20Completely new.
27:25Today we can see
27:27how important it was
27:28The wine trade.
27:31A ship was found.
27:32off the French coast
27:34remained buried
27:35in the mud for 2,500 years.
27:38This cargo ship
27:39It was carrying 30 tons of wine.
27:48How and why
27:49This ship sank.
27:50It's a mystery.
27:51It may have been bad weather.
27:53but these seas
27:54They were famous
27:55because of the pirates
27:56and a loaded ship
27:57He was an easy target.
28:00The Etruscans
28:01They came up with an ingenious solution.
28:05The safest strategy
28:07for any cargo ship
28:09It was the speed.
28:11The Etruscan engineers
28:12They designed a ship.
28:13that could overcome
28:14for any vessel
28:15built by rivals.
28:18Your new design
28:18It revolutionized shipbuilding.
28:21He was unique.
28:22What set them apart?
28:24of their Greek competitors
28:27It was that type of mast.
28:29They used a candle.
28:30giant master,
28:32a type of square candle,
28:34but they added
28:35another mast
28:37with a sail in front
28:38which allowed
28:40faster navigation
28:42and perhaps better maneuvers
28:44in the deep sea.
28:47Over time,
28:48the Etruscan freighters
28:49were adopted by the Romans,
28:51setting the standard
28:52for modern ships.
28:55Pasts left behind
28:56in the race for dominance
28:57of maritime trade routes,
28:59the Greeks despised
29:01the knowledge of the Etruscans.
29:02The Greeks were interested.
29:06in classifying the Etruscans
29:07like the barbarians,
29:08like pirates,
29:09when, in fact,
29:11the Etruscans did
29:11exactly what
29:12The Greeks did it too.
29:15The Etruscans and the Greeks
29:17They continued to negotiate.
29:19without calling
29:19for mutual opinions.
29:21No rich house
29:23in Etruria
29:23it was complete
29:24without the beautiful ornamental ceramics
29:26Made by the Greeks.
29:28Indeed,
29:28were found
29:29so many Greek vases
29:30in Etruria
29:31which were considered
29:32as being Etruscan.
29:35In the shopping center
29:37in Bottecusa
29:37It was not for sale.
29:39only luxury items,
29:40Ideas were also exchanged.
29:44A great new idea
29:46It was the alphabet.
29:48The Etruscans
29:49They were among the first.
29:50peoples of Italy
29:52to acquire the alphabet.
29:54They received him.
29:55of Greek colonists.
29:57The language itself
29:58That's a separate issue.
30:00The alphabet
30:01in which it was written
30:03it was borrowed
30:04of the Greeks
30:05by the Etruscans
30:06and immediately
30:08modified
30:08by sounds
30:09that they were able to
30:10produce
30:10and the Greeks did not.
30:12And vice versa.
30:13And this alphabet
30:14It was part of the legacy.
30:15that they transmitted
30:16to the Romans.
30:19After,
30:19Etruscan merchants
30:21They discovered a paradise.
30:22incredible
30:22east of the Mediterranean
30:24and from the land of Assyria.
30:28Local artists
30:30They were inspired.
30:31and introduced
30:32the new designs
30:33in their own art.
30:34The lions
30:35do not belong
30:36to Italy,
30:37but they definitely were
30:38adopted by the Etruscans.
30:40They are consumers,
30:42receiving all
30:43these products,
30:44but at night
30:45for the day,
30:45their own artists
30:47they integrate
30:48to a style
30:49growing
30:49native art.
30:51The Etruscans
30:53they absorbed
30:53artistic ideas
30:54from outside
30:55and quickly
30:56They surpassed them.
30:57Now,
30:58these works of art
30:59They work
31:00as a record
31:01of Etruscan society.
31:02They absorbed
31:04many elements
31:05cultural
31:06of the Greeks
31:07and one of the most common
31:08It was the sport.
31:10In the paintings
31:11from the tombs,
31:12we see that they had
31:13sports competitions
31:14very similar
31:15like those of the Greeks.
31:17There was a launch
31:17disc,
31:18late,
31:19boxing,
31:20wrestling.
31:22The Etruscans
31:23participated
31:24of these games,
31:25some of them
31:26Just for fun.
31:28But they also
31:29they were competing
31:29physical competitions
31:31more violent
31:32which involved
31:32Man versus animals
31:33And man against man.
