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00:00As World War II winds down, the West views Stalin's government as a threat to...
00:05democracy.
00:06The West was extremely concerned that communism would spread.
00:10The Soviets view America as their primary adversary to winning the hearts and minds of oppressed
00:14people.
00:15People everywhere.
00:16The Soviets are very much concerned about and paranoid about Western...
00:20behind the fear inspired by the arms race, the space race, and the...
00:25Cuban Missile Crisis lies one question that was on everyone's mind.
00:29Democracy or...
00:30Communism, which system will rule the world?
00:33In a Cold War where weapons...
00:35are not hot, how things look, how things are portrayed, help you win people over.
00:40Propaganda and media become weapons of choice.
00:43The media war is the...
00:45manipulation of the mind became extremely important for both sides.
00:49Governments go to great...
00:50lengths to silence enemy voices.
00:52The accusations just get more wild...
00:55and more ridiculous.
00:56Fear and paranoia are at an all-time high.
01:00When the revelation starts to hit the fan, it causes this panic.
01:03And it created this deep distrust.
01:05in American society a search for enemies...
01:08that maybe weren't really there at all.
01:10After World War II, emerging superpowers stand on the brink of utter...
01:15destruction while spies work to control entire nations in the shadows.
01:20As the Cold War deepens, paranoia persists.
01:24In a world of...
01:25multiple agents, sleeper cells, and cover networks.
01:28Trust is impossible.
01:29And...
01:30threats...
01:31are everywhere.
01:32One night in 1950...
01:35In 1969, a man infiltrated the Radio Free Europe headquarters in Munich...
01:39and exchanged...
01:40salt shakers in the cafeteria.
01:42Revealing an explosive plot to poison...
01:45the employees.
01:46Why would broadcast employees be the target of assassination?
01:50Celebrations after the...
01:51Celebrations after the...
01:52Celebrations after the...
01:55Allies' hard-fought victory over Nazi Germany are short-lived.
01:58The close of World War II...
02:00opens up a new era of unease between the East and the West.
02:04You've got...
02:05these alliances that work together in World War II...
02:08to defeat Germany as a common enemy.
02:10And then somewhere along the way, things shift.
02:14War...
02:15brings together people that otherwise might have differing interests.
02:19When those wars...
02:20end, they revert back to their nation's primary self-interest.
02:25At the end of the Second World War...
02:27Germany was occupied.
02:28It was occupied by Soviet...
02:30Red Army forces that had entered from the East.
02:32And then by...
02:33British...
02:34American...
02:35and French forces that had come from the West.
02:38And the victors in the...
02:40war...
02:41had to decide what to do with the defeated Germany.
02:43So...
02:44they agreed...
02:45to divide up Germany.
02:46And by being divided...
02:47it could not be...
02:48strong enough...
02:49to...
02:50create the kind of problem that it did...
02:52in the First and Second World Wars.
02:54They...
02:55divided the country...
02:56between the occupying powers...
02:58creating an East Germany...
02:59and a West Germany...
03:00and then they divided up the city of Berlin...
03:03which was in East Germany...
03:04into...
03:05the different sectors...
03:06that were occupied by different occupying armies.
03:09Dividing...
03:10territories...
03:11and assuming that...
03:12people along either sides of the territories...
03:14would...
03:15fond...
03:15vine...
03:16It's such...
03:17a colonial practice.
03:18Typically...
03:19good things don't come out of...
03:20a divisão de território.
03:22O soviets são dissatisfied
03:24com a divisão de germans.
03:25Eles estão preocupados com o que isso poderia significar
03:27na próxima, especialmente em Berlim.
03:30A Unified West-Berlin,
03:32located right in the middle of their
03:33occupation zone,
03:35provavelmente serão poderosos e agressivamente
03:37anti-Soviet.
03:39Twice in their history,
03:40they had suffered major attacks
03:41because of Germany.
03:43And they would not risk a third.
03:46Very soon, Stalin's...
03:48Tensions become apparent.
03:49He was interested in getting complete control
03:51rather than creating some...
03:53sort of democracy in East Germany.
03:55And the West was taking
03:57an opposite approach.
03:58They learned the lesson
03:59from World War I
04:00that if you suppress an enemy,
04:02they'll come back
04:02and hit you hard.
04:03The conflicts that are developing
04:05between the Western Allies
04:07and the USSR in...
04:08Germany support fears
04:09around the communist government
04:10and a desire to quash it
04:12before support...
04:13for support grows.
04:16Berlin.
04:18Com a Alemanha situada entre oeste e oeste da Europa,
04:22a control da Alemanha
04:23O capital é visto como simbólico e pragmático
04:27A tensão entre os...
04:28...
04:33A autoridade de Sônia anunciou que a autobahn, a maior ponta do país,
04:36seria feita indefinida.
04:38para o restaurante.
