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Titulo Original: Documentário Mistérios da Ciência O Planeta Vênus Discovery Channel
Canal Autor (Nome): Lukevi
Canal Autor (Link): https://www.youtube.com/@lukevi9250
Fonte do Video (Link): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOMRTIx7dec
Licenca: Este conteudo e reutilizado sob a Licenca Creative Commons Atribuicao 4.0 Internacional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Note: The original content has not been modified. / O conteudo original foi mantido integralmente.
Canal Autor (Nome): Lukevi
Canal Autor (Link): https://www.youtube.com/@lukevi9250
Fonte do Video (Link): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOMRTIx7dec
Licenca: Este conteudo e reutilizado sob a Licenca Creative Commons Atribuicao 4.0 Internacional (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Note: The original content has not been modified. / O conteudo original foi mantido integralmente.
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TVTranscrição
00:06Planet Venus
00:07Its clouds are made of sulfuric acid.
00:10At 482 degrees Celsius
00:14Its surface is hot enough to melt lead.
00:18Venus today is very similar to the biblical vision of hell.
00:22This may be the most hostile place in the solar system.
00:27However, billions of years
00:30Ten years ago, Venus was very similar to planet Earth.
00:33Nobody knows why he changed.
00:38A new probe is on a mission to find out.
00:42What could have transformed Venus from a promising paradise into an inhospitable and hellish place?
00:48Is planet Earth destined to end up like Venus?
01:02Mysteries of science
01:04The planet Venus
01:08November 9, 2005
01:11A Russian Soyuz rocket is launched from Kazakhstan.
01:16Carrying a tiny European spacecraft called Venus Express
01:24Your mission
01:25Traveling the 402 million kilometers to Venus
01:29And to discover why the planet developed so differently from planet Earth.
01:40For centuries, the surface of Venus was an enigma.
01:44Obscured by layers of dense clouds
01:51Because Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth.
01:54Scientists had assumed it would be hot and humid.
01:57Some even imagined a tropical paradise.
02:03The perfect greenhouse for life.
02:08Venus should have the same temperature as Earth.
02:11And that's what we thought in the 50s and early 60s.
02:14We imagined it would be like Miami.
02:18What was really happening beneath the clouds?
02:22In the 60s and 70s
02:24While NASA was exploring Mars
02:26The Soviet Union launched a probe to Venus.
02:31Codenamed Vênera
02:34The probe sent back the first images of the planet's surface.
02:43Images not of a tropical paradise
02:45But from a hostile desert
02:49Lots of dust
02:50And no water.
02:55In many ways Venus resembles its twin brother.
02:59The Earth
03:02Similar in terms of size and composition.
03:04They likely formed from the same gas cloud.
03:07More than 4 billion years ago
03:10But unlike Earth
03:1285% of its surface is composed of extinct volcanoes.
03:16And solidified lava
03:19The clouds are formed from deadly sulfuric acid.
03:26Atmospheric pressure is 90 times greater than that of Earth.
03:30Enough to crush a car.
03:34But the biggest surprise is the temperature.
03:38The atmosphere is almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide.
03:43Just like on Earth
03:45This gas acts like glass in a greenhouse.
03:48Allowing light to enter
03:49Without letting the heat escape.
03:53On Earth
03:54Increasingly higher levels of carbon dioxide
03:57They are raising the temperature by a few degrees.
04:01But on Venus, the greenhouse effect has driven temperatures soaring.
04:05At levels hot enough to melt lead.
04:14We discovered that the temperatures there exceed 480 degrees Celsius.
04:18What disturbed us
04:21The surface is so hot.
04:23What rocks glow in the dark?
04:27Venus would leave a visitor from Earth disoriented.
04:32With the planet permanently covered by clouds
04:35You would be left without guidance.
04:37There are no stars, no sun, no shadows.
04:40Instead, the light is diffused and of an unnatural red.
04:46Think of a very vibrant color.
04:48From a sunset on planet Earth
04:51So imagine that color coming from all directions.
04:54In a rather diffuse way
04:56That would be the light on Venus.
05:00But the ship's first challenge
05:03It's simply a matter of arriving there whole.
05:09Five months and 402 million kilometers later
05:13The spacecraft is approaching Venus.
05:15And from the most dangerous stage
05:19Reaching orbit
05:21It will require perfect speed and rhythm.
05:24Space is never safe.
05:26Something could go wrong.
05:27And you have to be prepared for that.
05:33If it's too fast
05:35Venus Express will veer off into infinite space.