31:36They developed
31:38the bloody ritual
31:39of the fight
31:40between gladiators
31:41and they introduced it
31:41in Rome.
31:47In the east,
31:49they came across
31:50with the latest fashion
31:51in transportation
31:51fast,
31:52the chariot.
31:55It was the Etruscans.
31:56that they invented
31:57the electrifying sport
31:58chariot race
31:59and they built
32:00a new stadium
32:01for that in Rome,
32:02The ultimate circuses.
32:06Originally made
32:07for the nobles
32:08in opulent Etruria,
32:09soon everyone was
32:10moving
32:11in chariots.
32:13things that were
32:14prerogatives
32:15of the king
32:16in the Near East
32:18now
32:19assume
32:19connotations
32:20more general.
32:22And the banquet
32:24maybe
32:24the best known
32:26of these customs,
32:28of which
32:28a great king
32:30from the Near East
32:31would decline
32:32to toast
32:33with their warriors.
32:35But now,
32:36each warrior
32:37from the Etruscan city
32:38expects to join
32:40to the civic banquet.
32:41The Etruscans
32:42they appreciated
32:43the banquets
32:43Original and different.
32:45They invented it.
32:46mixed banquets,
32:48where women
32:48They drank wine.
32:49and they lay down
32:50alongside men.
32:53This mixture
32:54public sex
32:55horrifying
32:56your neighbors
32:57And that wasn't the only thing.
32:58about Etruscan women
32:59which was shocking
33:00The Greeks and Romans.
33:03To your neighbors,
33:04Etruscan women
33:05They were extremely liberal.
33:08A Greek traveler
33:09who wrote
33:09in the 4th century BC
33:11described
33:12your habits.
33:14Etruscan women
33:15They dine with any man.
33:17that he be present.
33:19The Etruscans
33:20share
33:20their wives.
33:22There's no shame in it.
33:23for them
33:24to be seen
33:25in sexual experiences.
33:28They exercise naked.
33:30exposing their bodies
33:32to men.
33:33They raise their children.
33:34that are born
33:35without knowing
33:36Who is the father?
33:40How much of that
33:42and truth?
33:43Women
33:44They walked freely.
33:45in Etruscan society.
33:46They were seen
33:47at parties,
33:48lying down with their husbands,
33:50savoring a sip of wine,
33:52dancing
33:52and living
33:53a life
33:53really
33:54much more liberated
33:56that of her sisters
33:57in Rome
33:58or Athens.
34:00Etruscan women
34:01really
34:02they appreciated
34:03social life
34:04and the banquets,
34:05favorite pastime
34:06of the Etruscans
34:07just as much as men.
34:08knowing that
34:09some women
34:10possessed
34:10their own containers
34:12for use at banquets
34:13and at least
34:13in two tombs
34:14there were two large
34:16wine things
34:16with registrations
34:17saying that
34:18They belonged to women.
34:19Roman women
34:21were prohibited
34:22drinking wine
34:23Under penalty of death.
34:24Etruscan women
34:26They were drinking.
34:26But is that the case?
34:27they believed
34:28In free love?
34:29There is a reference
34:31to the Etruscans
34:32made by the historian
34:33Greek Theoponkos.
34:35He was
34:36accustomed
34:37to the symposium
34:38who only had
34:39men
34:39and prostitutes
34:41and the idea
34:42that women
34:43if they lay down
34:44with their husbands
34:45at banquets
34:46It shocked him.
34:49He considered
34:49these women
34:50prostitutes.
34:51The Greeks
34:52probably
34:53They saw images
34:54of women
34:55eating next door
34:56of their husbands
34:57and they thought
34:58in an orgy.
35:00But there is no proof.
35:02This is the type
35:02of thing
35:03that the enemies
35:03They say that about you.
35:05There is no doubt.
35:06that women
35:07Etruscans
35:08compared
35:08with the Greeks
35:09and the Roman women
35:10were extraordinarily
35:11free.
35:12But that's partly true.
35:13because her sisters
35:14in Greece
35:15and in Rome
35:16they were simply
35:17an object
35:17of man,
35:18your property
35:19and they didn't have
35:20no rights.
35:23Greek women
35:24they remained
35:25in his quarters
35:26spinning,
35:27weaving,
35:28doing things
35:28feminine.
35:29Roman women
35:31traditionally
35:32they didn't
35:33permission
35:33to participate
35:34of public life.
