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In the 1960s, both countries have a grip on nuclear weapons, but the imbalance between the US and Soviet missiles is staggering.
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00:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:02A CIDADE NO BRASIL
00:05que empurra a engenharia, a pesquisa e a exploração de espaços de novo.
00:10Mas, at what cost?
00:11We often think of the secondary purpose as being...
00:15a militação, quando realmente a militação foi o primeiro objetivo.
00:20As nations become uncomfortably aware that they are in the midst of a new kind of conflict,
00:24the need to keep...
00:25A watchful eye in the sky becomes increasingly evident.
00:28The importance of radar is key because...
00:30That's how you know when there's an incoming aircraft or missile into your territory.
00:35Spies soaring over enemy airspace are tasked with some of the most important and dangerous
00:39jobs.
00:40The Soviet Union was extremely defensive of its airspace and would...
00:45try to shoot down any airplanes that came into the Soviet Union.
00:50But cloak and dagger activities on the ground are far from over.
00:53Was this a Soviet innovation?
00:55That they had worked on over the years?
00:57Or was this from espionage?
01:00After World War II, emerging superpowers stand...
01:05on the brink of utter destruction, while spies work to control entire nations in the...
01:10shadows.
01:11As the Cold War deepens, paranoia persists.
01:15In a world of double agents, sleeper cells, and cover networks, trust is impossible.
01:20And threats are everywhere.
01:21And threats are everywhere.
01:25And threats are everywhere.
01:26It's the early decades of the Cold War, and the East and West...
01:30find themselves in a deadlock, with the fate of their people and perhaps the world...
01:35hanging in the balance.
01:36Within a decade, the whole military...
01:40threat changes so incredibly.
01:42The stakes...
01:45just got a lot higher and a lot more dangerous.
01:50Everyone's just sitting back and thinking, okay, so what's the next step now?
01:53For the USSR, this is all about...
01:55Russian survival.
01:56After having suffered catastrophic invasions over the centuries...
02:00political expansion, by any means, is the only way to avoid reliving the past.
02:05But after the Second World War, ridiculous losses really take a bite out of the Soviets.
02:10in the United States, both in terms of manpower and economy.
02:13Over 20 million deaths...
02:15The Russian position was that the Second World War...
02:20was one with British stubbornness, American money...
02:25and Soviet blood.
02:26And that was where the Iron Curtain gets drawn.
02:30The most valuable currency in the Cold War era is not firepower, but information...
02:35A lot of the intelligence that's going on at this time is about trying to detect really the military...
02:40capabilities of the other.
02:42So far, the Soviets are the experts in extracting intelligence...
02:45from their enemies through espionage.
02:47So the United States and the United Kingdom...
02:50although they did have spies operating in the USSR...
02:54had nothing like...
02:55the networks of human intelligence agents...
02:58that were being run against them...
03:00at home.
03:01The Americans are relatively new to the spy game...
03:03and are realizing a growing...
03:05problem.
03:06Penetrating the Iron Curtain to gather intel is incredibly difficult.
03:10It's a very closed, tightly regulated society.
03:15where people are themselves vigilant.
03:18This made it very difficult...
03:20to have spies operating in Moscow or elsewhere in the Soviet Union.
03:25The U.S. and the USSR must develop new methods of reconnaissance to stay on target.
03:30In the Cold War spy race, the United States was far ahead of the Soviet Union...
03:35when it came to science and technology...
03:37and especially in things like aerial...
03:40reconnaissance.
03:41Both sides will seek to one-up the other publicly...
03:44while keeping their greatest...
03:45technological feats close to the best.
03:47Technology is moving so quickly at this point...
03:50it really is constantly a game of catch-up.
03:53The outcomes of this stage of the war...
03:55will result in breakthroughs in science and engineering...
03:58but for the opposition...
03:59these...
04:00these achievements will spread more fear than joy.
04:06At the beginning of the Cold War, Allied forces turned enemies...
04:09when the USSR...
04:10launched targeted spy missions against the West.
04:13The goal?
04:14Obtain access to...
04:15top-secret information on nuclear weapons.
04:18Despite great efforts to protect national...
04:20secrets, U.S. laboratories had been infiltrated...
04:23by highly skilled Soviet spy...
04:25by high-rings.
04:26Formulas and blueprints were now in the hands of Soviet scientists.
04:30The atomic playing field had been leveled.
04:35What happens when you have two nations...
04:37that have this now incredibly deadly weapon...
04:39that...
04:40a couple years earlier...
04:41was...
04:42completely a dream.
04:43Is this something that is...
04:45going to turn the world into a nuclear wasteland?
04:48Now that the U.S.
04:50and the USSR are armed with nuclear weapons...
04:53the stakes are perilously high.
04:55The only deterrence to pushing the button...
04:57is the fear that the opposition is capable of equal...
05:00or greater devastation...
05:02resulting in mutually assured destruction.
05:05both sides were so powerful...
05:07that if one side...
05:08were to try to destroy...
05:10by the other...
05:11they could be guaranteed...
05:13or assured...
05:14that they themselves...
05:15would be destroyed.
05:17That deadlock...
05:18I believe...
05:19is what...
05:20really kept the Cold War cold.
05:23The goal of international espionage...
05:25shifts from stealing formulas...
05:27to keeping a watchful eye...
05:28behind enemy lines...
05:29and predicting...
05:30potential attacks.
05:31Knowing where...
05:33there are weapons...
05:34where there are...
05:35other...
05:36other facilities...
05:37within...
05:38enemy territory.
05:39But...
05:40both...
05:41the United States...
05:42and the Soviet Union...
05:43are...
05:44in a constant state of preparedness.
05:45the efforts move more...
05:46to surveillance.
05:47The best way to do this...
05:49is from above.
05:50Americans know...
05:52their talent...
05:53in aircraft engineering...
05:54is unmatched.
05:55so resources...
05:56are funneled...