05:40Too slow
05:41And the gravitational pull of the planet
05:43It will cause it to collide with the surface.
05:47You are falling faster and faster.
05:49Towards your target
05:51It is appearing in the sky very quickly.
05:53You have an hour, an hour and a half.
05:55For the actual arrival day
05:56And it's really complicated.
05:58Do you want to make sure?
05:59That you will be able to reach the right point.
06:01Regarding Venus
06:02And what is it leaning towards?
06:03Around the planet the right way
06:06To enter orbit
06:08Venus Express needs to slow down.
06:10At 4,828 kilometers per hour
06:17April 11, 2006
06:21The motor is activated.
06:23To reduce the speed of the spacecraft.
06:30For 10 minutes
06:31Venus Express disappears behind the planet.
06:36If it fails to reach orbit
06:38She will get lost.
06:41There is no second chance.
06:47A 4-year mission
06:49It depends on her braking at the right moment.
06:53The most critical maneuver is happening.
06:55Without seeing or hearing anything from Earth.
06:58It's a scary moment.
06:59Because you lose communication for 10 minutes.
07:02And everyone is eager to know what happens.
07:11The spacecraft's pioneering orbit begins.
07:18A multi-million dollar search
07:20To uncover the secrets of Venus
07:23But first the spacecraft needs to get closer.
07:27On an elliptical path around the planet's poles.
07:31The spacecraft falls from more than 64,000 kilometers above the surface.
07:36For just 249.4 kilometers
07:40Now the work begins.
07:44Onboard technology represents a significant advancement.
07:47Regarding the last mission to Venus in 1990
07:52Before this, a probe would not have been able to analyze the surface of Venus.
07:57Without landing
08:00All the probes had a short lifespan.
08:02They were crushed by the pressure.
08:05Melted by the heat and corroded by the acid.
08:10With this mission
08:12Scientists have discovered a way to study the surface.
08:16Without landing and keeping the probe safe.
08:23Venus Express
08:25See the planet using infrared.
08:28A wavelength invisible to the human eye.
08:33Unlike visible light
08:35Infrared light can penetrate areas of less dense clouds.
08:40Allowing the probe to see through the clouds
08:42The clean atmosphere below
08:48Now, for the first time
08:49Scientists may reveal Venus in 3D.
08:52From the ground
09:00With the naked eye, we are limited to a view of 1% of Venus's upper atmosphere.
09:06In the higher regions we see these mists.
09:08Looking with infrared light, we can see through all that haze much lower in the atmosphere.
09:13And it can actually reach the surface.
09:17Nearly 250 kilometers high
09:20Scientists will explore these infrared windows.
09:24To map the surface in unprecedented detail.
09:28Your map will document exactly what the differences are between Venus and Earth.
09:33After that, they hope to find out why.
09:39Despite decades of exploration
09:41Our sister planet may still surprise us.
09:45And in a short time
09:47The Venus Express makes a surprising discovery.
09:55A spacecraft is in orbit around Venus.
09:59On a mission to solve a mystery
10:02Venus should be like planet Earth.
10:06However, billions of years ago
10:09Venus took its own course.
10:11And it transformed into the burning rock that it is today.
10:20While studying the outer layer of the atmosphere
10:24Venus Express discovers the first clue to what might have gone wrong.
10:31It detects particles escaping into space.
10:34Primarily helium, hydrogen, and oxygen.
10:41Hydrogen and oxygen form water.
10:49For years
10:51Scientists debated whether Venus's atmosphere...
10:54Contain some water
10:56Some argued that if the primitive planet Earth
10:59There was water.
11:00Venus would also have
11:01Perhaps enough to form an ocean.
11:04Covering 90% of the planet
11:08Nonetheless
11:09The Venus Express detects only
11:11A small amount of water vapor
11:13In the atmosphere
11:16If all that steam were condensed
11:18Across the entire planet
11:20This would create a layer of water.
11:22What harm would it do?
11:23Two and a half centimeters deep
11:26If Venus ever had a vast ocean
11:29What happened to him?
11:33Most scientists believed that it had simply evaporated.
11:41But while Venus Express is in orbit around the planet
11:45Scientists are developing a new theory.
11:49They believe the Sun is still to blame.
11:52But the cause is more than simple evaporation.
11:55The Sun sustains life on Earth.
12:00It also emanates a constant stream of deadly charged particles.
12:05They run at speeds of almost 3 million kilometers per hour.
12:13It's called solar wind.
12:15Capable of devastating unprotected planets.