04:40All o trafico do lado do lado do lado do lado do lado do lado do lado.
04:43Closing off all supply lines from the west.
04:46Beginning the Berlin blockade.
04:48We have to remember that Berlin lies in East Germany and that means that this
04:53Soviet Union can control access to this city.
04:56It can control the access of food.
04:58Of coal.
04:59Of those things that West Germans need to eat and to stay warm.
05:03The lives of those within the blockade are now being threatened.
05:08Berlin's blockade is seen as an attempt to drive the allies out of the city, cut off capitalism and
05:13spread communism within the capital.
05:16You see a lot of the desperation.
05:18of the Soviet Union at this point to have some form of control over Europe.
05:23And so the West had to make a decision.
05:25Do they want to capitulate?
05:28And give up this small area in this sea of communist control.
05:33Or do they want to reinforce it?
05:34For the West, withdrawal is not an option.
05:38The attack seems unwise as it could force their former allies to retaliate.
05:43Instead of using force, the US and its allies decide to help the people of Berlin by providing
05:48supplies.
05:49There's an idea that maybe the city of West Berlin could
05:53and be resupplied by air.
05:55And so the Americans and the British start using
05:58bomber airplanes to airlift supplies into the city.
06:03Two days after the blockade began...
06:08The US Air Force initiates Operation Vittles.
06:13The mission to supply the people of West Berlin with food, fuel and other goods through daily
06:18and aerial cargo shipments.
06:19It wasn't a simple operation of...
06:23bringing in supplies by air.
06:24It was bringing in supplies to a city that had sustained...
06:28incredible damage.
06:29Pilots carry out complicated maneuvers to overcome...
06:33quick turnarounds, tight flying and landing space and severe weather.
06:38It was possible for the Soviet Union to shoot down these airplanes and render the air...
06:43lift ineffective.
06:44But Stalin chooses not to do this.
06:47This is a matter of...
06:48of some debate at why he didn't do this, but it's clear that if he had, in fact...
06:53shot down these airplanes, it might have been the start of a new war in Europe.
06:58The Soviets thought that the resolve of the West would weaken because it's tremendous cost.
07:03to fly in all those goods.
07:04But the Americans insisted on it and they were going to do it as long as it was...
07:08required.
07:09Despite the difficult logistics and the...
07:13immense cost, the airlift continued for 15 months.
07:18That is a game of chicken that really plays into the Cold War mentality...
07:21of who has the most power and who was...
07:23of who has the ability to kind of wait the other one out.
07:27Realizing that the blog...
07:28was doing nothing to help his cause...
07:30and only contributing to a negative image of the Soviet Union...
07:33around the world, Stalin decides to lift the blockade.
07:38This had been a tremendous propaganda coup for the West...
07:42both because it...
07:43it showed the ability of the Americans and the British to bring food, to bring fuel...
07:47the very...
07:48stuff of life...
07:49to people who were threatened by the Soviet Union.
07:52And the blockade...
07:53also seemed to highlight the cruelty of the Soviet Union.
07:56How could someone like Stalin...
07:58decide to simply choke off a city to make a political point?
08:01They allowed for the...
08:03Germans to be very grateful to the Americans.
08:05They saw the Americans were there to protect them...
08:07whereas...
08:08the Soviets wanted to dominate them.
08:11The event does nothing to ease tension.
08:13the Western allies unite their occupation zones...
08:16to create a democratic government...
08:18in West Germany...
08:19while the Soviets tightened their grip...
08:21on the Soviet satellite nation...
08:22in the East...
08:23Pretty soon the Germans realized...
08:25we would much rather be...
08:27with the...
08:28the American...
08:29British and French...
08:30in their sectors...
08:31than stay in the...
08:32Soviet...
08:33dominated sector...
08:34and there was...
08:35massive transfer.
08:36The blockade proves...
08:38that the US and Western European nations...
08:40share common interests...
08:41and a common foe.
08:43motivating them...
08:44to create the Intergovernmental Military Alliance...
08:46NATO...
08:47the North Atlantic...
08:48Treaty Organization...
08:49All the frontline states...
08:51could feel much more at ease...
08:53because they knew that...
08:54if they were attacked...
08:55then they would not just have to...
08:56defend for themselves...
08:57but...
08:58they would...
08:59be able to...
09:00call upon...
09:01the Alliance...
09:02as a whole...
09:03The North Atlantic Treaty...
09:03in 1949...
09:04and ushers in...
09:05the birth of...
09:06NATO...
09:07and NATO initially had...
09:0812 allies...
09:09In 1955...
09:11West Germany...
09:12now...
09:13comes to be...
09:14an independent state...
09:15again...
09:16as the Federal Republic...
09:17of Germany...
09:18and Germany...
09:19then...
09:20joins NATO...
09:21in 1955...