05:57into developing...
05:58a new...
05:59long-range...
06:00subsonic jet-powered bomber.
06:00the B-52...
06:01and the shorter...
06:02Ranger...
06:03B-47.
06:04The Soviet...
06:05Soviets...
06:06are busy observing...
06:07the skies from below...
06:08making sure...
06:09everything they consider...
06:10Soviet air...
06:10space...
06:11including some places...
06:12they wish to be...
06:13remain clear.
06:14The thing about...
06:15the Soviet Union...
06:16is that...
06:17it is so wide...
06:18they...
06:19amassed...
06:20all sorts of territory...
06:21during the Second World...
06:20war...
06:21and so their borders...
06:22extended...
06:23that leaves them...
06:24quite vulnerable...
06:25to attacks.
06:25Americans have a great...
06:26advantage...
06:27in the number of partners...
06:28that they have...
06:29regional partners...
06:30that in effect...
06:31that allows them...
06:32to encapsulate...
06:33the Soviet Union.
06:35Turkey...
06:36a country...
06:37that has long acted...
06:38like a bridge...
06:39between the East...
06:40and the West...
06:40is also home...
06:41to a key strip of land...
06:42the Soviets...
06:43have hoped to own...
06:44for quite some time.
06:45Despite Turkey...
06:46being home...
06:47to a den of...
06:48German spies...
06:49during World War II...
06:50the country's neutrality...
06:51during the war...
06:52blocked Germany's...
06:53access to the Middle East...
06:54aiding the...
06:55allies...
06:56without becoming...
06:57active combatants.
06:58However...
06:59pre-existing...
07:00tensions...
07:01between the Soviet Union...
07:02and Turkey...
07:03are intensified...
07:04when Turkey...
07:05is given control...
07:05two internationally...
07:06significant...
07:07waterways...
07:08in the Northwest...
07:09known as...
07:10the Turkish Straits.
07:10The Straits...
07:11offer an important...
07:12connection...
07:13between the Aegean...
07:14and Mediterranean seas...
07:15to the Black Sea.
07:16I imagine...
07:17for Turkey...
07:18it's almost...
07:19a delicate dance...
07:20of...
07:20to align yourself...
07:21to the superpower...
07:22next door...
07:23with the knowledge...
07:24that you possess.
07:25some valuable...
07:26assets...
07:27geopolitically.
07:28Tensions...
07:29in the...
07:30regions rise...
07:31when Turkey...
07:32refuses to...
07:33institute...
07:34joint military...
07:35control...
07:36of the passage.
07:35this isn't...
07:36the first time...
07:37Russian relations...
07:38with allies...
07:39have turned rotten...
07:40and it won't...
07:40be...
07:41the last.
07:42Japan...
07:43a significantly...
07:44smaller...
07:45country...
07:46this island nation...
07:47has historically...
07:48had a competitive...
07:49relationship...
07:50with the Soviet Union...
07:50with political conflicts...
07:51dating back...
07:52to the competition...
07:53of the Japanese...
07:54and Soviet empires...
07:55for dominance...
07:56of Northeast Asia.
07:59In World War II...
08:00the Soviet Union...
08:01stationed spies...
08:02in Japan...
08:03to gather information...
08:04about the activities...
08:05of the...
08:05Japanese...
08:06and German governments.
08:07One of those spies...
08:08was a man named...
08:09Richard Sword.
08:10George...
08:11a German journalist...
08:12and Soviet military...
08:13intelligence officer.
08:15ober dialou...
08:25one of those spies...
08:27grams.
08:28one of those Ganzes...
08:29who's the most跟大家...
08:30that Richardって...
08:31has traveled one of the...
08:32on the passenger side...
08:33we have to have the conditions...
08:34that someесь was always...
08:35on.
08:36one of thecakes...
08:37that one of them came...
08:38that one of them did...
08:40even though...
08:41is one of them...
08:43the hurricanes...
08:44Ele foi torturado, forçado a confessar a espionagem,
08:47tentou e escondido.
08:49Stalin declined to intervene.
08:51This contentious relationship continues into the cold war.
08:54As Japan occupies a distinct role with Western allies and communist enemies.
08:59The Cold War really engulfed all these countries. When you look at Turkey and Japan, there is no...
09:04There is no option to remain neutral. Do we tolerate a foreign power and control?
09:09In our neighbor, which would mean almost certain territorial expansion.
09:14Or do we tolerate it from a foreign power that is kind of far away?
09:19Accepting military bases or accepting support from either one will then put us at odds with the other superpowers.
09:24During the Cold War, both Japan and Turkey draw lines in the sand when it comes...
09:29When it comes to the Soviet Union, they turn to the US for assistance.
09:33Both are provided...
09:34To support through the Mutual Defense Assistance Program, a program established by the United States...
09:39in the late 1940s to provide military and economic aid to its allies in...
09:44in the face of the growing threat from the Soviet Union.
09:47The Soviet expansion following the Second...
09:49World War was very much that sense of not having power and linked to that is the...
09:54the sense that they are a superior nation. They can take over these smaller countries.
09:59The MDAP provides Turkey and Japan with supplies and services to strengthen...
10:04their defenses. Both countries play a role in the containment of Soviet expansion.
10:09in their respective regions.
10:11U.S. military operations are established in Japan...
10:14Turkey and Pakistan. Not only to protect them from being overtaken...
10:19to establish footholds in greater proximity to their adversary.
10:24A lot of that comes out of actually signals intelligence...
10:27because they need listening posts.
10:29that are close to the Soviet Union.
10:31So if you can't go inside...
10:33So if you can't go inside...
10:34the Soviet Union...
10:35you want to get as much information...
10:36that's coming out of the Soviet Union...
10:38and that includes their...
10:39their electric signals.
10:40So when they're sending radio signals...
10:42when they're doing missile tests...
10:43when you're looking at the telemetry...