12:21Around planet Earth
12:23There is a magnetic field that protects our atmosphere.
12:26This field is formed by movement in our iron core.
12:31As the planet rotates
12:33But Venus has no magnetic field.
12:37Scientists believe it may rotate too slowly to form a
12:41The rotation is so slow.
12:43That a day here lasts almost two-thirds of an Earth year.
12:47On Earth, one rotation takes 24 hours.
12:51On Venus, 243 days.
12:56Without a magnetic field like Earth's
12:58Venus is much more vulnerable to being affected by the solar wind.
13:02And for energy in the upper atmosphere
13:05That removes the atmosphere and launches it into space.
13:09Today, scientists believe that a combination of evaporation and solar wind...
13:14It made the planet's moisture disappear.
13:19Venus is closer to the Sun than we are.
13:22And therefore, it is warmer.
13:25Their ancient seas evaporated into the atmosphere.
13:30Perhaps that water vapor is still trapped in the clouds.
13:34If it weren't for the solar wind
13:38Using simple chemistry
13:40Scientists are able to reconstruct how this may have happened.
13:47In the first place
13:48The sun's energy splits water vapor into hydrogen and oxygen.
13:55Next, the solar wind collides with the atmosphere.
13:59Tearing molecules from the clouds
14:06Over the course of billions of years
14:09Water is lost in space.
14:15Oxygen and hydrogen detected in the atmosphere
14:19These are the last drops from those ancient oceans.
14:25The loss of water has transformed Venus from a hot and humid planet.
14:30On a burning rock
14:33The atmosphere also changed.
14:36From water vapor
14:37For carbon dioxide
14:42Ancient volcanoes released trillions of tons of CO2.
14:47And they triggered a chain reaction.
14:49An uncontrollable greenhouse effect
14:52Leading to exacerbated global warming.
14:57Venus is currently the hottest place in our solar system.
15:01Hotter even than Mercury.
15:04The planet closest to the Sun
15:09Venus is a striking example of climate catastrophe.
15:14Devastating global warming
15:16It's a cosmic hell.
15:19If planet Earth were closer to the Sun
15:23He would be like Venus.
15:29Life on Earth can be a stroke of luck.
15:35But in the end
15:37We share the same destiny.
15:45A long time ago
15:47Scientists thought that Venus
15:50It was like Earth
15:51Venus Express showed how it transformed into a stereo world.
15:57There are more revelations about the clouds.
16:01On the surface
16:03The clouds appear calm.
16:05But when the spacecraft turns on its spectrometer
16:09Infrared visible light thermal imager
16:12His images show how the landscape transforms.
16:17Violent storms ravage the planet.
16:20At the poles
16:22Monstrous cyclones churn up the atmosphere.
16:25Storm systems that cause the worst atmospheric conditions on planet Earth.
16:31There, it feels like a breeze.
16:36While studying this mysterious planet
16:39Scientists observe something surprising.
16:42While Venus rotates slowly
16:47Its atmospheric winds travel fast.
16:50Venus Express observes winds circling the planet in a mere 4 Earth days.
16:59They travel 60 times faster than the planet's rotation speed.
17:06This is what scientists call super-rotation.
17:11If Earth were like Venus
17:14Its winds would circle the planet in just 30 minutes.
17:20A speed of over 80,000 kilometers per hour.
17:26On Earth
17:27The speed of the winds is almost the same as the speed of rotation.
17:32So why are the winds on Venus so much faster?
17:36What is the speed of rotation of the planet?
17:39The answer
17:40It's on cloud nine.
17:44On Venus
17:45The cloud layer
17:46It reaches a thickness of over 19 kilometers.
17:50So thick that only a small amount of solar energy can pass through.
17:54It reaches the surface.
17:58Much of this energy is trapped in the upper clouds.
18:03More than 64 kilometers above the surface
18:06This energy
18:09It causes the clouds to move at dizzying speeds.
18:14Because Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth.
18:17Solar energy in clouds is greater
18:20Just like wind speed
18:25Rare winds on planet Earth
18:27Over 300 kilometers per hour
18:29They are common on Venus.
18:34Scientists know that the Sun drives the winds on Venus.
18:38But they still don't know exactly how this happens.
18:41Or how much solar energy is needed?
18:45For super rotation
18:48The data needed to create a computer model.
18:52Detailed view of Venus's atmosphere
18:54They are beyond divine capabilities to express.
18:58To learn more about super-rotating winds
19:02Kevin Baines from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
19:05It proposes a mission for the future.