09:22This alarm...
09:23informs the Soviets...
09:24because now...
09:25NATO...
09:26has moved east...
09:27now...
09:28the former...
09:28Soviet enemy...
09:29Germany...
09:30is part of this...
09:31Western alliance...
09:32So for the Soviet...
09:33that must have been...
09:34very joy...
09:35and...
09:36it prompted them...
09:37to have a very...
09:38quick reaction...
09:38in terms of...
09:39forming their own...
09:40alliance ship...
09:41After West Germany...
09:42was integrated...
09:43into NATO...
09:44in 1955...
09:45the Soviet Union...
09:46and seven other...
09:47Soviet satellite states...
09:48in Central...
09:49and Eastern Europe...
09:50formed a collective...
09:51defense treaty...
09:52called...
09:53the Warsaw...
09:53pact...
09:54It is a counter...
09:55to NATO...
09:56but...
09:57unlike NATO...
09:58it's not a free nation...
09:58this is a Soviet...
10:00dominated...
10:01organization...
10:02nothing...
10:03can be done...
10:04with their approval...
10:05from Moscow...
10:06For the Soviets...
10:07NATO...
10:08almost seems to...
10:08reinforce...
10:09their worldview...
10:10that the West...
10:11is...
10:12trying to encircle...
10:13the Soviet Union...
10:14trying to...
10:15get rid of communism...
10:16for capitalism...
10:17what have you...
10:18so they see...
10:18this...
10:18as threatening...
10:19and of course...
10:19that's not...
10:20what the West...
10:21is really trying...
10:22to do...
10:23they are trying...
10:23Eles estão tentando, em sua mente,
10:25contra o que eles veem as soviético de expansão.
10:29O que aconteceu na Alemanha?
10:31A trancação de Alemanha?
10:32A trancação do Alemanha?
10:33A batalha para o controle de Berlim
10:34poderia culminar na construção do Berlim Wall.
10:37A permanente...
10:38A partidão dividindo a cidade no início dos anos 60.
10:43A guerra seria um símbolo da guerra e a divisão entre a democracia e a comunidade.
10:48A guerra seria um símbolo da guerra.
10:50A guerra seria um símbolo da guerra.
10:53E eles percebem que apenas tem uma série de semanas para conseguir a guerra para liberar.
10:58A guerra seria um símbolo da guerra.
11:03Mas eles também precisam deixar os lugares onde eles nasceram, onde eles cresceram.
11:08A guerra seria um símbolo da guerra.
11:10A guerra seria um símbolo da guerra.
11:13E eu acho que é uma situação útima de acontecer.
11:15E aí
11:17Depois da Berlim Wall...
11:18Você começa a começar a ter duas sociedades que são quase polar.
11:23Você começa a ter uma liberdade no West, e você começa a ter uma liberdade.
11:28Eu não podia ir para a wall da esquerda.
11:33There was no way you could even see the wall.
11:36We just arrived at these...
11:38Streets that had police gates at them, and beyond that, there was another three...
11:43blocks of empty buildings that led up to the Berlin Wall, on the western side, of course.
11:48You could touch it.
11:51Throughout the airlift, people in Germany...
11:53Listen to the events being reported over the RIAS, a radio and television station...
11:58operating out of the American sector of Berlin during the Cold War.
12:03In the Berlin Airlift, the West recognized that radio was a great...
12:08propaganda tool for them to tell the people of West Berlin what they were doing.
12:13To give them some hope and to explain that food and fuel was on the way.
12:18And it would keep coming.
12:19But walls and barbed wire couldn't keep the allies out of East...
12:23Berlin and other Soviet-backed states.
12:26There was so much Soviet...
12:28propaganda, and you couldn't get real news out of the Soviet-dominated sources.
12:33It's almost like a grassroots effort or a collective effort for those outside of the...
12:38site of conflict.
12:39Just spread the message that we're watching and we do...
12:43We do care.
12:44We do care.
12:45We do care.
12:48We do care.
12:49We do care.
12:50Our social experience...
12:51Our social experience.
12:52Our social experience.
12:54We do care.
12:55I think we've all celebrated about this event by...
12:58We do care.
12:59Our social Parliament.
13:01Let us change DNA.
13:04Let us be together.
13:08On the planet.
13:10Happy birthday.
13:12We have no technology.
13:15que se a população desses países
13:18sabiam que era governante-sanctionada
13:20que eles veiam o mesmo nível de distração
13:22que eles veiam
13:23broadcasts de seus próprios governantes
13:25que eles veiam as bias
13:26os programas foram
13:28na língua dos países
13:30e os Estados Unidos
13:31e os Estados Unidos
13:32não se informam os ouvintes
13:33mas tentam trazer um fim
13:34à comunidade
13:35a comunidade
13:36a comunidade
13:37a larger guerra
13:38é realmente fought
13:38em controla
13:39as hearts e minds
13:40de todos os países
13:40e é onde a mídia é particularmente importante.
