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The 1930s were a decade which erupted into color as photographic technology came of age and new, innovative processes brought color photography to the market. Rare, private, and commercial film and photographic archives give poignant and surprising insights into the era and reflects the culture, travel habits and spirit of adventure associated with this transformative time.
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00:00This is 1930s Britain.
00:04For the first time, black and white films now in colour.
00:12Bringing new life to the good times and the bad.
00:18It's a turbulent decade.
00:20The best things happen and the worst things happen.
00:23Three kings in one year.
00:26The monarchy in crisis.
00:30A government gambles everything
00:33in a desperate attempt to stem the Nazi tide.
00:38Looking back in history, we say, well, how can they not be 360 degree aware
00:43of the reality of what they were facing?
00:49This time, the mid-1930s,
00:55Brits enjoy new freedoms.
00:57People are showing their bodies the first time, especially for women.
01:02It's very liberating.
01:05The Nazi threat grows.
01:09It's rather scarlet them to see the Union Jack
01:12and the Nazi swastika flag side by side.
01:16They're marching through a Kent street.
01:18Wow.
01:19I had never seen this before.
01:23Britain strives for peace,
01:25but prepares for war.
01:27This is the thirties in colour.
01:32Countdown to war.
01:33This is the thirties in colour.
01:35Countdown to war.
01:37So, they passed through the Kyber inadequary,
01:39the French smell of oil.
01:45It's a good idea for organisations and ils 바perament,
01:47it's never jedermed for peace.
01:49He had never even RBU.
01:50So, they said,
01:51they claim to be the end of the day
01:51that they may wolves of the Alsace
01:52and the parent village.
01:53So, they come and they get villages.
01:54It's not true that they're City czytеры
01:54or something.
01:54.
02:01Por 1935, Adolf Hitler
02:03had established complete control
02:05over Germany.
02:12But it was still unclear
02:13what threat he posed to Britain.
02:19Where a whole new world was emerging.
02:22A boom in car production and new roads
02:26meant an escape from town to country.
02:29And the Holiday Pay Act
02:31meant that ordinary working people
02:33could now enjoy a proper break.
02:37Hello, dear.
02:39Well, this year, we've got holidays with pay.
02:42Isn't that lovely?
02:46There was a new and glamorous holiday destination on offer.
02:52Butlin's fantastic fun.
03:01I didn't go until the 60s, but, you know, it's incredible fun.
03:09This is before people took flights
03:12to the Algarve or the Costa del Sol.
03:17This provided an opportunity for people
03:21from often from inner cities to go somewhere
03:23and enjoy a holiday as a family.
03:29The idea that ordinary working-class Britons
03:32could enjoy a holiday was completely alien before the 1930s.
03:36It was a hugely exciting moment
03:38and a real moment of social mobility.
03:43Thousands could now go on holiday to resorts and camps,
03:47like Butlin's in Skegness, Clacton, and later, Bognor Regis.
03:55Founded by Billy Butlin on the neat idea of a week's play for a week's pay,
04:01these camps promised three meals a day
04:04and organised fun for all the family from dawn till dusk.
04:08My father came over from Canada and he stayed in a guesthouse.
04:13You had your breakfast and your evening meal there,
04:16but they didn't want to see you for the rest of the day,
04:18so you had to amuse yourselves.
04:20He saw that there was a great opening for an amazing business.
04:25That's how he started Butlin's.
04:28I love the ethos.
04:29It was there right from the beginning, even till today.
04:32Our true intent is all for your delight.
04:35My father, right from the very beginning,
04:37wanted to provide holidays for everybody
04:39and his ethos was to make everybody happy.
04:43It's lovely to see it in colour as well.
04:46It's amazing.
04:46Then, as now, the fun was ruthlessly organised
04:53by Butlin's iconic redcoats.
04:56They'd rouse holidaymakers at 7.45 sharp for their daily activities.
05:03Today, it's a more optional endeavour.
05:10Redcoats Freya and Jake carry on the tradition.
05:13Wow, look at this.
05:19Costume and figure competition.
05:21Imagine if we had that now.
05:22I'd win that easily.
05:23Would you? Yeah, all right.
05:29The hair and just the slutsis and stuff is so different to now.
05:33Now everyone's got those top-not bum things.
05:40Isn't it mad how times have changed?
