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It's the height of the Cold War and the United States government is desperate to combat the spread of Communism. The CIA launches a highly classified, top secret research program into the covert use of biological and chemical agents. In simulated attacks on enemy populations, entire cities in America are contaminated with bacteria, exposing millions of Americans to germ warfare. But the real focus of the research is on mastering the art of mind control. Psychiatrists at top academic institutions work under secret contract with the agency. Psychiatric patients, prisoners, even unwitting members of the public are exposed to a startling array of experiments designed to facilitate interrogations, induce amnesia and program in new behavior. Every psychological technique is explored, including hypnosis, electroshock therapy and lethal cocktails of drugs. What was the extent of these brainwashing experiments? How did the CIA become involved in such far-reaching and disturbing research? Join us as National Geographic presents: CIA Secret Experiments.
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02:04O que ainda não conhece, é que Frank Olson também trabalhou para a CIA.
02:12Olson's morte é apenas um pequeno piezo em um pouco maior puzzle.
02:17Um que iria a ver a maioria dos americanos, se eles apenas conhecerem.
02:24Em tempo de World War II, a U.S. governo está envolvendo um grande número de experimentos secretos médicos
02:30preparados para ajudar a ganhar a guerra.
02:34Exposing unknowing members of the public to biological and chemical agents.
02:40Developing techniques for mind control to create a so-called Manchurian candidate.
02:47Even planning assassinations on powerful third world leaders.
02:53What is the extent of these brainwashing experiments?
02:57How did the CIA become involved in such far-reaching and disturbing research?
03:04D-Day, the end of World War II, reveals the full extent of Nazi atrocities.
03:15In the concentration camps, medical research on captives includes experiments with their minds as well as their bodies.
03:23The Germans were doing an experiment at Dachau on things like hypnosis and the use of drugs for interrogation to try and find out ways of controlling people, of making people tell against their will.
03:38An attempt to master the art of mind control.
03:45In the years that follow, the Cold War escalates at an alarming rate.
03:49With the superpowers competing for military and scientific supremacy.
03:56Espionage is the name of the game.
03:58The CIA embarks upon a multi-million dollar, highly classified research program into the covert use of biological and chemical materials.
04:10An innocuous term for a frightening array of unorthodox weapons.
04:15Bacteria to infect the enemy.
04:18Poisons for assassinations.
04:21Truth drugs for interrogations.
04:23Spearheading these clandestine efforts is Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, head of the CIA's top-secret chemical division.
04:35Gottlieb works closely with Army scientists at Fort Detrick, Maryland, developing biological weapons for the agency's use.
04:42Included in the medicine chest at Fort Detrick would have been anthrax, the plague, brucellosis, all the major diseases.
04:54In 1953, these special operations at Fort Detrick are headed up by Frank Olson.
05:03The week of Thanksgiving, Olson's in New York on a doctor's visit.
05:07But details are sketchy.
05:08He never makes it home.
05:15His family learns of his death early Saturday morning.
05:19Olson's son, Eric, is nine at the time.
05:23They basically said, you know, we have something we have to tell you.
05:26And proceeded to say that my father had fallen or jumped out of a window in New York City.
05:34The story is as vague as it is devastating.
05:37There were no details, absolutely none.
05:43According to the medical report, Olson's neck and face are badly lacerated.
05:49At the funeral, the casket remains closed.
05:52And the explanation there was that they said he was too badly injured to be seen.
06:01Unbeknownst to the family, present at the funeral are two men from the CIA.
06:07Dr. Sidney Gottlieb and his deputy, Dr. Robert Lashbrook.
06:11For there's something Olson's family doesn't yet know.
06:16Agent Lashbrook was in the New York hotel room when Olson fell out the window and died.
06:21The mysterious circumstances of Olson's death raise many questions.
06:32Some answers lie buried in his secret life working for the CIA.
06:39Olson's specialty is aerosol delivery systems.
06:42But by 1953, his career has evolved into top-secret research into germ warfare and more.
06:52Together, the CIA and the Army's special operations plan experiments on the dispersal of their new biological weapons.
06:59More than once, they simulate an attack on an entire city.
07:06One target.
07:07The nation's most populous metropolis.
07:10New York.
07:12The intention?
07:14To evaluate how easy it is to poison a city by releasing bacteria into the subway system.
