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The 1930s were a decade which erupted into color as photographic technology came of age and new, innovative processes brought color photography to the market. Rare, private, and commercial film and photographic archives give poignant and surprising insights into the era and reflects the culture, travel habits and spirit of adventure associated with this transformative time.
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00:00This is 1930s Britain, for the first time, black and white films, now in colour, bringing new life to the good times and the bad.
00:17It's a turbulent decade, the best things happen and the worst things happen.
00:22Three kings in one year, the monarchy in crisis.
00:26A government gambles everything in a desperate attempt to stem the Nazi tide.
00:37I think this is one of the things that's really hard to understand about the 30s. How could this have gone on?
00:50This time, the shadow of the First World War still looms large over Britain.
00:56The people revolt.
00:59It was a very, very traumatic moment in British history. Brave men and women made their feelings known.
01:09Fascism gets a British poster boy.
01:13He was incredibly charismatic, Oswald Mosey. You only had to ask his long line of mistresses for proof of that.
01:18And a nation is tested to the limit.
01:23The ordinary people had come together and said, not in this country.
01:28This is the 30s in colour.
01:32Countdown to war.
01:33...
01:44...
01:47...
01:52...
01:53A década da década, os britânicos foram decididos para gostar de normal vida.
02:23A memória do primeiro World War foi apenas 12 anos, e o tempo tinha trazido uma nova sensação de esperança e de liberdade.
02:34Em Londres, no clube e cabarei teatros foram fechados com homens e mulheres dançando para os últimos jazz hitos da América.
02:44A 1930s, para mim, são uma década de total change e total aventura.
02:58É a época de recreación.
03:00Deve ter sido unimaginável emocionante.
03:04Foi um momento em que a sociedade social e mudou.
03:08For the first time, the cinema became a weekly part of people's lives.
03:18Every town and city had its Ritz, its Roxy, an empire or an Odeon.
03:23E, as seen here in Maidenhead, anyone could watch the latest Hollywood sensation for only ten pence a ticket.
03:30A film industry was booming.
03:35The first sort of entertainment blockbusters were created in the 1930s.
03:41People wanted to be entertained, wanted to be scared, wanted to be excited by things,
03:45wanted to be taken out of their rather miserable existence.
03:48No film star was bigger than Britain's Charlie Chaplin.
03:55His films, often making light of tough times, made him the highest paid actor in the world.
04:03And the heartthrob was adored by fans when he returned home.
04:07The nation was hungry for heroes, and they found a real one in the shape of a 26-year-old pilot from Kingston-upon-Hull.
04:23I've always wanted to see this Amy Johnson flying back from her solo flight to Australia to Croydon, of all places.
04:39She's such a fantastic icon for women in the 30s.
04:43She's setting a new bar for women.
04:46She's showing what women can do in this new age.
04:49They're not just going to be pushing hoovers, they're going to be flying aeroplanes.
04:53On the 4th of August 1930, thousands welcomed Amy Johnson home after she became the first British woman to fly solo to Australia.
05:07The flight took her 19 days in her second-hand gypsy moth plane called Jason.
05:12I want to show you by my flying exactly what I feel about England, how I love England and its people, how glad I am to be back home.
05:32And this is absolutely wonderful.
05:35There's this incredibly strong, independent woman trying to give a speech, and a man reaches out from this crowd of grey men behind her and tries to adjust her position towards the microphone.
05:48And she tolerates it for a second, and then she looks so annoyed, she shrugs him off.
05:53You know, this is a modern woman who does not need an old bloke shoving her towards the microphone.
06:00She was making herself heard perfectly well without him, so I loved that moment.
06:05There's actually quite a few women flying planes, driving racing cars that take advantage of these new technologies of the 30s.
06:11And really, the strange thing is that that doesn't continue into the present.
06:17I think there's only 5% of airline pilots today are women.
06:20You think, what happened to all those Amy Johnsons?
06:27I've flown for a living since I was 21 years old, really.
06:36Just climbing into a little aeroplane to go and chase a cloud just because you can.
06:40There aren't really enough words to describe it, but it really is the most amazing experience that I've found.
07:01It's a sensation of freedom, of peace.
07:05You get a view of the world that people don't see.
07:09There are no borders, there are no boundaries.