13:42Daíno do get-go, os americanos entenderam.
13:45A mídia foi uma forma de vida.
13:50Transcrição e Legendas Pedro Negri
13:55Transcrição e Legendas Pedro Negri
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14:27É muito difícil de ver se você conseguir que isso foi o caso.
14:31E então, com esses...
14:32as broadcasts, would have called that into question.
14:35Many Soviet defectors...
14:37...would come to cite the VOA in their decision to defect, particularly programming that...
14:42...compared the lives of people on either side of the Iron Curtain.
14:47There was a double goal in these stories that would be transmitted by Radio 4...
14:52...for Europe, Voice of America.
14:54One theme kind of confirmed how bad...
14:57...life is where you are.
14:58You're not the only one.
15:00Here are defectors who...
15:02...experienced even worse things than you're experiencing...
15:05...and get ready, it could get worse for you.
15:07Over there, listen to what happened to this guy.
15:10It allowed people to...
15:12...we see each other as an oppressed people as opposed to individuals.
15:15The other second...
15:17...the secondary theme, of course, is life is better over here.
15:20Look how the streets are paved with gold.
15:22Look at all this opportunity.
15:23Look at all these people who suffered just like you, but they came here...
15:27...and now we're driving a Cadillac and they have a big house...
15:30...and isn't life grand over here?
15:32...in the free enterprise system.
15:35So if you go to the shop and there's no...
15:37...if you know that your brother's been taken away to a prison camp...
15:40...for no apparent reason, if you have...
15:42...no freedom, no choice, no vote...
15:44...all of those things are probably your principal...
15:47...motivator to get the heck out, but then you hear the other side...
15:50...and the other side you know...
15:52...is quite different.
15:53That's powerful.
15:54They are continuing to give people an alternative...
15:57...to think about so that people know that there is an alternative.
16:02Unlike the VOA, Radio Free Europe's headquarters is based in Munich, Germany.
16:07...is far closer to the leaders it criticizes.
16:10In addition to its regular broadcast...
16:12...the RFE spreads information through a series of operations to distribute print...
16:17...media.
16:22...the RFE...
16:23...the RFE...
16:25...the RFE...
16:27...one such mission fills the skies over Central Europe with more than 350...
16:32...thousand meteorological balloons that deliver over 300 million leaflets...
16:37...books and other materials to Czechoslovakia.
16:42I would love to talk to the creator of Operation Prospero.
16:45It's just so wild.
16:47...and concept and execution.
16:49I'm not sure how you'd measure the result of it.
16:52...other than a little bit of a demonstration to the other side that you don't control...
16:57...everything you think you can control.
17:00The Soviets' approach...
17:02...to Western radio broadcasting is to label them enemy voices.
17:06Communist authorities...
17:07...don't view these broadcasters as American nationalists...
17:10...but as treasonous citizens who...
17:12...defected and volunteered to assist the CIA.
17:15If you had a critic...
17:17...of the way that these countries were run, it was treasonous.
17:22It says a great deal about the ability to criticize the Soviet Union at that time.
17:27Over the next several decades, spies will infiltrate the radio stations...
17:31...posing...
17:32...as employees.
17:33They bring their handlers cabinets of files and documents while...
17:37...planning to bring down the establishments from the inside.
17:40...
17:42...and a mass broadcast that cannot be controlled...
17:44...is a threat.
17:47In 1959, the radio station is tipped off to an attempted poisoning plot.
17:52A double agent working at RFE informs authorities...
17:57...that he has been assigned by a communist diplomat...
17:59...to replace the cafeteria's salt shakers...
18:02...with ones that he was told contain a mild laxative.
18:05When the contents of the salt shaker...
18:07...are analyzed, the salt is found to be mixed with atropine...
18:10...a deadly poison.
18:12But outside of actual conflict, the West is largely a void...
18:17...of the use of assassination.
18:19The Soviets have had no similar compunctions to...
18:22...to restrain themselves in those ways.
18:24While the plan was foiled before anyone could...
18:27...to be heard, it set off alarms within the radio station.
18:30Could there be more spies working with...
18:32...in the company?
18:33And if so, who?
18:37In 1967, Pavel Minarek is recruited as an intelligence agent...
18:41...in Czech...
18:42...in Czechoslovakia, a Soviet satellite state.
18:47...in Czechoslovakia...
18:48...conversed by a printed band of Spanish Ce każde School...
18:50...reject
18:52His experiência
18:54as a radio announcer gives him the
18:56perfect cover to infiltrate
18:57a lady.
18:57O governo da R.F.E. em nome do governo Czechoslovak, que foram criticados por jornalistas.
19:02át clarity...