19:09Baines hopes to achieve the impossible.
19:12He plans to transport a balloon to Venus.
19:16Inflate it and release it into the atmosphere.
19:19Carrying a set of scientific instruments
19:22We want to have it fly to an altitude of almost 50 kilometers for up to a month.
19:27Circumnavigating Venus many times
19:32During the circumnavigation of the planet
19:34The instruments on board will be monitored from Earth.
19:37They will collect samples of chemical elements in the Venusian clouds.
19:42And they will accurately measure the variable winds.
19:46It looks like a regular balloon, but it's made of special materials.
19:50Managing to withstand the environment of Venus
19:52Let's put it in a place where it's at room temperature.
19:56And practically at the pressure of the Earth's surface.
19:58Close to that.
19:59The only thing we need to worry about is the sulfuric acid.
20:03But we know how to deal with it.
20:04The data collected by the balloon
20:07They will help scientists understand the complexity of atmospheric superrotation.
20:17Venus Express is equipped to solve a mystery uncovered by a previous mission.
20:22A vortex at the north pole of Venus
20:25Similar to vortices on planet Earth.
20:28We call them hurricanes.
20:35On Earth, they form when warm, moist air from the ocean...
20:40It is heated by the sun and rises to form clouds.
20:44As more energy enters the system
20:47The clouds begin to rotate.
20:49Creating a hurricane
20:53But Venus doesn't have heated oceans acting as fuel.
20:57So, what causes hurricanes to form?
21:02The Venus Express descends to the southern hemisphere.
21:04To examine this more closely
21:09What she discovers leaves scientists dumbfounded.
21:17A huge vortex, like a hurricane.
21:20More than 1900 kilometers wide
21:24And more than 20 deep.
21:26Four times larger than the biggest hurricane on planet Earth.
21:29And not one, but two eyes.
21:39Scientists believe that the existence of vortices
21:41It's not just due to super-fast winds.
21:44But to the planet's own movement
21:50A huge vortex is caused by all the air flowing in from the Equator.
21:54This air has to sink somewhere.
21:56What causes this enormous vortex, approximately 2,000 kilometers in diameter?
22:01Wilson believes that air coming from the Equator flows towards the poles.
22:05Where it is sucked down to form the vortex.
22:09But this air does not move in a straight line.
22:13The planet's rotation deflects its course.
22:18He suggests that this process
22:20The so-called Coriolis effect
22:22It produces gigantic vortices.
22:26Let's explain the Coriolis effect using this rotating table.
22:29Which is the same thing as a rotating planet.
22:31If I let that ball roll across the table
22:33You'll see that it runs in a straight line.
22:35And that's because you, the observer, are standing still.
22:37You're not spinning with the table.
22:39On the other hand, if we switch to a camera angle
22:42Or we could consider another observer who is orbiting the planet.
22:45This ball will appear to be traveling in a curved trajectory.
22:48Therefore, if the observer is rotating with the planet
22:51So the object appears to experience a force to the right.
22:54And this applies not only to balls.
22:57But also to blocks of air in the atmosphere.
22:59If the air on Venus is heated at the Equator
23:01And it moves towards the poles.
23:04It is then oriented to the right if it is in the southern hemisphere.
23:07Or to the left if you are in the northern hemisphere.
23:12As the winds move towards the poles
23:15The Coriolis effect makes them spin.
23:18Creating the vortex
23:23Wilson's theory seems logical.
23:26Vortices also occur at the Earth's poles.
23:32But if on one hand the Earth's polar vortex
23:35It is relatively stable.
23:37The two-eyed monster on Venus
23:39It's a constantly moving whirlwind.
23:45To discover what makes the vortex so chaotic.
23:49Let's recreate it.
23:56Wilson uses water to simulate the atmosphere of Venus.
24:01The rotating water tank simulates a rotating atmosphere.
24:05And then we have this thin ring that rotates at a different speed.
24:08Faster than the rest of the atmosphere.
24:11And what we discovered is that the flow in that region is unstable.
24:14It oscillates in and out.
24:15And we believe that this is quite representative.
24:18What happens around the edges of the polar vortex?
24:21Around Venus
24:23When Wilson adds dye
24:25Your simulation reveals the displacement patterns at the edge of the vortex.
24:32And all of this is affected by the planet's rotation.
24:35The vortex is not stable.
24:37He moves all over the place.
24:39You have structures with two, three sides.
24:41Changing every day
24:42It's a tremendously turbulent and fascinating place to observe.