05:42What's that?
05:48I don't know.
05:49Nubbly knees competition.
05:50Nubbly knees.
05:54Now I get why we don't do it.
05:56Yes.
05:58It's crazy.
05:59It's absolutely crazy, isn't it?
06:01We couldn't have done that nowadays, could we?
06:03It's hilarious, you know, we just wouldn't even think to do this in our time.
06:12I think, are they really having fun?
06:17Is this what fun looks like, 1930s star?
06:19It's just good family fun.
06:22Fathers with daughters.
06:25Oh, there's my father.
06:26Aw.
06:27With the moustache.
06:28It's so lovely to see him there.
06:32What a handsome man he was.
06:34And my mother always said she fell in love with him.
06:36You know, when she first saw him, she thought, oh, my God, he looks like Errol Flynn.
06:42It makes you feel proud, doesn't it?
06:44We're doing the same things.
06:45We are literally doing the same job and creating the same happiness, the same memories, the same magic.
06:49When the holiday was over, the organised activities went on at home.
06:58In the 1930s, a health and fitness craze gripped the nation.
07:04With a link between obesity and heart disease newly confirmed in the press, the pressure was on to keep in shape.
07:12The Women's League of Health and Beauty offered group exercise classes for women of all kinds.
07:20And the cameras flocked in to enjoy the spectacle.
07:25It's a forerunner to the fitness crazes of today, yoga and some such.
07:30But it was really quite new in the 30s.
07:38Many of them thought they'd never stoop so low.
07:40But now, thanks to these rhythmic exercises, they can not only touch their toes, but almost bite them.
07:47Commentary is something else.
07:48Commentary, you'd rather switch it off.
07:52On the hands, down can be ornamental as well as useful.
07:56Here's an exercise that suggests rocking chairs.
07:59It's very reminiscent, for those people who remember it, of Harry Enfield's satires of these kind of public information films.
08:06There's just unbelievably patronising, cliché, jaw-dropping comments about young ladies and their legs.
08:15It seems but yesterday that the female leg was looked upon as something that shouldn't be looked upon.
08:20The League of Health and Beauty was so popular, it gained almost 200,000 members by the end of the 1930s.
08:26Women of all backgrounds were encouraged to take part, donning their matching gym kits and taking to the fields.
08:37They are surely the original Bridget Jones big knickers, aren't they?
08:41It's quite a change. Here you are seeing women wearing very short shorts, and 30 years earlier, people were covering up table legs and chair legs because they were so prudish in their Victorian morality.
08:54Cycling without a cycle is a great exercise.
08:56And it's new in the sense that working out in public for the first time, and especially for women, that's very important, that they can use their physicality in a way they hadn't been able to before.
09:09It's very liberating, I think.
09:11Now, the downside of this, this isn't just about physical health, this is about racial health and racial fitness, and this is a hangover from social Darwinism around survival of the fittest and survival of the fittest nations.
09:28And underlying this exuberance is a kind of concern about the survival of the white race.
09:36I'm sorry to bring a sour note into this potentially light-hearted, silly 1930s film, but it's actually connected to a whole lot of eugenic ideas about race and motherhood and what women were for, which was breeding the next generation of healthy British men.
09:56This obsession with health, race and beauty was to take the most sinister of turns in the years ahead.
10:14And Britain got dangerously close to embracing Nazi ideals.
10:20I think this is one of the things that's really hard to understand about the 30s.
10:23How could this have gone on?
10:26In mid-1930s Germany, military conscription meant unemployment was falling fast, and Hitler was starting to re-arm.
10:49In Britain, the worst of the unemployment crisis was behind us, and in towns and cities, we were busy building.
11:00Futuristic factories producing life-changing products started to emerge.
11:05The most iconic of the most iconic of all was the Hoover Building.
11:11When this revolutionary American company opened its factory in West London, it was hailed as a modern palace of industry.
11:20The building is supreme art deco.
11:25Art deco represents modernity, streamline, beauty, newness.
11:33To the people of that time, it must have seemed like a pyramid, seemed to the ancient Egyptians.
11:43Like a miraculous building of wonders.
11:46In the 1930s, vacuum cleaners were transforming British homes, and Hoovers were the most popular cleaners on the market.
11:55Busy housewives sigh regretfully for an electric vacuum cleaner.