10:44of the rockets...
10:45or the communications with the planes...
10:47the West can take advantage of listening...
10:49and they're sending posts...
10:50in different parts of the world.
10:51Those same bases allow them...
10:52to surround the Soviet Union.
10:54with basically guns to the head...
10:56and to represent a sizable military.
10:59threat that the Soviets really can't match.
11:01Despite gaining allies and ground...
11:03the U.S.
11:04is still hesitant...
11:05to fly into Soviet airspace.
11:07What would the Soviets do...
11:08to American...
11:09pilots...
11:10caught flying overhead?
11:11How far...
11:12had their technology advanced...
11:13and how...
11:14high could they fly?
11:15One thing the U.S.
11:16can be sure of...
11:17is that the Soviets...
11:18possess...
11:19radar technologies...
11:20that they had obtained...
11:21in World War II...
11:22when the U.S.
11:23and the U.S.
11:24were still allies...
11:25in the fight...
11:26against Nazi Germany...
11:27the Soviets...
11:28were able to obtain...
11:29access to advanced Western technology...
11:31including radar systems...
11:33through joint military...
11:34projects...
11:35technical exchanges...
11:36and intelligence gathering.
11:38This sharing...
11:39of information...
11:40would backfire...
11:41on the U.S.
11:42during the Cold War...
11:43now that the Soviet Union...
11:44was...
11:44able to further advance...
11:45the very radar systems...
11:46used to spot...
11:47U.S.
11:48planes.
11:49the Soviet Union...
11:50was pouring...
11:51so much money...
11:52into military technology...
11:53important...
11:54the importance...
11:55of radar is key...
11:56because that's how you know...
11:57when there's an...
11:58incoming aircraft...
11:59or...
11:59missile...
12:00into your territory...
12:01By 1951...
12:03Stalin is feeling...
12:04pressure...
12:05to protect...
12:06the northern...
12:07and eastern...
12:08borders...
12:09he orders...
12:10the construction...
12:11of a long-range...
12:12force...
12:14the result...
12:15is a two-speed...
12:16twin-engine jet fighter...
12:17the Yak-120...
12:19its predecessors...
12:20are only more fierce...
12:21the Yak-120...
12:22T-25M...
12:23is an incredible...
12:24all-weather...
12:25interceptor...
12:26with an impressive range...
12:27the Yak-120...
12:27A CAC25RV boasts an impressive altitude ceiling
12:30to perform high-altitude reconnaissance.
12:32A CAC25RV boasts a few of the U.S.
12:37and spy missions during the Cold War.
12:39Both would be successful in catching U.S.
12:37pilots off guard.
12:39These intercept aircraft play a very important role.
12:42During the 1950s because the primary threat was the nuclear weapons.
12:47would be dropped by aircraft from the enemy.
12:49And so you needed to create the interceptors to be able to...
12:52prevent those bombers from getting access to your territory.
12:54Stalin was deeply worried about any...
12:57penetration of Soviet airspace by American aircraft or any aircraft...
13:02really.
13:03And so the Soviet Union was extremely defensive of its airspace and...
13:07and would try to shoot down any airplanes that came into the Soviet Union.
13:12By the 1950s, Soviet air defenses are aggressively attacking offending aircraft.
13:17But the threat of Soviet fire extends beyond their clear borders.
13:21As even though...
13:22those in Japanese airspace seem to be at risk.
13:25On June 13, 1952...
13:27American pilot Major Sam Bush and his crew...
13:30take off from Yokota Air Base...
13:32in Honshu, Japan.
13:34Their mission...
13:35surveys shipping activity...
13:36in the Sea of...
13:37of Japan.
13:38Three hours...
13:39of Japan.
13:40Three hours...
13:41of Japan.
13:42Three hours later...
13:43contact is lost.
13:44The aircraft...
13:45never returns to base.
13:47What happened to base?
13:48What happened to the crew in that three-hour window?
13:51With no survivors...
13:52or wreckage found...
13:53the event remains shrouded in mystery...
13:55until a revealing memo is released...
13:57released in 1993.
13:58It wasn't until 40 years later...
14:01that archival...
14:02documents in the Soviet Union...
14:04revealed...
14:05that Stalin knew...
14:06the Soviet Union...
14:07had shot down...
14:08this airplane.
14:09The U.S. now know...
14:11their...
14:12current aircraft...
14:13the Boeing RV-47...
14:14can't evade current Soviet radar...
14:16or outmaneuver...
14:17their latest planes...
14:18the Yak-25 RV...
14:19or MiG-17...
14:21to...
14:22Para ganhar acesso sobre as linhas de inimigo, eles precisariam de desenvolver algo que poderia.
14:27Em 1954, a U.S. aprovou um programa secreto-C.I.A. para construir um especial-purpose...
14:32HIGH-ALTITUDE RECONNAISANCE AIRCRAFT, codename AQUATONE.
14:37Project AQUATONE é...
14:42AQUATONE AQUATONE IS REALLY A SIGNATURE OF THE C.I.A.
14:44IT'S A PRETTY NEW AGENCY CREATED IN 1940.
14:47AND IT IS GIVEN A PREPONDERANT AMOUNT OF AUTHORITY.
14:51SO...
14:52AQUATONE IS SHOWING ITS POWER, THE C.I.A.
14:54WITH THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION'S BLESSING IS ABLE TO...
14:57TO GO TO CORPORATIONS, LOCKHEED IN PARTICULAR, AND SAY, CAN YOU BUILD SUB...
15:02AND OF COURSE, THEY SAY, FOR SURE, HOW MUCH MONEY ARE YOU GONNA GIVE US?
15:05AND THEY FORM A VERY COZY...
15:07THE UNION, WHICH IN EFFECT BECOMES THIS FIRST STEP IN THE MILITARY-INDUSTRAL COMPLEX.
15:11THIS IS THE...