24:46These chaotic winds demonstrate the power of Venus's atmosphere.
24:53But vortices aren't the only bizarre elements of the climate.
24:57We'll return to this next with Mysteries of Science.
25:01No Nat Geo
25:04June 9, 2006
25:07Venus Express discovers a strange phenomenon.
25:14The spacecraft detects an intermittent disturbance.
25:18Like the sound of a whistle
25:26A brief, low-frequency electromagnetic burst.
25:33This is the actual recording.
25:38For anyone else, it's something confusing.
25:41But for the mission team, it's a revelation.
25:44Lightning indication
25:51Professor Christopher Russell has been around for a long time.
25:54From the University of California
25:56He believed in the existence of lightning on Venus.
25:59The discovery made by the spacecraft presents a puzzle.
26:06On planet Earth
26:07Water leads to storms.
26:11Hot, humid air collides with cold air.
26:16Water droplets and ice crystals rub against each other.
26:19Creating positive and negative charges
26:21The accumulated electrical charge is discharged in the form of lightning.
26:28Venus's atmosphere has very little water.
26:31Most of it was blown away by the solar wind.
26:36So, what else could produce lightning?
26:42Thanks to information from Venus Express
26:45A controversial theory gains new importance.
26:48Russell's candidate to explain lightning.
26:52Clouds of sulfuric acid
27:01On planet Earth
27:02Clouds of sulfuric acid form.
27:05When sulfur dioxide is released by volcanoes
27:08And it mixes with water vapor.
27:11The same thing happens on Venus.
27:19Two decades ago
27:21Project Magellan
27:22The first spacecraft to map Venus
27:25He discovered vast evidence of a volcanic past.
27:31For centuries, volcanoes released
27:34Trillions of tons of sulfur dioxide
27:38Some remained as gas.
27:43The remainder mixed with the water vapor.
27:46Forming clouds of sulfuric acid.
27:53Fast-moving winds energize these acidic clouds.
27:59And they create the ideal conditions for lightning.
28:09Today we believe they are clouds of sulfuric acid.
28:12And the winds of Venus
28:14That provide the energy source in the cloud.
28:16For cargo separation
28:21Sulfuric acid is produced on Venus.
28:24What does water do on planet Earth?
28:28Acidic droplets come into contact with friction.
28:30Creating positive and negative charges
28:33I was looking for lightning and evidence.
28:37That they actually exist.
28:39And finding them is a kind of personal victory.
28:44The discovery of lightning is electrifying.
28:48Lightning is an ingredient of life.
28:54And an even bigger surprise was yet to come.
28:58The infernal planet may not be dead.
29:06Centuries ago, the volcanoes of Venus
29:08They spewed out vast clouds of sulfur.
29:12However, today's tests show
29:15That there is a fluctuation in these levels.
29:19How volcanoes discharge
29:21Large quantity of sulfur
29:23Only when they erupt
29:25Fluctuations mean one thing.
29:29The volcanoes on Venus are believed to still be active.
29:38Scientists have found active volcanoes.
29:40In only a few places besides Earth
29:46In 2007, the New Horizons probe
29:49Captured an eruption on Io.
29:51One of Jupiter's moons
30:03Finding active volcanoes in the inner solar system
30:06This is great news.
30:10This means that Venus may not be a dead rock.
30:14But a living planet
30:17Venus Express makes a closer observation.
30:21The probe explores the infrared windows.
30:25To see through the clouds
30:28Below, mountains and valleys.
30:31Regular plains
30:33Impact craters
30:35And higher points flattened like pancakes.
30:39Everything made of lava
30:4385% of Venus's surface
30:46They are covered in lava.
30:48This number intrigues scientists.
30:52To understand the vast lava fields of Venus
30:56Scientists turn to his twin brother.
30:59Calmer
31:01The Earth's crust
31:03It is formed by tectonic plates.
31:05Fitted together
31:06That move on its liquid mantle.
31:09Most of the volcanic activity on our planet
31:12It occurs in the places where these plates join together.
31:15Or they move away.
31:16Allowing heat from the core to escape.
31:20No mission found any evidence.
31:22Of tectonic plates on Venus
31:26Its crust
31:28It's solid.
31:32Without tectonic plates
31:34To cool Venus
31:36Scientists suggest that heat
31:38From its core it increased
31:39Until it could no longer be contained.
31:41And then
31:42Almost the entire planet erupted.
31:45Releasing so much lava
31:47That the crust was recycled.