12:02Inside the factory, the ultra-modern technology and appropriately clean interiors were a unique selling point.
12:09This sneak peek through their doors was designed to lure in even more customers.
12:18There are 879 parts and 3,631 operations in its manufacture.
12:24Now, I remember my parents talking about this almost as if it was utopian.
12:29It's the idea that in the future, factories would be like this, clean and modern,
12:36and you wouldn't have people dying of industrial disease.
12:39This would be handy in the bathroom for re-bristling old toothbrushes.
12:48Interesting to see the man had goggles on, so a very strong sense of safety.
12:53My granddad worked for Hoover as an engineer in the 50s,
12:56and it's fantastic to see, even in a 20 years difference,
13:00how this has changed from quite a humble beginning and something quite new and innovative
13:04to something that was in every single household.
13:08Here, one of the extensions of the dusting tools is being bent so that it will go into odd corners
13:14and otherwise uncontrollable places with a minimum amount of stooping and craning by Milady.
13:19Nobody ever fell off a stepladder using one of these sweepers.
13:22There's the lucky recipient using the Hoover on her, no doubt, synthetic carpet.
13:32At last, Milady can make light of her housework,
13:35hardly realising how much care, energy and patience have been spent on her behalf.
13:40The irony with all this is that all these appliances make housework somehow fun and exciting, apparently.
13:47And instead of that work being done by servants for money,
13:52it's now done by housewives for free.
13:57With the added excitement of an appliance,
13:59which I think is one of the biggest changes, really, for women in this time.
14:03British industry was about to switch to a war footing as tensions mounted in Nazi Germany.
14:16European statesmen have been staggered by dictator Adolf Hitler's latest move
14:30in denouncing the treaties of Versailles and Locarno
14:33at nothing more than scraps of paper.
14:38The British government began to prepare for the threat of gas attacks.
14:42And factories across the nation were dedicated to preparations for a war
14:50most people wanted to avoid at all costs.
14:55The government consider that in time of war, everyone ought to have a gas mask.
15:02Everyone, whether rich or poor, whether they have the money to buy it or not.
15:08We hope they will never be needed.
15:10So says Mr Geoffrey Lloyd, the Parliamentary Undersecretary for the Home Department,
15:15when he formally opens the government-owned factory for mass-producing gas masks.
15:21It's interesting that the war was already being prepared.
15:24There's already a dawning realisation that the threat of war is really serious.
15:29So, of course, this created a good deal of anxiety,
15:32and I think that fuelled the popular support for Chamberlain and his policy of appeasement.
15:36Neville Chamberlain and the British government had been pursuing a policy of appeasement,
15:44trying to keep the peace with Adolf Hitler,
15:47who had broken international law by marching his troops into a stretch of land in West Germany
15:52known as the Rhineland.
15:54The government hoped that by turning a blind eye, Hitler would be satisfied,
16:02and gas masks and another war could be averted.
16:07Neville Chamberlain was straightforward.
16:08He just wanted to make sure there wouldn't be a war.
16:11And he remembered the First World War and was determined this shouldn't happen again.
16:15By 1937, I don't think anyone would have said that war was inevitable,
16:22but it would have been a brave man who would have ruled it out entirely.
16:26Hitler's built up the German armed forces from scratch.
16:30He has developed an incredibly powerful air force.
16:33And so, while the British government was doing everything it could to avoid a war,
16:37the very possibility of war was being widely discussed,
16:40and if there was to be a war, people thought that gas was likely to be used.
16:46500,000 gas masks were being produced a week,
16:50and ordinary Brits of all ages dutifully waited to be fitted.
16:54The demonstrations of how to breathe with them are quite, are quite something.
17:05I'm trying to entertain this screaming child that is no doubt terrified
17:11by her mother's quite dramatic transformation when she's put the gas mask on.
17:21Oh, God, now she's got to wear one.
17:24The general feeling was that you had to put the children first.
17:31They should be told about gas masks.
17:35That is just horrible.
17:38Seeing a young child being terrified like that.
17:41I remember at school, we were all asked to try on gas masks.
17:46Gas was something people were very frightened of.
17:49It really is important to understand that one of the main reasons for this fear
17:54was, of course, the use of gas in the First World War.