15:12THE BEGINNING OF A VERY, VERY CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U.S. INTELLIGENCE...
15:17CHIEFLY BY THE C.I.A.
15:18AND CORPORATE.
15:19A COVERT TEAM FROM THE TOP SECRET LOCKHEED...
15:22SKUNKWORKS DIVISION BEGINS WORK ON AN AIRCRAFT WITH THE ENDURANCE TO OVERFLY THE SOVIET...
15:27UNION.
15:28THIS WILL USHER IN A SECRET, GAME-CHANGING AIRCRAFT THAT WILL BECOME LEGISLATIVE.
15:32THE AGENT, THE U-2.
15:34THE MAN IN CHARGE OF IT ALL IS SERGEANT KELLY JOHNSON.
15:37THE ENDURANCE TO THE ENDURANCE TO THE ENDURANCE.
15:42THE ENDURANCE.
15:43THE ENDURANCE.
15:44IT HAS AN EXTREMELY LONG RANGE.
15:47IT FLIES AT A VERY HIGH ALTITUDE.
15:52IT'S ALMOST OUTER SPACE.
15:53IT'S RIGHT AT THE EDGE.
15:54THE PILOT HAS TO WEAR ALMOST LIKE A SPACE SUIT.
15:57BEYOND THE TARGETING CAPABILITY OF ANTI-AIR...
16:02OF ANTI-AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN THE SOVIET UNION.
16:04ALMOST BEYOND THE CAPABILITY OF DETECTION.
16:07DETECTION AT FIRST.
16:08AS WELL, IT'S EQUIPPED WITH A CAMERA THAT HAS A HIGH DEFINITION CAPABILITY.
16:12FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
16:13THIS WAS BECAUSE THE PURPOSE OF THE PLANE WASN'T...
16:17TO ATTACK.
16:18IT WAS TO GATHER INFORMATION.
16:19IT HAD NO ONBOARD WEAPONS.
16:21IT WAS...
16:22IT WAS PURELY A RECONNAISANCE AIRCRAFT.
16:24THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE U-2 IS TO...
16:27PHOTOGRAPHE SOVIET MILITARY BASES SO THE U.S. CAN KEEP TRACK OF THEIR ENEMIES' ARSENALS.
16:32THEY'VE BEEN CAUGHT OFF GUARD BY THEIR ENEMIES IN THE PAST IN THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR.
16:37THIS TIME, THEY WOULD BE PREPARED.
16:38FOR THE AMERICANS, THERE WAS THE FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN.
16:41THEY KNOW THAT THERE...
16:42THERE'S NUCLEAR WEAPONS, BUT THEY DON'T KNOW HOW MANY.
16:44DID THEY HAVE A LOT OF MISSILES, AS Khrushchev WAS CLAIMING?
16:47OR DID THEY NOT?
16:48SO IT GAVE THE U.S. THE ABILITY TO REALLY KIND OF SURVEY THE SOVIET UNION...
16:52SAFE DISTANCE AND ALSO TRY TO MAP OUT WHERE THEIR MISSILES SILOS WERE ACTUALLY LOCATED.
16:57YOU'RE ALSO SIMULTANEOUSLY TRYING TO LISTEN TO THE SOVIETS, TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW THEY...
17:02HOW THEY SCRAMBLE, HOW THEY RESPOND.
17:04SO THE U-2 IS QUITE COMPLEX.
17:06IN THE 1950...
17:07IN THE 1950s, EDWIN LAND FROM THE POLARROID CORPORATION AND JAMES BAKER FROM HARVARD COLLABORATED...
17:12TO CELEBRATE ON A SPECIAL PROJECT TO DEVELOP A CAMERA LENS CAPABLE OF STEREO SCOPPIC PHOTOGRAPH...
17:17FOR RECON MISSIONS.
17:22TO CELEBRATE IN CONNECTION.
17:26SUBMisierte AMERICA'S STORIES NEED TO SERVE AT Kculos confekzus円asIC ACCESSELOR.
17:32FAR VvakFEE SCHOOL TASK ON ANALIMUM STRESS?
17:35PARA VALUCE.
17:38PARA VALUCE.
17:40PARA. VALUE TO PRINCENT.
17:44ALL wie shown.
17:51Esses incentivos não existem em um estado socialista.
17:56At the Geneva Summit, President Eisenhower proposed the Open Skies Treaty.
18:01Permitting countries to make overflights of one another to conduct mutual aerial inspections of new...
18:06nuclear facilities.
18:07The proposal was outright rejected by Soviet leader, Nikita.
18:11And, of course, Khrushchev is worried not about the Americans...
18:16finding out that he has this robust missile system.
18:19He's worried the Americans are going to find out.
18:21But that he has no robust missile system.
18:24He's been lying.
18:26With no Open Skies Treaty in place, investments into the U-2 spy plane program are more...
18:31important than ever.
18:33Germany.
18:36Historically, it posed a major threat to its Russian neighbors.
18:39During the Cold War...
18:41The country is divided into two separate states.
18:44The Federal Republic of Germany in the West...
18:46and the German Democratic Republic in the East.
18:49The division was agreed upon...
18:51by the Allied powers, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the...
18:56Soviet Union.
18:57In 1949, through political and military means, Joseph...
19:01Stalin gained control over Eastern Germany, turning it into a Soviet zone and communist...
19:06state.
19:07In August 1955, the U-2 was finally ready to fly.
19:11And capable of reaching a ceiling of 70,000 feet.
19:14A height that should be out of reach.
19:16to the Soviets.
19:17The U-2 leaves from West Germany, flown by Air Force pilot...
19:21Hervie Stockman.
19:26To all carry...
19:27Hervie Stockman is a pro-
19:31Oficiales holdem seu breath
19:32em antecipação
19:33as o U-2 captura as fotografias
19:36sobre a U.S.S.R. airfield
19:37over the southwest of Leningrad.
19:40Well, you can imagine
19:40that...