07:12You're a bravo, it's not my turn.
07:17Growing up in Hull, Kath learnt to fly at the same aero club Amy Johnson flew from in the 30s.
07:23I was about 8 years old.
07:33My gran bought me a book for Christmas.
07:35It was Adventure Stories for Girls.
07:38And I read this book.
07:39It was a good book.
07:40And I said to my dad, hey, dad, this book's wrong.
07:43Well, it says here, a woman from Hull went to Australia in an aeroplane on her own.
07:49And he said, well, was she called Amy Johnson?
07:52I said, yeah.
07:53He said, well, she did.
07:55I said, she can't have.
07:57I said, why can't she have?
07:58She came from Hull.
07:59And I just could not believe that anybody, male or female, from Hull had done anything that impressive.
08:06That I started reading everything I could lay my hands on to find more about Amy Johnson.
08:11What a fascinating woman she was.
08:14These coloured pictures of flying are fabulous.
08:19I've not seen them in colour before.
08:21And it gives you a real feel of what it must have been like.
08:25Open cockpit means that the airflow is just going straight past your ears at the same speed that you're flying at.
08:32So something like the moth will be doing 80, 90 miles an hour most of the time.
08:38So a 90 mile an hour wind trying to rip your helmet off.
08:44There are no radios.
08:45There are no modern navigation aids.
08:49I think it would take an enormous amount of bravery to go off into the unknown like that.
08:53The longest flight Amy had done prior to setting off was from Hull to London.
08:58And I think she had about 100 hours total time in an aeroplane.
09:02And to set off to Australia, you know, I'd stop and think twice and I've got a few more hours than that.
09:09Amy Johnson became a megastar.
09:12Across the country, women asked hairdressers for the Amy Johnson wave, and she was idolised everywhere she went.
09:21Nowhere more so than in Hull, where a homecoming parade was organised to celebrate their local hero.
09:28You can see it's so happy and so excited.
09:34I mean, this is a celebrity coming back to her hometown.
09:38You know, you see that the crowd there sort of moving as one.
09:41There's so many of them.
09:43And there's children there and the mayor of Hull as she's been cheered by all her thousands of fans.
09:49Good luck and good night.
09:55When war finally came, Amy Johnson signed up to the Air Transport Auxiliary to support the RAF.
10:03On the 5th of January 1941, her plane crashed in bad weather over the southeast coast of England.
10:12Her body was never recovered.
10:14There seemed to be a general opinion that she was, ironically, quite underconfident.
10:26She needed to prove herself over and over again.
10:31And certainly, contemporaries at the time thought that that was what ultimately led to her death.
10:37Other pilots were sitting on the ground in Blackpool waiting for the weather to improve.
10:41Whereas Amy was Amy Johnson.
10:44So she was expected to be able to do it in her mind, if in nobody else's.
10:51Yeah, she's obviously got a bit about her, I think.
10:54I think it's in that one frame.
10:56Yeah, I'm going to do it my way.
11:07As the Depression deepened, it meant hunger and hardship for millions.
11:23200 workers from one shipyard decided to fight back, led by one remarkable woman.
11:29These weren't just some men losing their jobs.
11:32This would be a whole community, a whole infrastructure being broken.
11:37By October 1931, the full force of the Great Depression had struck Britain with devastating effect.
12:00Unemployment doubled to 3 million in just 12 months.
12:03Prime Minister Ramsey Macdonald had no answer to the economic crisis.
12:09His coalition government cut unemployment benefit as Britain's workers paid the price in an era of austerity.
12:16The fishing industry was the lifeblood of whole communities.
12:32And women from all over Britain were drawn to the work.
12:35I don't think we really stop and consider how incredible these women were.
12:43These were women often from places like Barra in the Outer Hebrides, from Lewis, who had lived all of their lives in these very small, close-knit communities.
12:54And these women would travel down to Great Yarmouth, and for the first time, the herring season gave them a sense of absolute liberation, seeing a new way of life, seeing a very contemporary, modern, urban way of life, you know, so different from where they'd come from.
13:12Here, in Great Yarmouth, the fishing fleet was once 90 boats, now only 17 trawled the North Sea for herring.
13:24Determined to maintain their way of life, these herring girls went on strike for a week.