17:59It's just a tiny snapshot of the trauma that children especially had to go through
18:05in the 1930s and 40s,
18:06and it's not surprising that it shaped their experience for the rest of their lives.
18:12Whilst preparations for war rumbled on, the overwhelming hope was still to maintain peace with Nazi Germany,
18:24and shocking scenes played out in rural Britain.
18:28This rare and mysterious home movie from 1936 shows a highly unusual trip in Kent between a British boys' club known as the Britannia Youth Movement and Hitler's very own organization, the Hitler Youth.
18:47So here we've got Brits saluting the swastika, we've got the Hitlerjugend, as it's called in Germany,
18:59and then our guys in sort of cadet uniform, they're marching through a Kent street.
19:05Wow, I had never seen this before.
19:12Not a lot is known about the Britannia Youth.
19:15It's rather startling to see the Union Jack and the Nazi swastika flag side by side,
19:21and young Germans of the Hitler Youth trying not entirely successfully to do the goose step.
19:28I think the grass gets in the way.
19:30It really is a fairly chilling sight, hearty British teenagers marching alongside German fascists.
19:46This is one of the things that's really hard to understand about the 30s, when we know what happened later.
19:51How could this have gone on?
19:54Hitler, above all, gave a sense of mission to young people.
20:00And among a lot of people in other countries, even in France and Britain and so on,
20:05there was a sense of amazement, delight, excitement about the rise of the Nazis.
20:14You said this was 32, 33, 34, you might say, turn a blind eye to it, but I mean, 1936,
20:22the things that were known about the Nazis by this time, you know, with thousands of people locked up,
20:29with Jews having been deprived of their livelihoods and the means to work.
20:34By the start of 1937, the Hitler Youth was compulsory for all Aryan children aged 14 to 18,
20:45and had over five million members.
20:48These youths would go on to form the bedrock of the future Nazi army.
20:55The film also shows the Britannia Youth visiting Germany,
21:00and one young member even captured the Führer on film.
21:07I mean, it's extraordinary that people believed him to be a sort of leader of the great Nordic peoples,
21:12that they were going to breed and kill the Jews and kill the mentally deficient
21:17and kill the criminally insane.
21:20And then the person it's focused on is a dark-haired little bloke from Austria
21:24who speaks with a very, very strong Austrian accent.
21:27I mean, but then, of course, you know, why should racism make sense?
21:32These sorts of exchanges were, in fact, part of an international charm offensive,
21:39carefully orchestrated by the Nazi party in order to seem more respectable than they really were.
21:47And Britain was taken in.
21:49There's a lot of sentiment that young people from the two countries needed to be friendly and to get together,
21:58to overcome the legacy of war and conflict.
22:021936 was the closest that Britain and Germany ever came to any sort of friendly relations.
22:09This was the year in which Germany made a conscious effort to try and be respectable.
22:14They were hosting the Olympic Games in Berlin.
22:17This was a propaganda gift for the Nazis.
22:20And the last thing they wanted was people not turning up.
22:23Whilst Britain continued to maintain a delicate peace with adversaries abroad,
22:38at home, the very fabric of British tradition was under threat in the wake of a royal scandal.
22:46It was just totally unexpected. It was massively unexpected.
22:50The royals were supposed to be a steady feature.
22:53Despite the growing fascist menace abroad, most British people continue to enjoy their favourite traditions.
23:06Up and down the nation, communities rallied together and had fun.
23:14This remarkable footage captures a town get-together in Helston, Kong.
23:21When crowds came out, dressed up to the nines,
23:24to celebrate the start of spring at their annual flora dance.
23:30These are remembrances of England's pre-Christian traditions,
23:36and they have survived Roman occupation, Anglo-Saxon occupation, the Reformation,
23:42and all of those sort of limiting ideological restrictions on culture.
23:49Especially after the war, that resurgence of community spirit
23:55would have still played a really important part in these towns and in these communities.
24:00This tradition carries on in Cornwall today.
24:06Nina Riddell has been reliving these steps every year for the last three decades.
24:12I think it's wonderful. The band, they keep the timing,
24:17but sometimes they're having to do quite serious walking and playing,
24:23rolling down the hill and they've got these great big instruments.
24:30There's something more in the dance than the sum of its parts.
24:36There's an extra something that, by being together and dancing,
24:40it's a sense of community and belonging.