19:04Menarck's job was to gain as much information
19:07o que ele conseguiu sobre essas estacionais de radios, e isso envolvia coisas como
19:11seguidores, mas isso foi um passo a passo, ele até...
19:16information about floor plans to support a possible bombing operation.
19:21Classic case in my mind of a hostile intelligence service attempting a penetration of an organization.
19:26That's at odds with it. Radio Free Europe was a real burr under their saddle.
19:31In 1976, he is withdrawn from Germany before plans could be executed.
19:36He is later paraded at a press conference in Czechoslovakia where he triumphed
19:41and constantly reveals details of how he infiltrated the disgrace of the airwaves.
19:46Radio propaganda, just like lobbing a missile and the information...
19:51...missile into your country. So the kind of countermeasure...
19:56...would include, you know, destroying that facility or poisoning its...
20:01...staff that was not off the table.
20:05RFE is seen...
20:06...as a serious threat by the leader of another Warsaw Pact member.
20:10Romanian president...
20:11...Nikolai Ceausescu.
20:13Ceausescu wages a vengeful war against the RFE...
20:16...after being heavily criticized in their broadcasts.
20:19That kind of information...
20:21...leads into a society and can really erode your support, right?
20:25It can also...
20:26...exacerbate the fact that you're hated.
20:29He initiated a program called Ether...
20:31...in an attempt to silence anti-communist voices by any means necessary.
20:36...in an attempt to silence anti-communist voices by any means necessary.
20:41Over the years, Ceausescu has formed a relationship with Internet...
20:46...of international terrorist Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez, commonly known as the Jackal.
20:51...and the Irish in the Singapore and the Jackal.
20:56Carlos the Jackal,
20:59probably the most successful
21:02individual terrorist that the world
21:04has ever had to face.
21:06He is
21:07literally the stuff that you would
21:09have thought could only appear in
21:10movies, but
21:12was real.
21:13During his war against the radio
21:15station, Ceausescu pays the job
21:17millions of dollars to help him
21:18attempt to bring down the station
21:20and its staff.
21:22One of the targets is director of RFE,
21:25Vlad Georgescu.
21:27In 1987, Georgescu is threatened
21:29that he will not survive the year
21:31if he goes through
21:32the war.
21:31with one of his broadcasts,
21:33a warning he ignores.
21:35He succumbs to a brain tumor.
21:37in 1988.
21:39Georgescu is one of many
21:40who come under fire.
21:41because of their anti-communist
21:43stance over the airwaves.
21:45Probably the most famous
21:46is Jorgen.
21:46Markov, who is a Bulgarian dissident.
21:50Jorgen Markov worked as a
21:51journalist and broadcaster for
21:53BBC and RFE, where he was
21:55extremely critical of the
21:56Bulgarian regime.
21:59In 1978, he was on his way to work
22:01when he was on his way to work.
22:01He bumped into someone with an
22:03umbrella and recalled feeling a sharp pain.
22:07That night, he developed a fever and was taken to hospital
22:10where he died four days later.
22:11Nobody can figure out what killed this guy.
22:16He takes a medical examiner's assistant.
22:21He finds
22:21this little metallic ball and when he looks under
22:25the magnification, he can
22:26see that there's a micro hole drilled on two angles.
22:31into it and it's housed ricin poison.
22:36Everyone is
22:36surmising that that umbrella that the guy bumped him with had some kind
22:41of an air gun pneumatic system and, you know, you get that exotic.
22:46James Bond-like assassination.
22:51James Bond- It's a targeted assassination, what the Russian
22:56ians call a wet op in order to get rid of a fairly prominent journalist.
23:01James Bond- By far the boldest act of violence against the RFE comes in 1981 at the
23:06Munich headquarters.
23:11James Bond- By far the 1978
23:16No 21 februário, uma explosão de explosão no pão
23:21rockou o ar.
23:21causando milhares de dólares em damação.
23:24Algumas trabalhadoras estão mortes, mas...
23:26Não há fatalities.
23:29É depois determinado que o terrorista Brunho Brunho...
23:31O foguete detonou a bomba,
23:33que foi plantada por alguns homens
23:35trabalhando com Carlos the Jack.
23:36O que tinha sido contratado novamente
23:38por o presidente România Nicolai Ceucescu.
23:41Estes facilities de radios
23:44become targets
23:44as much as an air force.
23:46O que foi?
23:47O que foi?
23:47O que foi?
23:48No final do dia,
23:49a operação tinha o mesmo impacto.
23:50A força de força.
23:51It strengthened RFE, it strengthened what they were trying to do and bolstered their reason for it.
23:56Every one of those people that was there was more empowered behind their mission.
24:01And folks said, gosh, if it's such a big deal that they want to bomb them, it must be worth listening to.
24:06The Soviets employed a different strategy to deal with these freedom networks.