13:29We are not going back till we get what's open on the barrel, the shilling of the barrel we want, and the shilling of the barrel we have, and we're not going back till we get it.
13:41The women successfully achieved that extra shilling, and the spirit of the herring girls still exists today in traditional fishing communities, like here in Hull.
13:57We are not going back till we get what's open on the barrel.
14:02There's a real twang in her voice, isn't there?
14:05She looks like a leader, doesn't she?
14:07She looks very powerful, and her body language, and the way she's, you know, putting her fist into her hand.
14:13Yeah, exactly. You will listen.
14:15Yeah. You will listen to what we want.
14:17Yeah.
14:18We're from a massive fishing family, and all my mam's uncles went to see all Nana's brothers.
14:23Nana's maternal family to do with the tugboats, and the women all worked, well, most of them, in the fish factories, like my auntie.
14:33Yeah.
14:34How about the smell?
14:42Oh, don't go there.
14:44Oh, Jesus God.
14:46You could whip it before you even get out of bed.
14:49The smell.
14:50Oh, walking in the morning.
14:54Oh, God.
14:55There's a real social hierarchy about fish houses as well.
15:01You'll ask some women, and they'll say, did you work in fish houses, and they'll go, ah, never.
15:06I'm a lady.
15:07And then other women, like Pat, absolutely loved it, embraced it.
15:12She didn't care about the smell, or the long hours, or the hard work.
15:16But you've had a certain time, a certain limit, to get your work done, get it out.
15:21But if you've got your work out, then you've got a bonus.
15:24Once you've done that, then look forward to Thursday, payday.
15:29LAUGHTER
15:31Women played one of the biggest parts, one of the most horrible and painful jobs.
15:41So, you know, gutting and salting the fish with these tiny sort of sharp knives.
15:45Can you imagine nicking yourself with one of these, which happened a lot,
15:49and then having to stick your hands into the salt barrels?
15:51It just makes me shudder, thinking about having to do that.
15:55LAUGHTER
15:56The kids of today are never going to know that feeling of living like that.
16:05And how everyone was in the same boat. It was hard.
16:08It was hard. Every time your son or your husband or your brother went to see,
16:12I could imagine the anxiety was through the roof.
16:14I think about how a kid's going to see, and I think, oh, God, I'd have bloody nightmares.
16:19Every single family was the same, and it brought that togetherness.
16:23If one family had a tragedy, it was a community tragedy.
16:26Everybody felt that...
16:28They all stuck together, didn't they?
16:30They all stuck. No matter what happened...
16:31No.
16:32They all stuck together.
16:34And we're all still now.
16:35MUSIC PLAYS
16:37Across the industrial north,
16:49Coalfields, coal fields, steel mills and shipyards were being closed as Britain's north-south divide deepened.
16:58In Jarrow, in Tyneside, seven out of ten men were unemployed,
17:03forcing thousands of families to live in cramped and impoverished conditions.
17:08With no other options, the men took to the streets,
17:17determined to show the prosperous south the reality of life in the north.
17:22It's absolutely incredible seeing it in colour,
17:28because the images that we see so often of the Jarrow March are very serious, quite sombre, black-and-white images,
17:38and the colour really, for me, shows the life and the spirit that was in these men
17:43who were marching as the last act of pleading the government to help them in a time of absolute crisis.
17:54Representing the hopes of their whole community,
17:57200 men set off on the 300-mile march from Jarrow to Westminster,
18:02armed with a petition demanding the opening of a new steelworks.
18:06Both my father and my mother, who were very strong supporters of the Labour Party,
18:18were among those who helped to join the Jarrow Crusade.
18:22I would have been about six or seven at this time.
18:27The Jarrow March involved scores of people, hundreds of people.
18:31People were adding themselves as they walked through one town after another, as they went south,
18:37stopping, talking to people, making speeches.
18:41It was a very, very dramatic moment in British history,
18:46something where brave men and women made their feelings known.
18:55Look at this guy's face, that guy walking along there.
18:57That's starvation face.
18:59That's a man who hasn't eaten.
19:02Look at the way his cheek is collapsed there.
19:05That's somebody, you know, who hasn't had enough calories.