24:49I find it really interesting. Nearly everybody is wearing a hat.
24:52I mean, I can remember this in the 1950s.
24:55Most men and women went out with hats on.
24:58And people's faces, they're just so modern.
25:03It's wonderful to know that people's faces don't change as much as we think they do.
25:11People's physiog, this stuff, the bones and the eyes.
25:16I mean, the makeup on that woman there,
25:19that looks like it could have been done yesterday.
25:22So it's this woman in the blue who has the lilacs in her hat.
25:28She could have been taken off the front of a style magazine in the 30s.
25:32Look at her hair, look at her hat, the colour of her suit, the cut of her suit.
25:37That is a perfect picture of a modern woman.
25:41As well as embracing old traditions,
25:44modern men and women could now enjoy a new communal activity.
25:48The 1930s was the golden age of the Lido.
25:54These vast outdoor pools sprung up in cities and towns across the nation,
26:00offering cheap bathing for the masses.
26:03Almost 200 were constructed over the course of the decade.
26:09Before, you'd had the public baths,
26:11which had been sort of tied up with getting clean as much as with exercise.
26:15The Lido is much more of a, you know, pleasure place.
26:22The pleasure of Lido's was open to all.
26:26Since gaining the vote in 1928,
26:29women had pushed for more and more freedoms.
26:33Now they could enjoy these open-air pools together with the boys.
26:38This was a huge moment.
26:42It's a really important step in social change for equality and for women.
26:48And it's something that seems so small.
26:50The women, you can see that their backs are exposed, their legs are exposed.
26:55What's really interesting is the difference in what is accepted as socially beautiful or attractive norms.
27:04Because today in society, we often frown or raise an eyebrow when we see armpit hair.
27:10And it's quite evident here that young women are showing it without worry.
27:14They could show themselves, warts and all, in a way that we maybe in our society haven't learnt to do yet.
27:21And of course, they were fantastic places for courtship.
27:25The appeal of Lido's was as much about the socialising as it was about the swimming.
27:30Denise Ghent and Christine Thomas have spent many happy years here at the largest saltwater Lido in Britain.
27:40The Jubilee Pool in Penzance opened in the mid-1930s.
27:45I love just swimming in the cold water.
27:48The sun on our back when we're lucky.
27:51I come out feeling peaceful.
27:55We used to sit up there and talk, watch the boys.
27:58A lot of love affairs started here.
28:04I met my husband here when I was quite young.
28:08We've now been married over 50 years, so it worked.
28:12We had two daughters who have also swum here all their lives.
28:17And now the third generation, three grandsons who were all lifeguards in the pool.
28:22This newly colourised footage shows men and women embracing their newfound opportunity to cool off.
28:34They're smiling faces and the way they just jump in. There's no faffing about. They're just straight in the water. It's just sheer joy, really.
28:44It must be wonderful living in a city, especially on a hot summer's day. It must be bliss just entering the water.
28:55Loving the swimsuits. Behaving just like we do now. The old footage is fabulous.
29:01I think it's wonderful that people in the thirties could enjoy such a fabulous place.
29:11The simple joys of life were a welcome distraction from sinister developments abroad.
29:17But the one institution that promised stability, the very backbone of British society, the monarchy, was now a cause of crisis.
29:35It all started with a grand state funeral.
29:39The king was dead. Once more we cried, long live the king.
29:44Long live the king.
29:45On the 20th of January 1936, King George V died after over a quarter of a century on the throne.
29:54His coffin travelled from Norfolk to London, where he lay in state for four days.
30:01The king was a great figure from the First World War.
30:05He had been a famous king, he had been a very respected king, but he was certainly a king of the old style.
30:12George V had been the first king to do a Christmas broadcast, so the king that most people felt the closest to.
30:21There was this strong sense of the importance of monarchy.
30:25Monarchy was a key fact about the 1930s.
30:29This is at a time when a portrait of the monarch would have sat in pubs and houses and factories and workplaces.
30:36They were very, very visible.
30:41He was to be succeeded by his modern and glamorous son.
30:45Edward is so different from his father.
30:49He's very modern, he's very contemporary, he has a different look and style.
30:53Edward VIII was very popular with the people of Britain, partly because he went out of his way to visit depressed parts of the country, places that were pushed down by poverty or by unemployment.