19:41There's no kind of anxiety
19:41that's probably going
19:42through those pilots' minds.
19:43They're flying over
19:45enemy territory.
19:46Where they know
19:47other people
19:48have been shot down.
19:50Intercepted...
19:51And radio transmissions
19:52alert U.S. officials
19:53that Soviet interceptors
19:54are in the air
19:55and approach...
19:56They are shocked to learn
19:58that the Soviets
19:59are able to intermittently
20:00track the...
20:01even at 70,000 feet.
20:03So while the Americans
20:04are developing their U-2...
20:06spy plane...
20:07The Soviets are developing
20:08their radar capabilities.
20:10They're developing...
20:11their rocket technology,
20:12their missile defense.
20:14However, the MiG-17...
20:16and the Soviet surface-to-air missiles
20:17cannot reach the U-2's
20:19impressive height.
20:21I would imagine
20:22the Soviets would be feeling
20:23pretty vulnerable
20:24at that time.
20:25That all...
20:26of a sudden now
20:26the United States
20:28has the capability
20:29to observe you...
20:31at a safe distance
20:32and you can't do
20:33anything about it.
20:34Throughout the four-year
20:35overflowing...
20:36period, U-2 aircraft
20:37were launched
20:38from Germany,
20:38Japan,
20:39Pakistan,
20:40Turkey,
20:40and...
20:41in Alaska.
20:43By continually observing,
20:45you get more information...
20:46about essentially
20:47what's normal
20:48for the Soviets
20:49so that you start
20:49to understand
20:50what's...
20:51not normal
20:51and then what could
20:52potentially be
20:53a first strike
20:54coming your way.
20:56there was a question
20:56of what do we do
20:57if this is discovered?
21:00How do we...
21:01cover ourselves
21:02when we're doing
21:03something that's
21:03undiplomatic?
21:04It was a legal
21:05engineer...
21:06international law
21:06so it had to be
21:07done secretly.
21:08It had to have
21:09plausible deniability.
21:11so that the president
21:12could say,
21:12no,
21:12this isn't something
21:13that I had authorized.
21:15So the backdrop...
21:16for all of these U-2
21:16overflights
21:17is pretty basic.
21:18You're going to say
21:19that they're misguided...
21:21planes who are really
21:21up there to test
21:22atmosphere.
21:23They're weather planes.
21:24Now, the...
21:26Soviets aren't going to
21:27buy that for a second.
21:28That's really important.
21:29So that's for cover.
21:31for international consumption,
21:32for the American
21:33public's consumption.
21:34But Moscow's not stupid.
21:36everybody in Moscow
21:36knows that these
21:38are spy planes.
21:39The frustration for them
21:40is that they...
21:41do not have
21:41the technical capacity
21:42to get them.
21:45And so the...
21:46Soviets,
21:46embarrassed by the fact
21:47that the Americans
21:48can fly over their country,
21:50don't say any...
21:51anything about the U-2
21:52overflights
21:52because it would only
21:53reveal their own weakness.
21:56and instead,
21:56they start to think
21:57about ways
21:58they can deal
21:58with these planes
21:59on their own.
22:01knowing these flights
22:01were going on
22:02and unable to stop them,
22:03the Kremlin is furious.
22:05There ain't...
22:06longer grows in 1956
22:07as a U-2 plane
22:08flies directly
22:09over Moscow.
22:11So...
22:12Like...
22:13...
22:13...
22:13...
22:14...
22:16PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:21PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:26PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:29PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:31PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:33PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:36PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:38PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:40PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:41PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:43PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:45PILOT CARMINE VITO DEPART...
22:46Its camera could take pictures with such remarkable resolution.
22:51That analysts could see what was actually happening on the ground, they could actually count.
22:56The number and type of aircraft they saw at airports.
23:01They could see the building of missile launch sites.
23:04It was an incredible...
23:06But when the U.S. seemed to have the upper hand, the Soviets would shock.
23:11They could shock them and the entire world.
23:16On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the world's first...
23:21artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the Earth's orbit.
23:26This comes as a shock to Western powers, because it seemingly comes out of nowhere.
23:31It may have triggered a range of emotions in people.
23:33Some people may have doubted what they were seeing as being real.
23:36It's actually happening, and I think for others it may have been a sense of surprise and shock that this...
23:41Soviet Union was able to pull this off, and more importantly, pull it off before...
23:46the Americans.
23:47And, of course, the Russians are super proud of it and very, very happy.
23:51And the Americans are devastated.
23:53What does this mean for surveillance on one side?
23:55What does this mean for...
23:56or military weapons on the other, because this is rocket technology?
24:00Sending up a satellite...
24:01had enormous geopolitical consequences for the Cold War.
24:05The fact that the...
24:06the USSR could send a satellite into space meant that it was very far...
24:11along and the technology it needed to send ballistic missiles into space.
24:16Missiles that could fire nuclear warheads tremendous distances across the globe.
24:21It meant that soon the United States would be in range of the...
24:26Soviet nuclear weapons.
24:27Where you may have had...
24:31hours of awareness that a Russian bomber was headed your way with a nuclear missile...
24:36you're starting to get into the realm where you now have minutes.
24:41In 1954, the Soviets wanted to build an intercontinental rocket capable of...
24:46carrying a hydrogen bomb to any point on the planet.
24:51To do so, they would need to build something that could travel further, faster, and withstand...
24:56more force than ever before.
24:58The design of the R7 was based on...
25:01the V-2 rocket, a weapon used during World War II.
25:05The only...
25:06people in the world with the knowledge and experience to build such a device...
25:09where former scientists...
25:11from Nazi Germany.
25:12At the end of the Second World War, there was a scramble by the...
25:16Soviets and the Americans and the British to round up any of the Nazi scientists...
25:21that had been working on really high technology projects during the war.
25:25The Americans...
25:26realized that they needed to get a jump start on rocket technology.