19:09Now, my mum and dad were left-wingers,
19:12and when they talked about unemployment before the Second World War,
19:17they talked about it as if it was a terror, a blight.
19:21They talked about the Jarrow Marches.
19:23This was something very emotional and important for my parents.
19:29They had no doubt whatsoever that these people were their people.
19:36Front and centre of the march was Ellen Wilkinson, the MP for Jarrow.
19:40Born to a poor working-class family in Manchester,
19:46she understood first-hand how desperate these men were.
19:51And to see Ellen Wilkinson, in particular, in colour.
20:03This was a woman who was known for her sense of vivaciousness, her style,
20:09her bright red hair.
20:10She was known as Red L, and she was known as the Fiery Particle because of that.
20:15She has affairs, and she learns to drive, and she smokes like a chimney.
20:21She takes all of these things that women would previously have been criticised
20:25for doing so socially and openly, and she just does them.
20:28She was a thoroughly modern woman, and yet we've only ever seen her in black and white before.
20:34There was no longer the old distinction.
20:37Men marked in crusade, women kept their mouths shut and didn't say anything.
20:42You couldn't do that with someone like Ellen Wilkinson.
20:47The dog in Jarrow, and you can see him, he's a little black Labrador here,
20:51just walking behind the petition.
20:52This dog is an enigma, but the story that we tend to stick by
20:57is the dog was an elderly woman who lived in Jarrow,
21:00who just, as they set off, decided to join them on the march.
21:03And she just said, yeah, just take him with you.
21:05So he went all the way with them to London.
21:08He wasn't any of the men's dogs.
21:10He just kind of saw them walk and thought, I'm going to go along.
21:16Ellen Wilkinson led the marches through the gates of Westminster
21:20on the 31st of October, 1936.
21:24But public support was all they would receive.
21:28Their month-long march was met with only a few minutes' debate and little else.
21:35They were actually given more support and cared for more on this march
21:39than they were being in their own hometown by their own government.
21:43So it was such a crucial part of history,
21:45and even though it failed short-term,
21:48what happened after the war, the welfare state coming in,
21:51change is happening to society to support men like the men of Jarrow,
21:56was partly because of what happened.
21:59As British workers struggled to survive in the midst of depression,
22:18across Europe, people were turning to very different solutions.
22:22In Germany, one in three men were unemployed.
22:26But propaganda films like this proudly portrayed a nation rebuilding
22:32after the First World War.
22:36There were very large-scale sufferings on the part of ordinary people in Germany.
22:43The young Germans were invited to join the Nazi party,
22:49invited to take part in the rebuilding of the cities
22:51that had been, in many cases, badly shelled or bombed in the First World War.
22:58In January 1933,
23:01the Nazi party was the largest in Germany,
23:04and Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor.
23:08It was the first time he had ever held a position of power.
23:12It was an extraordinary clip of watching Hitler
23:30digging the start of a new autobahn in Germany.
23:34Well, this is Hitler very literally putting the German people back to work.
23:38If you think that we had an unemployment problem in Britain in the 1930s,
23:42it was an awful lot worse in Germany,
23:44which had six million people unemployed
23:47when Hitler came to power in January 1933.
23:51But within a few years, that had been all but eradicated.
23:54And people in Britain were incredibly impressed that this had happened.
23:59Here it seems that we had no imaginative solutions
24:01to the unemployment problem,
24:02but here you had Hitler building autobahns
24:05and putting the German people back to work.
24:10So he portrayed himself as a kind of Germany's saviour, really.
24:14And by showing that he was trying to show,
24:17by porting to show,
24:18that he was an ordinary worker,
24:21an ordinary person from the lower classes,
24:24he portrayed this image of uniting all social classes
24:27in the Germany that he was creating.
24:29He saw himself and was seen by others
24:36as being part of the architects of the new world.
24:41And a lot of people in other countries,
24:42not just in Germany itself,
24:44but even in France and Britain and so on,
24:46there was a sense of amazement,
24:50delight,
24:52excitement
24:53about the rise of the Nazis.
24:55But support for Hitler's policies
25:11was gathering momentum much closer to home.
25:15And one man in particular
25:17pushed tensions to their peak
25:19as fascism hit the streets of London.
25:22Hitler coming to power in 1933
25:28sent shockwaves through Europe.