35:36Women
35:37in Itruria,
35:37at least
35:38the aristocrats,
35:39possessed
35:40your own wealth.
35:41They had
35:42much more freedom
35:43that women
35:44Greek and Roman.
35:47Women
35:48Etruscans
35:49They were independent.
35:50They could have
35:51the money itself
35:52and even properties.
35:54Roman women
35:55not even
35:56They had a proper name.
35:57If you were
35:59daughter of Tulio,
36:00You would be Túlia.
36:01what if there were
36:02three daughters,
36:03there would be Túlia
36:03first,
36:04the second
36:04and the third.
36:05As for women
36:06Etruscans
36:07They had their own name.
36:09The fact is that
36:10Etruscan women,
36:11In addition to being free,
36:12They were also educated.
36:15When the mirrors
36:16silver and bronze
36:17found
36:17in the tombs
36:18of women
36:18They were cleaned
36:19and examined,
36:20they proved
36:21that they could
36:22Reading and writing.
36:23They had inscriptions.
36:25and the women
36:26they managed
36:27Read them.
36:29It would be pointless.
36:30in writing
36:31these names
36:32of characters
36:33Greek mythological
36:34if you don't
36:35I knew them.
36:36Then,
36:37all women
36:38aristocrats
36:39They were very cultured.
36:40Etruscan women
36:42they took their beloved ones
36:43ornate mirrors
36:44for life
36:45after death,
36:46just as he did
36:46Seyante,
36:47a noblewoman
36:48who lived in the century
36:49third year before Christ.
36:51Now,
36:52at the British Museum,
36:53its imposing sarcophagus,
36:54found in his own tomb,
36:56suggests that she was
36:57very rich
36:58It is very important.
37:01When your face
37:03it was rebuilt
37:03scientifically,
37:04it was discovered
37:05that the image
37:06in his tomb
37:07had a
37:07remarkable similarity.
37:09This shows
37:10that the Etruscans
37:11They were well ahead.
37:12of the Romans
37:13and from the Greeks.
37:15This is the first
37:15proven portrait
37:17from Classical Antiquity.
37:19But there was
37:20a discrepancy
37:20strange.
37:21Although it should have
37:2350 years
37:23when he died,
37:24the artist
37:25He portrayed her.
37:25like a woman
37:26much younger.
37:29Perhaps
37:30He must have met her.
37:31Or is it that
37:32this rich woman
37:33commissioned the effigy
37:34for your coffin
37:35years before
37:36Regarding his death?
37:38When your skeleton
37:39it was exposed
37:40and x-rayed,
37:41There was another revelation.
37:42that certainly
37:43It must have been terrifying.
37:44The Greeks.
37:46One of the things
37:47most notable
37:48protruding
37:49that was the fact
37:50of being an Amazon.
37:51And this is the only one.
37:52evidence that we have
37:52about Etruscan women
37:54riding a horse.
37:55We know
37:57that she rode
37:58due to strong musculature
37:59that had in certain
38:01parts of the skeleton,
38:02like the thighs
38:03and the part
38:04from below the back.
38:05She passed
38:06a large part of life
38:07riding
38:08and not confined
38:10to the rooms
38:11of women,
38:11like this
38:12the Greeks
38:13and the Roman women.
38:14But to what extent
38:15What was that freedom?
38:17And the accusations
38:19that women
38:20Etruscans liked
38:21of free love,
38:22They maintained relations.
38:22with slaves
38:23and that none
38:24Etruscan child
38:25Did you know who the father was?
38:29Society
38:30Etruscan
38:31He was an aristocrat.
38:33and the unit
38:35of society
38:35it was formed
38:37by the couple.
38:42The couple
38:43appears repeatedly
38:44during the thousand years
38:46of history
38:46Etruscan,
38:47from the beginning
38:48In the end.
38:51The effigies
38:52sentimental
38:53in the coffins
38:54Etruscans
38:54of husbands
38:55and wives
38:56hugging
38:56for all eternity
38:57They speak for themselves.
39:03Images in objects
39:05in the tombs,
39:06in ceramics
39:07and in the frescoes
39:07They celebrate the couple.
39:10Did the Etruscans
39:11that they spent
39:12so much money
39:13and energy
39:13honoring their ancestors
39:15they wouldn't mind
39:16knowing
39:16who was the father
39:17of your children?
39:19This has not been proven.
39:22based on the evidence
39:22archaeological.