24:11The USSR used various methods to interrupt and block the reception of Western broadcasts.
24:16From BBC, the VOA, and RFE.
24:20Starting in 1940...
24:21A focus is placed on radio jamming.
24:25To jam a radio station...
24:26A focus is to find the frequency on which your enemy is broadcasting, and then for you...
24:31to simply broadcast more loudly and more powerfully something on that same...
24:36signal that will distort what your enemy is trying to say.
24:40So it makes the radio...
24:41stations unlistenable.
24:43Broadcasters use powerful shortwave radio stations...
24:46stations, so jamming transmitters need to be even more powerful with various interference...
24:51signals like noise, non-stop music, or recorded voices played backwards.
24:56So you need to set up all these stations and also know...
25:01when they should transmit.
25:02So that's a very large operation that can involve thousands of people.
25:06because they are having to constantly keep watch.
25:11A Soviet jamming network is established and led by Natalia Christianinova.
25:16An estimated 2,500 to 3,000 jamming transmitters and 5...
25:21primary employees are at her disposal.
25:24The Christianinova department...
25:26operates and organizes roughly 200 sites.
25:29Such facilities are established...
25:31within the USSR and in major cities in every Soviet republic.
25:36Now to overcome a jammer, all you need to do is increase the power of your own radio station.
25:41And it created this back and forth sort of never-ending war between transmitters and...
25:46jamming stations, both trying to out-duel each other.
25:51Jamming tech and the power to fuel it isn't cheap.
25:54The Soviets spend roughly...
25:5635 million dollars over the years trying to jam the broadcasts from foreign stations.
26:01far more than the cost of running the broadcasts themselves.
26:06Despite spies, jamming, and even assassinations, the messages being sent out...
26:11over the radio waves remain unchanged.
26:14It's believed that the U.S. reached...
26:16between 50 and 70 percent of those on the other side of the Iron Curtain through their broadcasts.
26:21The more you try to stamp out free ideas...
26:26the more they're going to even flourish.
26:28The people are trying to get access to this...
26:31information because they crave it.
26:34And part of the reason they crave it is...
26:36probably because it was so repressed and eliminated.
26:39And that just actually makes it...
26:41more valuable.
26:44The 1950s ushers in...
26:46in the golden age of propaganda, both overt and covert.
26:50Radios and televisions...
26:51are in almost every home in America.
26:54Government-produced propaganda is replaced...
26:56replaced by more subtle studio content...
26:58that promotes pro-American values...
27:00while demonizing...
27:01communism...
27:02in film, television, music, and art.
27:06We talked about conformity when it comes to the Soviet Union, right?
27:10But we don't quite talk...
27:11about that in the American context.
27:13Media during the Cold War...
27:15defined America...
27:16and defined American values...
27:17and by defining American values...
27:19emphasized what was supposed to be...
27:21normal.
27:22It's showing this...
27:23idealized version of America.
27:26and quite simply...
27:27American values was symbolized...
27:28as the white, suburban, middle-class family.
27:31with very clear gender roles.
27:33It's a kind of leave-it-to-beaver image...
27:35of...
27:36American society.
27:37And the fact is...
27:38that this is...
27:39a manufactured image.
27:41And it is so effective...
27:43that...
27:44when conservatives...
27:45argue about...
27:46traditional values today...
27:47they return to this image...
27:48that was manufactured...
27:49in the 1950s.
27:51The irony of this time...
27:53is that...
27:54America was becoming...
27:55more of a monoclonal...
27:56culture...
27:57like the Soviet Union...
27:58even as they were trying...
27:59to repel the Soviet Union.
28:01as the Cold War...
28:03intensifies...
28:04paranoia...
28:05around communism...
28:06and...
28:06communist supporters...
28:07living in the U.S.
28:08is known...
28:09as the Red Scare.
28:11ones...
28:12a potential communist.
28:13Communism is the greatest evil...
28:14in the world.
28:15People tried to link...
28:16communism to every...
28:17social ill...
28:18you could imagine.
28:19They also...
28:20generally referred to...
28:21it as a deviancy...
28:22with the idea of...
28:24lumping other...
28:25so-called...
28:26deviancies...
28:27into the loop.
28:28There's a lot of fear...
28:29circulating in society...
28:30and...
28:31there's a lot of...
28:31people who are...
28:32playing to those fears.
28:33Senator Joseph McCarthy...
28:34was one of those.
28:35McCarthy is...
28:36fed on the paranoia...
28:37of people...
28:38and he...
28:39claimed to have a list...
28:40of...
28:41many, many...
28:42communist spies...
28:43within the U.S. government.
28:44He...
28:45went on a crusade...
28:46against these...
28:47communist...
28:48infiltrators...
28:49or sympathizers.
28:50Taking a...
28:51communist...
28:51terrorism...
28:52corruption...
28:53treason...