25:31Before the end of World War II in 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman...
25:36authorized a secret program called Operation Paperclip.
25:41A
26:04S. In
26:06para o que eles fizeram na Segunda Guerra Guerra, em vez de oferecer ajuda...
26:11para os americanos desenvolver suas próprias tecnologias.
26:14Um dos cientistas foi Wernher von...
26:16A Segunda Guerra Guerra
26:21...
26:26e cientista que ajudou a desenvolver o desenvolvimento do V-2 durante a World War II.
26:31Ele foi levado para a U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency, onde ele foi instrumentado.
26:36Ele foi levado para desenvolver a Redstone Rocket.
26:41Ele foi usado para lançar o primeiro satélite, Explorer 1, em 1958.
26:46E, depois, o desenvolvimento do Saturn V rocket, usado para enviar apollo-astros.
26:51A gente se transformou a U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency.
26:53A gente se transformou a U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency.
26:55Ele foi levado para o mundo.
26:56Ele foi levado para a U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency.
26:58Ele foi levado para a U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency.
27:00Ele foi levado para o mundo.
27:01Ele foi levado para o mundo.
27:03Ele foi levado para o mundo.
27:04Ele foi levado para o mundo.
27:06Tchau, tchau.
27:11Tchau, tchau.
27:16Tchau, tchau.
27:21Tchau.
27:26Tchau.
27:31Tchau.
27:36Tchau.
27:41Tchau.
27:46Tchau.
27:51Tchau.
27:56Tchau.
28:01Tchau.
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28:47Tchau.
28:49Tchau.
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28:59Tchau.
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29:09Tchau.
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29:19Tchau.
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29:37Tchau.
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29:41Tchau.
29:44Tchau.
29:46Tchau.
29:49Tchau.
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29:54Tchau.
29:56Tchau.
29:58Tchau.
30:00Tchau.
30:02Tchau.
29:59Tchau.
30:01Tchau.
30:03Tchau.
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31:59Tchau.
32:00Tchau.
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33:25Tchau.
33:27Tchau.
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33:31Tchau.
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33:34Tchau.
33:36Tchau.
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33:41Tchau.
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33:54Tchau.
33:56Tchau.
33:58Tchau.
34:02Tchau.
34:03Tchau.
34:08Tchau.
34:13Tchau.
34:15Tchau.
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34:27Tchau.
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34:58Tchau.
35:03Tchau.
35:08Tchau.
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35:17Tchau.
35:18Tchau.
35:19Tchau.
35:20Tchau.
35:21Tchau.
35:22Tchau.
35:23Tchau.
35:24Tchau.
35:25Tchau.
35:26Tchau.
35:27Tchau.
35:28Tchau.
35:29Tchau.
35:30Tchau.
35:31Tchau.
35:32Tchau.
35:33Tchau.
35:34Tchau.
35:35Tchau.
35:36Tchau.
35:37Tchau.
35:38Tchau.
35:39Tchau.
35:40Tchau.
35:41Tchau.
35:42e também a sua defesa de ground-to-air.
35:47Assumindo que Powers está morta,
35:49e com a esperança de proteger a secreção do programa U2,
35:52Presidente Eisenhower uses the cover story
35:54that the U2 had been conducting routine Wednesdays.
35:57A U2 had been working with other flights
35:58when a malfunction caused it to drift into Soviet airspace.
36:02Although the sensitive cameras and information in the U2
36:06was...
36:07was supposed to be destroyed
36:09if the plane crashed or was shot down.
36:11A lot of the tech...
36:12technology...
36:13and powers...
36:14actually survived being shot down.
36:17The pilot was given a suicide device.
36:21It...
36:22any chance...
36:23he gets shot down...
36:24he is to kill himself.
36:27When the plane is shot down...
36:29he ejects successfully from the plane...
36:32but declines the privilege of committing suicide...
36:35for the United States.
36:37which the United States does not know.
36:39Powers is captured by the Russians...
36:41and his aerial...
36:42camera system...
36:43is recovered...
36:44mostly intact.
36:45This proves that the weather survey story...
36:47is a cover-up.
36:48This of course is a disaster...
36:50for the Americans...
36:51because...
36:52the plane is supposed to disintegrate...
36:54and so is the pilot.
36:55He is supposed to be dead...
36:56leave no evidence.
36:57there is plausible deniability.
36:58The Americans know the plane is missing...
37:00and of course they panic.
37:01It...
37:02it doesn't show up in Norway...
37:03and they start to say...
37:04what are we going to do about this plane?
37:06And the Russians...
37:07cleverly keep it a secret...
37:08that they have powers...
37:09and so once...
37:10powers doesn't appear...
37:12anywhere...
37:13in the next 24-48 hours...
37:15Americans...
37:16either...
37:17think that he died in a crash...
37:18or...
37:19he did what he was supposed to do...
37:20he committed suicide.
37:22and so now...
37:23they release this story...
37:24that...
37:25there was a problem in the oxygen...
37:27system...
37:28and then he became disoriented...
37:30on the weather operation in Turkey...
37:32and drifted across the Turkish border...
37:34and crashed in Russia...
37:36and then the...
37:37the next day...
37:38the Russians...
37:39trot out powers...
37:40here he is...
37:41your weather plane...
37:42pilot...
37:43and by the way...
37:44here's the camera...
37:45and all the footage...
37:46that he shot...
37:47of our military...
37:47installations...
37:48suddenly the Americans...
37:50were now face to face...
37:51with the...
37:52the reality...
37:53that they had been fearing...
37:54for years...
37:55that they would be caught out...
37:56now...
37:57how do they deal with this...
37:57diplomatically...
37:58Eisenhower is forced to admit...
38:00that the U.S. had been...
38:01flying spy missions...
38:02over the USSR...
38:03for several years...
38:04the timing...
38:06couldn't be worse...
38:07leading up to the crash...