25:31Mosley is saying,
25:32I can do this as well.
25:34By August 1934,
25:53Hitler had violently eliminated his rivals
25:55and was now Führer,
25:57with complete control over Germany.
26:00Across Europe,
26:02fascism was on the rise
26:03and Britain seemed to be next in line.
26:07Hitler saw Oswald Mosley as his ally
26:10and it's believed the Nazi party
26:12bankrolled Mosley's British Union of Fascists
26:15in an attempt to destabilize Britain.
26:19There's Oswald Mosley.
26:21Yes, I see him.
26:22I recognize him there.
26:23Now,
26:24the interesting thing about Oswald Mosley
26:27was that he was an opportunist.
26:29I mean,
26:29at the core of him
26:31was somebody who was very, very keen on power.
26:35He was incredibly charismatic,
26:37Oswald Mosley,
26:38and you only had to ask
26:40his long line of mistresses
26:41for proof of that
26:41as well as all of these supporters he had.
26:46But you can see him
26:47in a very expensive suit there.
26:49He was never short of dosh,
26:50was our Oswald.
26:51A complete hate figure for my parents.
26:53My mother at the tea table,
26:55when she said Mosley,
26:57you could just see the emotion in her face.
26:59This was as if Hitler was amongst them
27:02in the East End,
27:03that he was interested
27:04in terrorizing working-class Jews
27:07and he had the backing of Lord Rothermere,
27:11Lord Rothermere who owned the Daily Mail,
27:13so he had the backing
27:14of a very powerful force at this time.
27:17At its peak,
27:22Mosley's political party,
27:24the British Union of Fascists,
27:26boasted 50,000 members
27:28and provocative marches like this
27:30became increasingly common.
27:34At the beginning,
27:35he has a lot of support
27:38because people at the time
27:40are thinking, you know,
27:41you need new ways
27:42to approach these unprecedented problems
27:44of mass unemployment
27:46in the aftermath of the Great Depression.
27:52You can see them all giving
27:54the Nazi salute there.
27:58Mosley can appear sometimes
27:59as a sort of a joke figure
28:01and irrelevance,
28:02but at the time,
28:04Mosley, in a sense,
28:05had the backing
28:05of these huge powers,
28:07Hitler's Germany,
28:09Italy and Spain,
28:10and it felt as if Mosley
28:12had the momentum going with him.
28:16Tension and conflict
28:22were in the air
28:23and on the 4th of October, 1936,
28:27in the heart of London's East End,
28:30Mosley's black shirts
28:31were met with an unprecedented
28:32show of defiance.
28:34The famous confrontation,
28:39Cable Street, 1936.
28:42Mosley and his black shirts
28:44marching through the East End.
28:49So, the idea was
28:51that if they marched
28:52through the East End,
28:53they would be joined
28:54by throngs of fascists
28:57and racists,
28:59but what they were met with
29:00was resistance
29:01from ordinary people,
29:03which the fascists
29:05in Italy and in Germany
29:06had not met with
29:08in the same way.
29:09The ordinary people
29:10of London and elsewhere
29:12had come together
29:13and said,
29:14not in this country.
29:16Oh, they're the anti-fascists.
29:18You'll see there
29:18the trade unions there.
29:23I half expect
29:24to see my parents here.
29:25I'm scanning the crowds
29:27in order to see them.
29:30They shall not pass.
29:32That was the slogan
29:33of the day,
29:34October the 4th, 1936.
29:36Why do I know this date?
29:37Because my parents
29:38told me the story
29:40of this day
29:41over and over again
29:42because this was
29:43a day to them
29:44that, well,
29:45apart from anything else,
29:46it was their first date.
29:47For them,
29:48politics, life and love
29:50were the same.
29:52These banners
29:54that are being carried
29:55in this demonstration
29:56are so interesting.
29:58What we see here,
29:58this is classic satire
30:00and caricature
30:01of fascists.
30:03You know,
30:03this is an age-old way
30:04to ridicule political opponents,
30:06to make them look ridiculous.
30:08Really interesting there,
30:09fascism spreads terror.
30:11And there,
30:12you can see a barricade.