39:25All people
39:26they celebrated
39:27doing a
39:29offering
39:30to the gods
39:30in their
39:31tombs
39:32or sarcophagi
39:33and identified
39:35their names
39:37and then
39:38they gave
39:39the names
39:39of the parents.
39:41Then,
39:42what there was
39:43with the Etruscans?
39:45A people
39:45that seemed
39:46so balanced,
39:47confident and liberal
39:49would they be
39:50so entertained
39:51to have fun
39:52who were caught
39:53by surprise
39:53by their enemies
39:54or arose
39:55A new threat?
39:59The reign
40:00triumphant
40:01of the Etruscans
40:01It has come to an end.
40:02after a thousand years.
40:04They say that they
40:05They were so obsessed.
40:06with the search
40:07of pleasure
40:07who didn't realize
40:08a new threat,
40:09not from the outside,
40:10but from their neighbors.
40:13there is no doubt
40:14what were
40:15very good
40:16organized
40:17warriors
40:17superb
40:18and
40:19politically
40:20assets.
40:22In the century
40:23eighth
40:23before Christ,
40:24at dawn
40:25from Roman history,
40:26the priests
40:27Etruscans
40:27they decreed
40:28your limits.
40:29The census
40:30Etruscan trade
40:31established
40:32the city of Rome
40:32like a center
40:33Mediterranean
40:34for trade
40:35and business.
40:36In the century
40:37seventh,
40:38the Etruscan dynasty
40:39of the Tarquins
40:39He dominated Rome.
40:41At least
40:42two,
40:42maybe three
40:43of the first
40:43Roman kings
40:44They are Etruscan.
40:46That was all
40:47later
40:48that the Romans
40:48they took over militarily
40:50and they
40:51then
40:52they conquered
40:53The Etruscans.
40:55In the century
40:56fifth
40:56before Christ,
40:57the Romans
40:58they expelled
40:58the sovereigns
40:59Etruscans
41:01and adopted
41:02a lot of things
41:02of their culture,
41:03but now
41:04with the expansion
41:05from the city of Rome,
41:06they saw them
41:07as rivals.
41:09Rome wanted
41:10the riches
41:11from Etruria
41:11for yourself.
41:14The period
41:15in which Rome
41:16recognizes
41:17that you need,
41:18He wants it and he will
41:19to take over Etruria.
41:20arrives when
41:21they realize
41:23that there is a
41:23large population
41:25urban
41:25who can't
41:27produce
41:27your own food
41:28and that needs
41:29to be fed.
41:30They begin
41:31to covet
41:32the lands
41:33cultivable
41:34from the interior
41:35from Etruria.
41:38they say
41:39the end
41:39of the Etruscans
41:40It was a prophecy.
41:41which came to pass.
41:44An old
41:45legend foretold
41:46that civilization
41:47Etruscan
41:47it would only last
41:48a thousand years.
41:50The forecast
41:51strangely
41:52It was confirmed.
41:54Could it be?
41:54the Etruscans,
41:55so superstitious,
41:57They were frightened.
41:58and succumbed
41:58what they judged
41:59Is it your destiny?
42:03They say that
42:03around
42:04from 44 BC,
42:07a comet
42:07it was seen
42:08and that
42:09marked
42:09the beginning
42:10from the last
42:10It was the Etruscan era.
42:12That was when
42:12emerged
42:13Julius Caesar
42:14and the Empire
42:15Roman
42:16It settled down.
42:17This has been
42:18used
42:19to explain
42:19why
42:20in recent
42:21200 years
42:22they
42:23showed
42:24so passive.
42:25They look like
42:25I couldn't resist.
42:27to the Romans
42:27how it was
42:28As expected.
42:28seem
42:29don't mind
42:30because they are
42:31being assimilated
42:32and conquered.
42:34But there was no
42:35nothing mystical
42:36about the collapse
42:37of the Etruscans.
42:38Wars
42:39commercials
42:40continuous
42:40against the Greeks
42:41they imposed
42:42its price.
42:43Right away,
42:44the armies
42:45of the Gauls
42:45attacked
42:46the Etruscan cities.
42:48Impelled
42:48because of hunger,
42:49they ran away
42:50to Italy
42:50looking for food
42:51and fertile land.
42:53The Etruscans
42:55they endured
42:55the first impact
42:56well before
42:57of the Gauls
42:58arrive
42:58Rome
42:59and occupy
43:00Briefly.