38:08there had been a process...
38:09referred to as...
38:10détente...
38:11which were...
38:12negotiations...
38:13between the U.S.
38:14and the USSR...
38:15both Eisenhower...
38:16and Khrushchev...
38:17are scheduled to attend...
38:18the Paris summit...
38:19to discuss...
38:20the easing of tensions...
38:21between their two...
38:22countries...
38:23so all of this...
38:24is on the line...
38:25and that's what makes...
38:26the U-2...
38:27episode so important...
38:28because now the Russians...
38:29are faced with a really...
38:30huge dilemma...
38:31do we...
38:32reveal this to the world...
38:33that we've caught...
38:34an American pilot...
38:35and a spy plane...
38:36in which case...
38:37we walk away...
38:38from all of that...
38:39opportunity...
38:40we walk away...
38:41from potentially...
38:42the end of the Cold War...
38:42Khrushchev...
38:43I think he agonized...
38:44over it to some degree...
38:45but he eventually decides...
38:46to out the Americans...
38:47and to go very public...
38:48with it...
38:49it puts an end...
38:51to Dayton...
38:52that puts an end...
38:53to negotiation...
38:54and for Khrushchev...
38:55he takes a hard turn...
38:56he becomes a hard...
38:57liner...
38:58as it were...
38:59because he has to worry...
39:00about his own regime...
39:01what's more...
39:02US...
39:02citizens are now aware...
39:03that their government...
39:04hasn't been entirely...
39:05forthright...
39:06about its activity...
39:07in foreign countries...
39:09It was the first...
39:10kind of disconnect...
39:11with the broader...
39:12American...
39:12public...
39:13that a president...
39:14can actually...
39:15tolerate...
39:16and lie...
39:17that way...
39:17represented themselves...
39:18as...
39:19on the defensive...
39:20we're containing communism...
39:21we're not the aggressors here...
39:22Americans had to wonder...
39:24whether...
39:25the United States...
39:26was...
39:27totally innocent...
39:28in this Cold War...
39:29or whether it was...
39:30provoking the Soviet Union...
39:31at least some of the time...
39:32Russian engineers...
39:34reverse engineered...
39:35their version of the U-2...
39:36known as...
39:37Beriev S-13...
39:38using parts...
39:39from the top secret...
39:40plane...
39:41the remnants...
39:42are eventually placed...
39:43in a museum...
39:44in Moscow...
39:45as proof...
39:46of the public deceit...
39:47the U-2 incident...
39:48caused a lot of...
39:49finger-pointing...
39:50between the Soviet Union...
39:51and the United States...
39:52as they both...
39:53blamed each other...
39:54for being the first...
39:55to spy...
39:56so...
39:57the Soviets...
39:58could point...
39:59to the wreckage...
40:00of the U-2...
40:01and the camera...
40:02and Gary Powers...
40:03but the United States...
40:02could point...
40:03to something...
40:04as well...
40:05On day four...
40:06of the U-N...
40:07Security Council meetings...
40:08convened...
40:09by the Soviet Union...
40:10over the U-2...
40:11incident...
40:12U.S. Ambassador...
40:12Henry Cabot Lodge...
40:13jr...
40:14presents...
40:15a wooden replica...
40:16of an American seal...
40:17claiming it...
40:18to be a bugging device...
40:19used by Soviet spies...
40:20to eavesdrop...
40:21on...
40:22conversations...
40:23in the Moscow residence...
40:24of the U-S...
40:25ambassador...
40:26to the Soviet Union...
40:27the U-S...
40:28attempt to use this...
40:29as a defense...
40:30for their illegal...
40:31overflight...
40:32of the U-S-S-R...
40:33The Americans...
40:34can now turn around...
40:35and use the seal...
40:36as an example...
40:37of Soviet...
40:38trickery...
40:39and duplicity...
40:40and sneaky...
40:41covert actions...
40:42against...
40:42Americans...
40:43with good intentions...
40:44In 1945...
40:45as World War II...
40:46was...
40:47coming to an end...
40:48school children...
40:49from the Vladimir Lenin...
40:50all-union...
40:51pioneer organization...
40:52present the seal...
40:53to the new U-S...
40:54ambassador...
40:55W. Averill Harriman...
40:57as a gift of friendship...
40:58seemingly...
40:59to commemorate...
41:00the success...
41:01against Nazi Germany...
41:02It's a ceremony...
41:03it's meant...
41:04in the good faith...
41:05of culture...
41:06why would you...
41:07necessarily...
41:07suspect...
41:08that it's...
41:09that it's...
41:10that it's full of...
41:11listening to...
41:12you probably should...
41:12but they don't...
41:13Here is...
41:14the quintessential...
41:15Trojan horse...
41:16it's a gift...
41:17given...
41:17by your enemy...
41:18and it's not...
41:19what you think it is...
41:20This covert...
41:21listening device...
41:22was created...
41:23by Leon Theremin...
41:27and...
41:29Now...
41:30when...
41:31it's also...
41:32you...