30:14What people did
30:14was they brought trucks,
30:15they threw beds
30:16out of the windows,
30:18there were chairs and tables,
30:19so that whatever happens,
30:21you know,
30:21Mosley wouldn't be able
30:22to get through here.
30:25Over 100,000 men and women
30:27took to the streets
30:28to physically prevent
30:30the fascists
30:31from marching
30:31into the East End.
30:32The police,
30:37defending the fascist's
30:39right to protest,
30:40violently tried
30:41to clear the route ahead.
30:44And the police
30:45charged these barricades
30:46and my parents
30:47were caught,
30:48so they said,
30:49on the wrong side
30:51of one of these barricades
30:52leading into Cable Street.
30:54and these mounted police
30:59came for them
31:00with their nightsticks,
31:02so we're driving towards them.
31:03And my mum used to describe this
31:05with terror
31:06at the teatable
31:07and say,
31:08we thought,
31:08Harold and I thought
31:09that we were going to get beaten.
31:10and then a door opened
31:14in one of these little streets
31:17off Cable Street
31:18and the people
31:18grabbed my mum and dad
31:21and pulled them into the house
31:22and they didn't get beaten.
31:29Wow.
31:33Extraordinary.
31:34And I hadn't seen that,
31:35first of all.
31:36That's very interesting.
31:38We've actually got footage of it.
31:41Policemen actually
31:42defending the fascists.
31:44There, he's just knocked him out.
31:45He's just knocked that guy out.
31:47He's just whacked him there,
31:48the guy with the hat.
31:49And right in the middle of the screen,
31:50you can see there,
31:51boom, right to the chin.
31:53And there he goes again.
31:55And then, meanwhile,
31:57a policeman,
31:58straight after it,
31:59whacks him,
32:00the same guy,
32:01over the head.
32:01So you then have there,
32:02you can see quite clearly
32:04the police
32:05and the black shirts
32:07working together
32:08to try and force
32:09this route through
32:11for Mosley.
32:18After two hours of fighting,
32:21Mosley was forced
32:22to turn back.
32:23It was a humiliating defeat
32:25that the British Union
32:26of fascists
32:27would never recover from.
32:29English people are not alarmed
32:31lest Britain be on the brink
32:32of political upheaval.
32:33The fascists had made their move
32:38and here at Cable Street,
32:41ordinary British people
32:42had seen them off.
32:43I don't think it's surprising
32:51that the British public
32:52spurned the British Union
32:55of fascists.
32:56But I think most people
32:57thought that it was
32:58incredibly un-British.
33:00And later on,
33:01Diana Mosley,
33:02a wife of Oswald Mosley,
33:03was asked famously
33:05in an interview
33:05if she regretted anything
33:06about the movement.
33:07and she said no.
33:09And then she said,
33:10oh yes,
33:11the jackboots.
33:12I always told him
33:13that the British
33:15would never go
33:15for jackboots.
33:16And I think that's
33:18quite true.
33:19It was considered
33:21a bit vulgar,
33:23foreign,
33:24aggressive,
33:25not our way
33:26of doing politics
33:28by calm consent.
33:39Across 30s Britain,
33:41protests and conflict
33:42were everywhere.
33:44But a class battle
33:45was brewing
33:45in the most unlikely of places.
33:48Let's take a walk
33:49and enjoy one of the cheapest,
33:51healthiest,
33:51and most inexpensive
33:52pastimes never invented.
33:55Young ramblers
33:56were leading the fight
33:57for the freedom
33:58to roam
33:59the British countryside.
34:04This is fascinating.
34:06I think also in the 1930s
34:08there's a desire
34:09among some people
34:10to challenge class position
34:12and to think about
34:13the countryside
34:14as part of their heritage
34:16and a feeling
34:17that England
34:18should be a home fit
34:19for heroes
34:20as a result
34:21of what they had suffered
34:22in the First World War.
34:26They wouldn't be recognised
34:28as ramblers today
34:29probably
34:30other than
34:31the hobnail boots
34:31which is probably
34:33a giveaway.
34:34It is lovely
34:34because on their faces
34:35you can see
34:36that real look
34:37of enjoyment
34:37of the sheer freedom
34:39and when you think
34:39of the conditions
34:40they were working in
34:41and what cities
34:42were like at that time
34:43so a lot of these people
34:44were living in
34:45slum housing,
34:47they were working
34:48very long hours
34:49in very poor conditions.