31:49And a new planet came to the surface.
31:53This is a demonstration.
31:55How Venus was covered
31:57Through a new surface
31:58Let's demonstrate this.
32:00Using a pudding inside a mold
32:02On a hot plate
32:04That heat from the hot plate
32:05It represents radioactive heat.
32:07From inside Venus
32:09And here we are seeing the first signs of the interior.
32:12Heating the crust on the surface
32:14And that crust is stagnant.
32:17She is not moving.
32:19She is keeping the heat inside her.
32:22And perhaps at this moment the surface
32:24It might even crack in some places.
32:26And the molten material
32:28Molten rock beneath the crust
32:29It would erupt.
32:31And it would flow out.
32:32For the surface
32:33Covering all the craters
32:35And all the mountains
32:36And at that moment
32:37We can see several volcanic eruptions.
32:39Small ones along those cracks
32:41Check this out
32:49Global coverage
32:51Transformed Venus
32:54But would this gigantic eruption occur?
32:57The evidence that Venus...
32:59And planet Earth
33:00Were they once virtually identical?
33:02Rock identification
33:04On the surface of Venus
33:05It's not an easy task.
33:07When the rock heats up
33:08She changes her appearance.
33:09Its spectral characteristics
33:11But they change.
33:12Due to the heat on Venus
33:14The rocks on the surface
33:15They seem to be different.
33:16From similar rocks
33:17On planet Earth
33:18To overcome the problem
33:20Scientists are heating rocks.
33:22In the laboratory
33:23To see how they change.
33:25And to compare them
33:26Those they found on Venus
33:28What do we need to do?
33:30It's like heating rocks in the laboratory.
33:32How am I doing here?
33:33Acquire your spectra
33:35And to compare such spectra.
33:37With what we achieved on Venus
33:39I can give an example here.
33:41This is hematite.
33:42A red iron ore
33:44Very common
33:44And in fact
33:45One of the minerals that makes up Mars
33:48Look red
33:49However
33:49If you pick up this red ore
33:51And putting it at the temperatures
33:53From Venus
33:55It turns gray.
33:57And not red
34:03It will take a long time.
34:05Until the scientists
34:06Have a lithotheque.
34:07A library of rocks
34:09To identify those on Venus
34:11For now
34:12They know that most
34:14The planet is covered
34:15Through a mantle of volcanic rock
34:20According to scientists
34:21This new surface of Venus
34:24It emerged 500 million years ago.
34:26A slow process
34:28Which took tens of millions of years.
34:31This series of cataclysmic eruptions
34:34Released trillions of tons
34:36Sulfur dioxide
34:38And carbon dioxide
34:39Bringing back what the solar wind had removed.
34:45However, research on Venus
34:46They reveal that not the entire planet
34:48It received a new surface.
34:51Rocks in highlands
34:53They are much older.
34:54Than the lava that covers
34:55Most of the planet
34:56They offer clues.
34:58Regarding conditions on the planet
35:00In the distant past
35:01Kevin Baines discovered
35:03That these rocks
35:04They did not originate from dry land.
35:07Most of the rocks
35:09It is basalt formed
35:10From lava spewed by volcanoes
35:11We discovered that the high areas
35:13They are special.
35:14In the high mountains of Venus
35:16We found evidence of rocks.
35:18That were created in the presence of water.
35:19As if billions of years ago
35:21Had they been formed
35:22Perhaps in an ocean
35:24And then geological processes
35:26They have brought them to light
35:27Since then
35:31The rocks are substantial evidence.
35:34That Venus once had oceans
35:36Which prompts an intriguing question.
35:39On planet Earth
35:41Life began in the oceans.
35:44And another ingredient to start life.
35:47It's lightning.
35:48And lightning occurs on Venus.
35:56Then
35:57If Venus had water and lightning
36:00It would have once
36:01Do you doubt it?
36:08Scientists have ample evidence.
36:10What is Venus and planet Earth about?
36:12They were twin brothers.
36:14And that Venus had two of the ingredients of life.
36:17Water and lightning
36:22Lightning is important.
36:23Because they produce exotic species.
36:25For example
36:25Nitrogen and oxygen
36:27They combine
36:27To produce nitrogen oxides
36:29That are important for life
36:31And they are important for the production of chemical elements.
36:33That cannot be produced
36:35In no other way
36:36In a planetary environment
36:40With water
36:41And the means to initiate evolution.
36:44Perhaps Venus
36:46I have already lived.