41:32Leon Theremin is a Russian-born inventor
41:34Known around the world for his invention of a musical
41:37Instrument that can be played without being touched
41:40The Theremin
41:41In 1930
41:42With the Nazi threat growing stronger
41:44Theremin decides to leave his U.S. home
41:47To return to Russia
41:48Upon arrival
41:50He is implicated as a traitor
41:52And
41:52Sentenced to hard labor in the country's gulag system
41:55Less than a year later
41:57He is brought to Moscow
41:58To work at a shiroshka
42:00One of several secret social
42:02In the Soviet research and development laboratories
42:04There he creates a covert listening device
42:07That would go on to puzzle and impress the world
42:10What was so ingenious about
42:12This particular listening device
42:14Was that it was wireless
42:15It was built totally in
42:17To the seal
42:18Disguised as decor
42:19It hangs on the wall
42:21Of the ambassador's residential
42:22Study for five years
42:24Before it's detected by sheer accident
42:26And that
42:27And the Americans kept this discovery
42:29In their back pocket
42:30Ready to use it when they need it
42:32On August 19th, 1960
42:35Powers was convicted of espionage
42:37And
42:37Could face death
42:38Instead
42:39Powers proves a useful bargaining chip
42:41And is sentenced
42:42To prison
42:43While powers is held by the Soviet
42:47A disgruntled KGB agent
42:49Decides to defect
42:50And offers intel to the CIA
42:52In exchange
42:53In exchange for his safety
42:53Part of his deal
42:55Involves giving up
42:56His former partner
42:57High-level spy
42:58Rudolph Abel
43:02And
43:05Instrumental
43:07KGB
43:07And
43:08You
43:09You
43:11You
43:16You
43:20You
43:21You
43:24You
43:24You
43:29You
43:31You
43:31Ponsdam e West Berlin
43:33Able é exchanged for powers
43:35em o que seria
43:36a primeira U.S.-USSR
43:38espy swap
43:39da Guerra Mundial
43:41A day before powers
43:44is sentenced
43:44the U.S.
43:45launches the
43:46Corona-14-KH-19
43:48or Keyhole-1
43:50the first successful
43:51U.S. spy satellite
43:53as part of
43:54the Corona program
43:55This marks
43:55a significant
43:56U.S.
43:56significant advancement
43:57in U.S.
43:58reconnaissance capabilities
43:59So gone now
44:00are worries
44:01about aircraft
44:02being shot down
44:03or spies
44:03being discovered
44:04here instead
44:06is a spy lens
44:08looking down
44:09from above the earth
44:10and
44:11right here
44:11we see
44:12how quickly
44:12the technology
44:13is shifting
44:14and
44:14symbolically
44:15how one chapter
44:16of spying
44:17and surveillance
44:18is ending
44:18and how another
44:19chapter
44:19is beginning
44:21The camera
44:22on the Keyhole-satellite
44:24captures images
44:25of the earth
44:25below
44:26recording them
44:27on film
44:27that is housed
44:28in a re-entry capsule
44:29The Corona program
44:31collectively identifies
44:32over 64
44:33Soviet airfields
44:34It proves
44:35the Soviet
44:36...
44:36Soviets had deployed
44:37only a handful
44:38of intercontinental
44:39ballistic missiles
44:40The startling
44:41news
44:41disproves
44:42the once
44:43feared
44:43missile gap
44:44They were able
44:45to alleviate
44:46a
44:46a lot of their own fears
44:47By the time
44:48the first Corona
44:48successfully flew
44:50in August 1960
44:51The Soviets
44:52were already
44:52designing
44:53their own
44:53spy satellite
44:54The Zenit satellite
44:56The Zenit satellite
44:56to fly over
44:57the United States
44:58Once the Americans
44:59developed this
45:00ability to spy
45:01via satellites
45:01the Soviets
45:02need to match
45:03it as well
45:04The Soviet
45:04satellites
45:05were able
45:05to provide
45:06...
45:06remarkable images
45:07of the Earth's surface
45:08And the Soviets
45:09were tasked
45:10with taking
45:10...
45:11pictures of cities
45:12The Soviet Union
45:13would map
45:14over 2,000
45:15cities
45:16around the world
45:17using images
45:18from the satellite
45:19And that included
45:20120
45:21cities
45:21in the United States
45:23The maps that were
45:26created continue
45:27to be useful
45:27even after the Cold War
45:29comes to a close
45:31Years after the Soviet Union
45:32collapses
45:33The US, Russia
45:34and 22 other nations
45:36signed the Open Skies Treaty
45:38allowing for mutual
45:40aerial observation
45:41The treaties symbolically
45:43promised some sort
45:44of peace
45:45some sort of
45:46peace
45:46cooperation
45:47Since the signing
45:48both countries
45:49have accused each other
45:50of violating
45:51...
45:51the provisions
45:52of the treaty
45:53leading to its
45:54unraveling
45:55After several
45:56alleged
45:56infractions in 2020
45:58President Donald Trump
45:59announced a withdrawal
46:00from the treaty
46:01banning Russian recon flights
46:03over the US
46:04The following year
46:05Russia
46:06followed suit
46:07citing the inability
46:08of member nations
46:09to guarantee
46:10that information
46:11would...
46:11not be shared
46:12with the US
46:13So with the United States
46:14and Russia
46:15withdrawing from the open
46:16skies agreement
46:17we're getting back
46:18to more of a Cold War
46:19mentality
46:20where there
46:21there is an agreement
46:22about overflights
46:23and we see states
46:24being far more
46:25protected
46:26of their own airspace
46:27The decision
46:28to pull out
46:29of the open skies
46:30treaty brings up
46:31concern
46:31and questions
46:32about what this
46:33could mean
46:34for global security
46:35going forward
46:36Is such a pact
46:37even relevant
46:38in a time
46:39of high-tech
46:40surveillance drones?
46:41With satellite technology
46:42now
46:43everything is an open
46:44sky around the globe
46:45Where it does
46:46mean something
46:47is of course
46:48the bigger context
46:49it means that
46:50you're talking
46:51to each other
46:52it means to...
46:51diplomacy
46:53It means that
46:55in earnest
46:56you're...
46:56you're actually
46:57concerned about
46:58tensions that
46:59could lead us
47:00all to Armageddon
47:01and the trigger
47:03in the wild
47:04Ok, we won't do it
47:05and we're going
47:06to the end
47:07of the woods
47:08We were just
47:09digging into
47:10the sun
47:11with another
47:12and we're going
47:13to the east
47:14of the earth
47:16and we're going
47:17to the right
47:18to the east
47:20of the east
47:21The sun
47:21is turning
47:24to the east
47:25of the east
47:26of the east
47:27of the east
47:29Legenda por Sônia Ruberti
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