31:06But public opinion began to sour when salacious details of Edward's love life hit the news.
31:16He had chosen to marry his twice divorced American mistress, Wallis Simpson.
31:22The scandal mounted and Edward was forced to abdicate, giving up the British throne in a moving public broadcast on the 10th of December 1936.
31:32You all know the reasons which have impelled me to renounce the throne.
31:42That I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as king as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I love.
31:58I love.
32:01It was just totally unexpected, it was massively unexpected.
32:04The abdication of a king is something that just hadn't been experienced before.
32:09The public was very split about this.
32:12Some of them felt very strongly that Edward VIII deserved to be treated well, and others felt no, that that really wouldn't do.
32:20You couldn't suddenly marry not just an American, but a divorced American.
32:23My uncle, who was a deacon of the Calvinistic Methodist chapel in North Wales, was so disgusted that he took down the coronation mug, because all of those things, like coronation mugs and souvenirs and everything, all been prepared for his coronation, and used it as his shaving mug.
32:42Gradually, the soap would wash away the image on the front of it.
32:46In May 1937, Britain got a king they'd never expected in Edward's younger brother, the stammering George VI.
33:06The coronation that shouldn't have happened, that no one expected to happen.
33:15Community events, like these coronation celebrations on the streets of Middlewich and Cheshire, now took on a rather muted tone.
33:25This definitely was a national event at a time of crisis, and perhaps all the more important people to cling to their love of the monarchy.
33:36This is very typically British. Everybody's come out in their finest, they're lining the streets, there's all of this pageantry, but at the same time it's quite restrained.
33:55They're standing, waiting for the procession to go by, and they almost look like they're in a queue.
34:06So these lucky kids have been put in front of the camera and said, you just need to eat some chocolates out of a tin, so they're perfectly happy with that.
34:13They get to eat chocolates and symbolise the love of a new generation for their royal family.
34:18Probably more interested in the chocolates though.
34:21The royal family for a very long time has known how to merchandise itself and to combine kind of consumerism with patriotic emotions.
34:32What's fascinating is that Edward VIII didn't have a coronation.
34:36They hadn't had the opportunity to do it for their previous king.
34:39And maybe being able to celebrate it in this way would have cemented George in their minds as the rightful king.
34:46In just one year, three very different kings had reigned over the nation.
34:53But far from shaking British resolve, these troubles had only consolidated a sense of Britishness under its new monarch.
35:01With George VI on the throne, a national crisis was averted.
35:08And Britain turned its gaze to the problems mounting on the continent.
35:26There was looting, there was theft, Jewish women were stopped in the streets and robbed of their fur coats and jewellery.
35:39It was a really terrible situation.
35:41In March 1938, Adolf Hitler led his armies triumphantly into Austria.
36:02Once again, despite British hopes that Nazi aggression would cease, Germany was expanding its territories.
36:11You can see from the welcome that the Germans got when they marched in and ecstatic crowds greeting Hitler, this is hugely popular.
36:23They are shouting, one people, one Reich Empire, one leader.
36:44You see Hitler there, he's standing in the front of the car to show that he's kind of on the same social level as the driver.
36:56He's not some kind of posh guy sitting in the back.
36:59The substantial Jewish population in Vienna, and what you don't see in this propaganda films, of course, is the appalling treatment.
37:13There was looting, there was theft.
37:16Jewish women were stopped in the streets and robbed of their fur coats and jewellery.
37:21Supporters of independent Austria had painted graffiti on the walls.
37:25Jewish people were made to clean them off with acid, with their bare hands.
37:30It was a really terrible situation.
37:33Whilst Hitler's reign of terror continued unabated, Britain turned to other means of diplomacy to tackle the problem.
37:42Just two months later, in May 1938, England faced their rivals Germany on the football pitch.
38:01The 115,000 fans who gathered to watch this pre-World Cup friendly at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin
38:08were met with a surprising sight.
38:12All the courtesies are observed before the start.
38:14God saves the king is played.
38:21And the English team in white shirts give the Nazi salute during the German national anthem.
38:26That's incredible, isn't it?
38:37That's very, very interesting.
38:40And really quite shocking.
38:47They are doing a Nazi salute.
38:51The white shirts of England saluting the leader of Nazi Germany.
39:01It's not comfortable.