36:47And maybe
36:49Still have
36:52The first clues
36:54They arrive with Venus Express.
36:57Almost 250 kilometers
37:00Above the surface
37:01A camera is being tampered with.
37:03For ultraviolet
37:05Unlike infrared
37:07The wavelength
37:08Shorter ultraviolet
37:10It is spread throughout Venus' cloud layer.
37:13Allowing scientists
37:14Explore the upper regions
37:16From the atmosphere
37:18Their images reveal
37:20Intriguing dark marks
37:21In places with the most ultraviolet radiation
37:24It is being absorbed.
37:25This shows that something more
37:28In addition to sulfuric acid
37:29It is trapping the sunlight.
37:33The mission team
37:34Call the dark areas
37:35From absorption areas
37:40There has been a great deal of interest.
37:42Ultraviolet absorbing hairs
37:44On Venus
37:45They absorb about half
37:46From sunlight
37:47That reaches the planet
37:48They are on cloud nine.
37:50From Venus
37:50And it has been suggested
37:51That they may be associated
37:53Life forms
37:56Life forms
37:57Like microbes
37:58Living in the winds
38:00With the force of hurricanes
38:01And clouds of sulfuric acid.
38:03Using ultraviolet light
38:05In a unique photosynthesis
38:07But what kind of life?
38:10Would it be possible to subsist?
38:12Under such conditions?
38:16Biologist Lynn Rothschild
38:18It studies organisms.
38:20Living in extreme environments
38:22She discovered microbes.
38:24Called extremophiles
38:26Aiming at some
38:27From the most difficult conditions
38:29From planet Earth
38:30Like in the National Park
38:31From Yellowstone
38:34With the highest concentration
38:36From thermal sources
38:38From the world
38:38He opens a window.
38:40For how life
38:41Could it survive on Venus?
38:44We'll come back to this next.
38:45With Mysteries of Science
38:47No Nat Geo
38:51What are you seeing?
38:53Behind me
38:54It's really the starting point.
38:56From which
38:56People started to find out.
38:58Organisms that could live
38:59Under extremely acidic conditions
39:01Before that
39:03People thought
39:04What conditions such as
39:05From the juice of the lemon
39:06They would be totally strange.
39:07The region where a living organism is located.
39:09It could be
39:09These geysers
39:12Powered by volcanoes
39:13They simulate conditions on Venus.
39:16Hot and acidic
39:21This flow
39:22It's simply phenomenal.
39:23pH of approximately 3
39:25Approximately 40 degrees Celsius
39:28A little warmer
39:29But it's very hot.
39:30To touch
39:32What do you see here?
39:34It's practically
39:34A pure culture
39:36From red algae
39:37I know it looks green.
39:38But actually
39:39They are red algae.
39:40That which does not contain red pigment.
39:43Extremophiles like these
39:44They manage to survive.
39:46In sulfuric acid
39:47And at temperatures
39:48Above the boiling point
39:49These organisms
39:51They evolved to survive.
39:53Not just the heat
39:54And to the acid
39:55But at levels
39:56From other chemical elements
39:57That they would kill
39:58Most
39:59Of life forms
40:02These organisms
40:04In particular
40:04Cyanidium
40:05They are truly amazing.
40:06Because not only
40:08They live in a low pH environment.
40:09And in warm temperatures
40:11And they perform photosynthesis.
40:12But they also survive.
40:14In pure CO2
40:15Pure carbon dioxide
40:17Not even Venus
40:18It's at such a high level.
40:22Organisms
40:23They demonstrate
40:24That life
40:25It can subsist.
40:26In warm environments
40:27Acidic
40:28And rich
40:29In carbon dioxide
40:30Like the one on Venus
40:35Rothschild
40:36He also found
40:37Microbes
40:38Which can even
40:39To protect yourself
40:40Against radiation
40:41Ultraviolet
40:44In truth
40:45Rothschild
40:46He discovered
40:47That life
40:48On Earth
40:48It can subsist.
40:49Almost
40:50Anything
40:55Life can endure.
40:56In solid salt
40:57In boiling water
40:58Like the one we see
40:59Around us
41:00In Yellowstone
41:01It may exist
41:02In a pH
41:03From zero to zero
41:04The lowest
41:04On the normal scale
41:05From pH
41:06It may exist
41:07On the ice
41:08We found life.
41:09In Antarctica
41:10In the Arctic
41:11Life in temperatures
41:13From 113
41:13Perhaps even
41:15121 degrees Celsius
41:16Well above the temperature
41:18From the boiling point of water
41:19What is 100 degrees Celsius?