34:53The people of Manchester
34:55and Sheffield
34:56could actually see
34:57these wonderful hills
34:59kinderskout
34:59from their homes
35:00and their workplaces
35:01but the terrible thing
35:03was in the 1930s
35:04they weren't allowed
35:06to walk on them.
35:07This was a forbidden mountain
35:08if you like.
35:11The pressure for access
35:13to land was growing.
35:15Throughout the 30s
35:16ramblers risked arrest
35:17and violence
35:18from landowners
35:19by deliberately
35:20setting foot
35:21on private land.
35:23The most famous
35:24was the kinderskout
35:26mass trespass
35:27in the Peak District
35:28where 400 ramblers
35:30were led by
35:31a 20-year-old activist
35:32from Manchester
35:33Benny Rothman.
35:37A lot of them
35:39were relatively young
35:41they were in their 20s
35:42and they were very
35:43politically motivated.
35:45Young people
35:45on the left
35:46would have joined
35:48the Communist Party
35:48it was a large
35:49mass party at the time
35:51and I think
35:52that Communist Party
35:53membership
35:53has to be set
35:55against the rise
35:56of Nazism
35:56in Germany
35:57anti-Semitism
35:58in England
35:59and a British
36:01political system
36:02that was in
36:03some chaos
36:04at the time
36:04so they would have
36:06seen that
36:06as the biggest
36:07way of opposing
36:08the rise of fascism.
36:11The mass trespass
36:13laid the foundations
36:14for the access
36:15to land
36:16that people
36:16enjoy today
36:17and the Peak District
36:19was eventually
36:20designated
36:21Britain's first
36:22national park
36:23in 1951.
36:25That's why kinder
36:26and the trespass
36:27is so important
36:28that we're still able
36:30to enjoy this
36:31even today
36:32but a lot of it
36:34is thanks to these
36:34brave young men
36:35from the 1930s.
36:57As war loomed
36:59Britain was more
37:00determined than ever
37:01to maintain peace
37:03but one football
37:05match would force
37:06people to face
37:06up to the true
37:07horrors
37:08of the Nazi regime.
37:11It's really shocking
37:12to see that
37:12in 30s Britain.
37:15as uncertainty
37:34intensified abroad
37:36at home
37:39Britain was more
37:40determined than ever
37:41to preserve a sense
37:42of stability
37:43ensuring that the
37:45most traditional
37:46sporting events
37:47continued as normal.
37:51Once again
37:52it's the magic
37:53of the green courts
37:53and the ping
37:54of the ball
37:54on the racket.
37:56During the mid-30s
37:58Fred Perry
37:59dominated Wimbledon
38:00winning three
38:01consecutive singles titles
38:03and whether it was
38:05a national spectacle
38:06or a kickabout
38:08on the backstreets
38:08of East London
38:09sport-bound communities
38:12together.
38:12The
38:30old
38:31other
38:32old
38:33old
38:34old
38:39Futebol, certamente naquela época, foi um jogo simples para jogar.
38:48Isso é onde foi criado, é a jogação dos jogadores.
38:52Tem uma jogadora que sabe que ele não é tão bom como os outros,
38:55e os capitães sabem que ele não é, e ele é o último que ele não é.
38:59Então, isso vem do que.
39:03Futebol foi muito importante,
39:06tanto para os filhos e para o seu pai.
39:11Mas jogando os jogadores, foi feito todo o tempo.
39:15Não sei quem sabe quem é que lado, eu não sei.
39:20Na minha época de escola, como criança,
39:24eu jogava com um futebol,
39:28e poderia ter três ou quatro jogos,
39:30tudo em um jogo ao mesmo tempo.
39:32Então, que foi como foi feito.
39:37Eu não sei se que foi um jogo de bola,
39:39ou se que foi uma bunda de rags,
39:41que foi como que começou.
39:42E aí, eu não sei se que foi um jogo de bola,
39:44mas não sei se que o jogo era tão bom.
39:45E aí, eu não sei se que o jogo era tão bom.
39:47É uma história de fazer um dia mais.
39:50Mas a melhor tradução é o período da lei.