28:54in government.
28:55The House of Un-American...
28:56activities...
28:57is a government committee...
28:58created in 1938...
28:59to investigate...
29:00alleged...
29:01disloyalty...
29:02and rebel activities...
29:03suspected...
29:04of having...
29:05communist ties.
29:07The Red Scare...
29:08exacerbates...
29:09the committee's...
29:10concerns...
29:11in the 1950s...
29:11leading them...
29:12to carry out...
29:13more intensive...
29:14investigations...
29:15and interrogations...
29:16the truth...
29:17the whole truth...
29:18and nothing...
29:19but the truth...
29:20stop you...
29:21those who admit...
29:22to supporting...
29:23communism...
29:24are sentenced...
29:25to jail time...
29:26some who...
29:26deny...
29:27are found guilty...
29:28regardless...
29:29anyone...
29:30from politicians...
29:31to patriots...
29:31to be subjected...
29:32to trials...
29:36to drive...
29:37tociąż unity...
29:38過...
29:39to a penalty...
29:40to a penalty...
29:41to a penalty...
29:43to a penalty...
29:45belt...
29:46will wait...
29:47to select the penalty...
29:49to a penalty...
29:50in order,
30:04to Erfolg...
30:04Muitos de muitos, em 1949,
30:06ele encontra-se no trial,
30:08acusado de ser envolvido com...
30:09...comunist espionage.
30:12His is put on the stand
30:13after the investigation of Witter...
30:14...Chambers, an American writer.
30:17Chambers provides the names of individuals...
30:19...said to be members of the Communist Party,
30:22including Alger Hiss.
30:24Hiss represents the concealed enemy.
30:29Against which we are all fighting,
30:34and I am fighting.
30:35Hiss rejects these damning accusations.
30:38He denies any ties to communism.
30:39...and claims he has never met his accuser.
30:43Mr. Hiss is lying.
30:44...
30:49A CIDADE NO BRASIL
30:54A CIDADE NO BRASIL
30:59A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:05A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:07A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:09A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:11A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:13A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:15A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:17A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:19A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:21A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:23A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:25A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:27A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:29A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:31A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:33A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:35A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:37A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:39A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:41A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:43A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:45A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:47A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:49A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:51A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:53A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:55A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:57A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:59A CIDADE NO BRASIL
32:01Transcrição e Legendas Pedro Negri
32:06Producing documents and microfilm that appear to prove he and his were committing espionage.
32:11They contain images of State Department materials, including notes in Hiss's own handwriting.
32:16And then it gets weird, because it's not weird enough, given a statue.
32:21He cannot be prosecuted for espionage.
32:25But by virtue of the fact that his...
32:26It denies knowing chambers, and it's subsequently proven to be untrue.
32:31They met one another.
32:31Albeit when chambers went by another name, George Crossley.
32:35So in that murky...
32:36In a murky world, Alger Hiss has perjured himself.
32:40Alger Hiss is exposed as...
32:41As a lawyer, and of course, that's a crime.
32:44So Alger Hiss is never convicted...
32:46He's convicted for espionage.
32:47He's convicted for perjury.
32:51The country...
32:51This controversial case still leaves many wondering if chambers somehow conjured fake evidence,
32:56or if history...
32:56Truly shared secrets with the East, and if so, what were they?
33:01But not all who the HUAC investigates hold communist views.
33:06The...
33:06Fear of falsely being accused creates a climate of political intimidation known...
33:11As red-baiting.
33:13These trials were very emotional.
33:15They were very illogical.
33:16They wound up turning the desire to keep national security in.
33:21Attacked to targeting people in Hollywood for possible pro-communist men.
33:26Hollywood was the location of a lot of people with strong intellect...
33:31who were open to alternative ideas, and they also had influence.
33:36So, some right-wing political establishment figures decided that Holly...
33:41Hollywood had to be tamed so that they would not be able to propagate left...
33:46this or socialist ideas, which was all conflated together with communism.
33:51It becomes less of a strategic way of dealing with a military threat or a political...
33:56threat, and more of a means of controlling a society.
34:00Before you would be...
34:01To be allowed to shoot anything or work on any film, you would have to go...
34:06to see this private agency that would interview you for your political past.
34:11Just having a past political view or connection to a party...
34:16or ideology in this climate was enough to brand you as...
34:21as a traitor.
34:22The lines of civil liberties and national security begin to blur.
34:26For those who were accused, the hearings are just as taxing as the arrests.
34:31One of the ways the committee worked was by asking those who testified before the committee...
34:36to name names, to name lists of other individuals that they had worked with or...
34:41who they believed to be communist.
34:43So it wasn't simply the individual that was...
34:46so all the networks around the individual.
34:48People could never be sure that there...
34:50People could never be sure that there...
34:51their co-workers, their family members, their friends...
34:54who testified before...