41:22If life
41:23Can it survive?
41:25In Yellowstone
41:26Why not
41:27On Venus
41:31Scientists believe
41:32That the surface itself
41:34It is ruthless.
41:35Too much
41:37Temperatures
41:38They reach more than
41:39480 degrees Celsius
41:41And the pressure
41:42It's overwhelming.
41:45But no
41:46In the clouds
41:49More than
41:5048 kilometers
41:51Above
41:52Temperatures
41:53They only reach
41:5480 degrees Celsius
41:55Much closer
41:57Of the type of heat
41:58What do they resist?
41:59Microbes
41:59On planet Earth
42:02Could life
42:03To have begun
42:04In the old days
42:04Oceans of Venus
42:09When the water
42:11It evaporated.
42:11Microbes
42:12They may have gone.
42:13Although with her
42:20Here
42:21In the clouds
42:22Colder
42:23And acidic
42:24They could
42:25Survive
42:26But how does life
42:27It may exist
42:28No water
42:31There is steam.
42:33Of water
42:33In the clouds
42:34On Venus
42:35And we have some
42:36Indications
42:36From which organisms
42:37On planet Earth
42:38Liquins
42:39For example
42:40They can use steam.
42:41As your source
42:41Of water
42:42Therefore
42:43It's quite
42:44Encouraging
42:45For life
42:45In the clouds
42:46At least
42:47In terms
42:47Availability
42:48Of water
42:50To know
42:51If there is life
42:52In the clouds
42:53Wet
42:53And acidic
42:54Rothschild
42:55Collect samples
42:56Air
42:56Above one
42:57Water source
42:58Warm
42:59Steam
43:00Acidic
43:01Simulate
43:01The clouds
43:02From Venus
43:08It's possible
43:10See a little
43:10Green
43:11Here in the mouth
43:11That's it
43:12Encouraging
43:13Perhaps
43:14Really
43:14Let there be something
43:15There
43:18Analyses
43:19They show
43:19What microbes
43:20They can exist.
43:21Steamed
43:21Warm
43:22And acidic
43:22Suggesting
43:23That life
43:24It could
43:24Survive
43:25In the clouds
43:26From Venus
43:28To place
43:29The theory
43:30Even more
43:31Proof
43:31Lenin
43:32It sends organisms.
43:33Way up high
43:34For the atmosphere
43:39She launched
43:40A whole spectrum
43:42From microbes
43:44Some
43:45For more
43:45From 30
43:46Kilometers
43:47A region
43:48Where the temperature
43:49And the pressure
43:50They fall so much
43:50That the greatest
43:51Part of the forms
43:52Of life
43:52He would die.
43:57Many
43:57Of the objects
43:58From the research
43:59De Lynn
43:59Rothschild
44:00They survived.
44:02Some researchers
44:03They even got to
44:04To find
44:04Organisms
44:05Capable
44:06To reproduce
44:07In the atmosphere
44:07The research
44:09Show
44:10That life
44:10In the clouds
44:11Hot
44:11And acidic
44:12It is theoretically
44:13Possible
44:15Perhaps
44:16Microbes
44:16Live
44:17In the clouds
44:18From Venus
44:18Hidden
44:20In those
44:20Strange
44:21Stains
44:21Dark
44:23Venus
44:25Express
44:25He traveled
44:26140 million
44:27Kilometers
44:28Around
44:29From the planet
44:29And he finished.
44:30100 weeks
44:31Collection
44:32From data
44:32She proved
44:34That in the past
44:35Venus
44:36It seemed
44:36With the planet
44:37Earth
44:37With the climate
44:38Habitable
44:39Vast oceans
44:41And maybe
44:42Even
44:42Life
44:43But being
44:46Too close
44:47From the sun
44:47Venus
44:48He was doomed.
44:49The earth
44:50It blossomed.
44:51Venus
44:52It dried up.
44:53But even
44:55Life here
44:56It can develop
44:58Perhaps
44:59Protected
45:00In the midst
45:00The cloaks
45:01From clouds
45:04It's possible
45:06May we have
45:07To wait
45:07Years
45:08So that the secret
45:09Let it be revealed
45:10But one day
45:13Another mission
45:14Venus
45:15You may find
45:16The Holy Grail
45:17From space
45:19Life
45:20Beyond our world
45:25Version
45:27Marshmallow
45:28São Paulo
45:28The Holy Grail
45:28The Holy Grail
45:29The Holy Grail
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