39:53Nós vemos como pessoas se adaptavam a lei por sua mãe.
39:57A gente pode se tornar um dia de cabeça no dia.
40:01Não é permissível, é claro.
40:05Não há no VAR no background.
40:09É só maravilhoso ver as faces.
40:21No 4 de dezembro 1935,
40:24a beautiful game dividiu a nation.
40:27England played the German national team at White Hart Lane in North London.
40:32It was the first time the two teams had ever played each other in England.
40:37On the morning of the match, London is flooded
40:39with 10,000 German supporters out to enjoy themselves.
40:44The story of this match is really fascinating, I think.
40:48This wasn't just a football match, this is a political spectacle.
40:52The match is very heavily policed,
40:55way more than your regular match would have been.
40:58And this police car with a megaphone on the top
41:01is actually broadcasting messages in German to the German fans,
41:05exhorting them not to antagonize the English supporters.
41:11There's always been a special rivalry between England and Germany.
41:19How much it was heightened at this time, I don't know.
41:22It's certainly stayed ever since.
41:24There is a special determination.
41:26You've got to beat the German.
41:30It's a really contentious decision to actually host the match.
41:34I think there was an agreement that no swastikas,
41:36no flags would be brought or worn.
41:41As the teams come out together,
41:43a German and an Englishman side by side,
41:45our men are in blue and the visitors
41:47in the usual British white jerseys.
41:50There's that moment on the pitch when the German players will do the salute.
42:09It's really shocking to see that in 30s Britain,
42:14especially when you've got this fight against homegrown fascism going on.
42:19First comes the important ceremony of saying Heil.
42:24And it leaves a slightly uncomfortable feeling.
42:28There was no reference by the commentator in the piece in the Pathé News,
42:33so he was obviously told whatever his own views,
42:36he should just report what he sees.
42:40By 35, you know, the world is waking up to what Hitler is doing.
42:46He's building autobahns. He's beginning to rearm.
42:50He's already locked up the trade union movement, the left.
42:54There have been pogroms and attacks on Jews.
42:57He's abolished democracy.
42:59At this time, Hitler ruled over Germany as Führer.
43:15He started to build up the Luftwaffe,
43:17brought in conscription, and in September 1935,
43:21he introduced the Nuremberg Laws, stripping Jewish people of their basic human rights.
43:30Well, by 1935, the Nazis had passed a number of anti-Semitic laws.
43:36There had been a boycott of Jewish-owned shops.
43:40Jews had been sacked from civil service posts.
43:43There had been violent incidents against Jews in the street.
43:48No wonder, therefore, that the community around North London,
43:53where the match was played,
43:55was outraged by the fact that it was being held there.
43:59The magnificent display of fast and furious football.
44:04But always England have just got that little extra something that the others haven't.
44:10One may wonder, when one sees this match,
44:13why the British government would allow such a thing to happen.
44:16But I think there was a general concern of appeasement.
44:20Many people were afraid of another war.
44:23And appeasement, even with Nazi Germany,
44:26would have been considered as preferable to going to war.
44:32And the end sees England winners by 3-0.
44:37But the comfortable scoreline did not ease the controversy surrounding the match.
44:42A lone Nazi flag flew over the West End.
44:48One England fan climbed up and tore it down,
44:51determined that the swastika would not fly over his patch.
45:05Next time, just three years to war.
45:10Britain frees itself from the grip of depression
45:13and dives into a racy new world full of opportunity and freedom.
45:18But in Europe, war with Hitler gets closer and closer.
45:25The monarchy is plunged into crisis.
45:28The countdown to war affects every man, woman and child in Britain.
45:34And the hopes of a nation rest on one last-ditch attempt for peace.
45:41For peace.
45:42For peace.
45:48For peace.
45:49For peace.
45:50For peace.
45:51For peace.
45:52For peace.
45:53For peace.
45:54For peace.
45:55For peace.
45:56For peace.
45:57For peace.
45:58For peace.
45:59For peace.
46:00For peace.
46:01For peace.
46:02For peace.
46:03For peace.
46:04For peace.
46:05For peace.
46:06For peace.
46:07For peace.
46:08For peace.
46:09For peace.
46:10For peace.
46:11For peace.
46:12For peace.
46:13For peace.
46:14A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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