39:03Sorry, it's a long time ago, I know, but it's not comfortable.
39:07And the English team in white shirts give the Nazi salute during the German national anthem.
39:12It's just a matter of fact thing as far as the commentator was concerned that England would follow suit.
39:18But I suspect he was told how he had to react.
39:24Can you imagine the row nowadays if something like that happened?
39:28It's extraordinary that we were playing football with the Germans one year before the outbreak of the Second World War.
39:35But life went on and there was an awful lot of hope that these sorts of interactions would promote goodwill.
39:44These footballers were told to perform the Nazi salute by the British Foreign Office shortly before the match.
39:51Sport has often been used as a tool of international diplomacy.
39:57And I think it did a lot to shore up Anglo-German relations at a time when there was a clear danger that there might be a war between the two countries.
40:08Despite Hitler's most recent conquests, Britain was still striving for peace at any cost.
40:15I'm sure that they look back on it with a certain amount of embarrassment.
40:21Sally Matthews, I got to know really quite well. I know he was not in favour at all.
40:27So, you know, politics and sport, it goes on, it goes on, it goes on.
40:36I think if you were a person of colour, or you're Jewish, communist, or any of those people who are going to be the victims of Nazi atrocity, you would feel totally alone and appalled.
40:57This is part of the history of this country and we need to remember it. It's absolutely fascinating.
41:01And makes it 6-3.
41:03The actions of the boys on the pitch made little difference.
41:09Hitler was now poised for his next act of political aggression, setting his sights on German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia.
41:18And this time, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain took decisive action.
41:23This plan is known as Plan Z and it's incredibly secret. Not even Chamberlain's wife knows about it.
41:30Chamberlain flew to Germany. Here he is in Hitler's holiday retreat in the Bavarian Alps, going up the steps to begin negotiations.
41:40This is an incredibly dramatic moment. These days we are very used to politicians getting in and out of airplanes and meeting each other.
41:49But it was not at all normal then.
41:52And it is a sign of quite how serious the international situation has got.
41:56A momentous settlement was brokered. According to the Munich Agreement, Hitler could occupy German-speaking parts of Czechoslovakia, but his demands would stop there once and for all.
42:19Hitler was actually rather annoyed by this. He wanted to invade and take over the whole country.
42:27And the Prime Minister comes home. Home to an empire filled with joy and relief. Home to a welcome that he will never forget.
42:34And of course Chamberlain came back famously at the airport, waved the piece of paper that Hitler had signed and said this is peace for our time.
42:45This morning, I had another talk with the German Chancellor, Herr Hitler. And here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine.
43:01Well, this is one of the most famous scenes in all of history and tragically the beginning of what became one of the most notorious false boasts in history.
43:16We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German naval agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again.
43:28You see him here at Heston Aerodrome and huge crowds. And Chamberlain then was taken onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace. He and his wife were the first commoners, non-members of the royal family in history ever to go onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace and to wave at the crowd.
43:45And as you can see from the film, the public was entirely at one with him. And of course, he knew something in 1937 and eight the rest of us didn't know very little about, which was essentially that very little work had been done on rearming Britain, on defence or anything of that kind.
44:07People remember the First World War. They didn't want anything like that to happen again. And whatever could be done to avert it, they supported it.
44:15There was a war memorial in almost every single village, town, railway station. There was hardly a person in the country that hadn't had a father, husband or brother killed during that time.
44:27The idea that you're going to have another mass slaughter against the same enemy again was unconscionable.
44:33And then suddenly this fairly old, fusty English Prime Minister with his archaic winged collar had secured peace.
44:42Chamberlain was enormously popular. On both sides, there was a clear realisation that war was on the horizon.
44:51The problem for the British was that the public weren't ready for it.
44:57But they backed Chamberlain in doing everything he could to try and avoid a war.
45:07Against the odds, Neville Chamberlain had calmed the fears of the nation with this settlement.
45:13And for now at least, Brits could enjoy peace.
45:20Next time, with just a year to war, Britain opens its doors to Europe's most vulnerable children.
45:28But tears families apart to protect its own.
45:33As Britain prepares for war.
45:36All the while keeping calm and carrying on.
45:40Ordinary British lives in an extraordinary time.
45:44Ayep You
45:57O que é isso?
46:27O que é isso?
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