43:01And during
43:01many years
43:02from the end
43:04of the century
43:05fifth
43:06all the way to the fourth,
43:07they fought
43:08the armies
43:09Gauls.
43:11Defend
43:12Itrulia
43:12of the hordes
43:13of Gauls
43:14invaders
43:14listened
43:15The Etruscans.
43:17After,
43:18the Romans
43:18they started
43:19to take
43:19the cities
43:20weakened
43:21One by one.
43:22The first
43:23it was the city
43:24de Vei,
43:24closer
43:25From Rome.
43:26The secret
43:27of success
43:28of the Romans
43:29that was the fact
43:29of being
43:30united.
43:31The Etruscans
43:32with their cities
43:33and state
43:33independent
43:34sometimes
43:35at war
43:35some with the
43:36others
43:36They weren't.
43:38They never
43:39they joined together
43:40enough time
43:41to face
43:42Pomegranate
43:42together
43:43and so
43:44Pomegranate
43:44He conquered them.
43:45When a city
43:46it was weakened
43:47by the Gauls,
43:48Rome took advantage
43:50and maybe
43:51This is the secret.
43:52which explains
43:52defeat
43:53of the Etruscans.
43:54Some cities
43:55They were brought under siege.
43:56for years,
43:57others fell
43:58almost without a fight.
44:02In two centuries,
44:03Etruria
44:03It was just another part.
44:05of the great
44:05Roman Empire.
44:08Gradually,
44:08people
44:09they stopped talking
44:10or write
44:11in Etruscan.
44:12Everyone was talking.
44:13the language
44:13of the conquerors,
44:14Latin.
44:15People
44:16They really stopped.
44:17to speak Etruscan
44:18around
44:18of the century
44:19first
44:20before Christ
44:21and that was when
44:22the Etruscan people
44:24It has come to an end.
44:25it stopped being
44:26an entity.
44:28When the language
44:29he died,
44:30He also died.
44:30Literature.
44:32The writers
44:33ancients quote
44:34wealth
44:35of the music
44:35and of Etruscan art,
44:37your poetry,
44:38Pieces and stories.
44:40Only those left
44:41traces
44:42in the registration process.
44:43What happened?
44:45There was no need.
44:46nor interest
44:47on the part of the Romans
44:48in preserving
44:49the Etruscan texts,
44:50except for religious people.
44:52Then,
44:54They simply disappeared.
44:57And what about the people?
44:59Many Etruscans
45:00were killed,
45:01But not all.
45:03The aristocrats
45:04they mixed together
45:05to Roman society,
45:06a flash
45:07exotic color
45:08among the elite.
45:10Behind the scenes,
45:11they still
45:12influenced
45:13the new empire.
45:15What there was
45:16with the Etruscans
45:16That's because many of them
45:17They became Romans.
45:19Many from the aristocracy
45:20Etruscans
45:21they moved
45:21to Rome
45:23and became
45:24part of the Roman elite.
45:26recent studies
45:28they analyzed
45:29the names
45:30of the senators
45:31of the Roman senate
45:32in the century
45:33first before
45:34of Christ.
45:35And many of them
45:36They were from families
45:37Etruscans.
45:38Given the situation,
45:40they left
45:41that Rome
45:42assumed
45:42the control
45:43of the city.
45:44They started
45:45preparing
45:45your children
45:46to go to Rome
45:48and become a senator.
45:49And so,
45:50they could
45:51help the family
45:52through votes
45:53in the senate.
45:55The fight
45:56of the archaeologists
45:57to illuminate
45:58the world
45:58fabulous
45:58of the Etruscans
45:59It will never end.
46:01Although
46:02lived
46:02there are thousands
46:03of years,
46:04they arrived
46:04to the world
46:05modern
46:05in a way
46:06very straightforward.
46:07Your story
46:08It's captivating.
46:10your attitude
46:10in relation to
46:11to life
46:11intriguing.
46:16The spirit
46:17of the Etruscans
46:18still alive
46:19in Italy.
46:20Sometimes,
46:21when the light
46:22at dusk
46:23illuminates
46:23the face
46:24of the residents
46:24from Tuscany,
46:25We're back.
46:26to Itruria,
46:27home
46:27of the people
46:28lost
46:28From Italy.
46:30The Etruscans.
46:36Brazilian version
46:37DPN Santos
47:06DPN Santos
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