34:56or the committee might not also name them.
35:00Individuals...
35:01who refused to answer the committee's questions...
35:03or to provide names...
35:04could be indicted for contempt of Congress...
35:06and sent to prison.
35:07If you think I'll cooperate with you in any way...
35:11you are insane.
35:12There was also the fear of blacklisting by their employers.
35:16This type of blacklisting...
35:18it ends up destroying people's livelihoods.
35:20You have the full...
35:21power of the state...
35:22more or less branding you as a traitor...
35:24and there's really not much...
35:26you can do about it.
35:29HUAC's controversial...
35:31tactics to force confessions through...
35:33relentless examinations...
35:34and the harsh consequences that would...
35:36follow...
35:37contribute to the fear...
35:38distrust...
35:39and repression.
35:40The climate...
35:41feels uneasy.
35:43There were two types of fears.
35:45One was a fear that...
35:46there might be a communist...
35:47within my vicinity...
35:48or within my family...
35:49and then the other fear...
35:51was...
35:52oh...
35:53I might be falsely accused...
35:54so I've got to show...
35:55how patriotic...
35:56American I am.
35:57This type of atmosphere...
35:59encouraged people to...
36:00point out...
36:01other people out...
36:02just to be safe.
36:03These were not trials...
36:04for espionage...
36:05or spying.
36:06these were trials...
36:07for ideology.
36:09Some believe...
36:10HUAC is...
36:11overstepping...
36:12and stripping citizens...
36:13of their personal freedoms...
36:14while others see this...
36:15as necessary.
36:16The accusations...
36:18just get more wild...
36:19and more...
36:20ridiculous.
36:21and then start to target...
36:22specific communities...
36:23like the gay community.
36:24Although...
36:25many people...
36:26lost their jobs...
36:27because of ties to communism...
36:28or perceived ties to communism...
36:29even more people...
36:30lost their jobs...
36:31dentro do civil serviço e do governo porque eles eram gay.
36:36As American society did not favor homosexuality, the belief was that if you were
36:41for the government and the Soviets found out that you were gay, they could blackmail you.
36:46They saw it as a weakness within American society.
36:49At the end of the Second World War,
36:51the world also starts to develop a concept of human rights.
36:55People are now...
36:56actively resisting and protesting and engaging in forms of dissent.
37:01Many members of Hollywood comply with HUAC when they are questioned.
37:06A group of prominent Hollywood writers, producers and directors push back.
37:11The United States of America
37:16Quando colocado no pão, ninguém revela o seu poder.
37:21Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:26Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:31Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:33Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:35Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:37Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:41Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:43Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:47Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:49Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:51Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:53Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:55Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:57Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
37:59Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
38:01Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
38:03Acesse o nosso site www.mesmerism.info
38:05All but one is sentenced to prison and blacklisted from Hollywood.
38:10One popular media mogul is never targeted by the HUAC, despite having...
38:15...worked with the Soviets for nearly a decade.
38:20In 19...
38:25In 1934, Boris Moros, a Soviet-born music director working for Paramount...
38:30...pictures, takes a meeting at the Soviet Consulate in New York City.
38:34In this meeting...
38:35...Moros makes the jump from high-profile Hollywood music director to Soviet...
38:40...spy.
38:41One of the ways Moros made himself useful was to serve as a sort of money...
38:45...launderer for Soviet interests in the United States.
38:48He would invite...
38:50...people sympathetic to the Communist Party or members of the Communist Party to invest...
38:55...in his various business ventures, and then he would be able to funnel that money...
39:00...back to different Soviet projects in the United States.
39:05In 1947, the FBI is finally on to Moros...
39:10...and they confront him and arrest him, but decide he'll be more useful to them if...
39:15...they leave him in place, and so they turn him into a double agent and...
39:20...use his connections to gain more intelligence about what the Soviets are up to.
39:25As a double agent, Moros feeds low-level secrets and misinformation...
39:30...and back to the KGB, while simultaneously feeding information to American authorities.
39:35...through Moros, the FBI is able to learn about the Sobel spy...
39:40...ring, which is a Soviet spy ring operating across the United States.
39:45...our all the other people who are successful in the United States...
39:48...and up to the United States.
39:50About the United States.
39:51By the United States, the US and the United States...
39:54...beautifulness is missing we have.
39:57...in factored by the U.S.
39:59...with RUSSIAN
40:03...soberness was not included.
40:06...in factored by the U.S.
40:08...and the U.S.
40:12Legenda por Sônia Ruberti
40:17Dodd is known to use her charisma to initiate close relationships with...
40:22...important figures like Eleanor Roosevelt.
40:26The Soviets use her ties to the...
40:27...American government to gather both personal and political information.
40:31She...
40:32...and also works as a Soviet talent scout to recruit people she thinks might be of value.
40:37Including the multi-millionaire businessman Alfred Stern.
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