07:21Staff from Fort Detrick, posing as industrial contractors, position themselves over the subway vents.
07:27They surreptitiously drop harmless bacteria onto the tracks, while monitoring agents wait to take samples throughout the network.
07:38Turbulence from the trains quickly carries the germs through the tunnels, infecting the entire subway system in a matter of minutes.
07:46With a more lethal substance, a similar attack on an enemy city could be efficient and deadly.
07:52The CIA is not alone in its effort to develop new weapons against the communists.
08:00America forms a tripartite agreement with Canada and Great Britain, the three nations working together to win the Cold War.
08:07British research into biochemical warfare is carried out at the Army base in Porton Down, southwest England.
08:16Porton Down led the world in biochemical research during the 30s and 40s.
08:23Porton Down knew about the attempt to infiltrate the subway system in New York.
08:28There was a constant exchange of information.
08:31It was very normal on any given day to find one or more American scientists at Porton Down.
08:39In May 1953, scientists at Porton Down are researching one of the most lethal nerve agents known to man.
08:47Sarin.
08:49The experiments are conducted on military volunteers.
08:53But the young servicemen have no idea what they are letting themselves in for.
08:57And on the board, there was a separate notice, typed, which said in so many words,
09:05volunteers wanted to help find a cure for the common cold.
09:14By volunteering, Ken Earle becomes an unsuspecting guinea pig in the war against the Soviets.
09:20On May 4th, at Porton Down, he and five other Air Force men are led into a small room by two technicians.
09:33We were told by the two men to roll up the left sleeve so the left arm was exposed.
09:40These two men then took two pieces of material and they taped them to our forearm.
09:47They then gave us each a respirator and that we were not under any circumstances to take off the respirator.
09:59And the door was sealed behind us.
10:06It was very, very pokey, a small building.
10:09And I found out since it was a gas chamber, which puts the fear of death into you, of course.
10:14This technician, with a vial and a pipette, went round each of us.
10:25And he dripped onto this piece of material 20 drops in two rows.
10:32And it was a colorless liquid.
10:33I didn't know what it was.
10:35I didn't question it.
10:36The clear liquid is sarin nerve agent.
10:41It is quickly absorbed into the arm through the skin.
10:45The effects are immediate.
10:48I became absolutely claustrophobic.
10:51I didn't know what sheer terror there is in being trapped and not being able to breathe properly.
10:57You feel you can't breathe.
10:59I was sweating profusely.
11:00And I was just, I felt so ill.
11:06And I now, even today, I have nightmares about it.
11:12After half an hour, we were released, gasping and spluttering and sweating into the open air.
11:19Beautiful, sunny May morning.
11:21Absolute bliss.
11:22What a wonderful thing to be alive.
11:23The corresponding paperwork clearly states the purpose of the experiment is to determine the lethal dose of sarin.
11:33They quickly get their answer.
11:36Two days later, another group of six had exactly the same thing done to them.
11:40But sitting in my seat was a young 20-year-old called Ronald Madison.
11:45And, quite frankly, he was dead within 45 minutes.
11:50The most hideous death anybody could ever have.
11:53Phoning at the mouth, an ambulance driver described it as like frog spawn coming out of his mouth.
11:59Terrible death.
12:01Based on the dates in his passport and known previous visits to Porton Down,
12:05there is a good chance that Frank Olson witnesses this fatal experiment.
12:12According to investigative reporter Gordon Thomas, Olson voices his concerns to a man named William Sargent.
12:20Dr. Sargent was the most eminent psychiatrist in Britain.
12:24He ran the Department of Psychological Medicine in St. Thomas' Hospital.
12:29During the Cold War, Sargent's expertise is sought by both British and American intelligence.
12:35He would decide whether one of our agents, one of MI5 or 6 agents, was okay,
12:42whether he was going to blow the whistle or not.
12:45Frank Olson tells Sargent what he's seen at Porton Down.
12:49He told him, I've seen things that shouldn't be going on.
12:53Sargent apparently has doubts about Olson.
12:57Can the American still be trusted with top-secret research of the Cold War?
13:02By summer 1953, the Korean War is ending.
13:08Shocking news has flooded the airwaves.
13:11Captured American pilots confess to dropping biological weapons on North Korea.
13:16The germ bombs were loaded 15 minutes before our mission.
13:20The U.S. vehemently denies the charge.
13:23Has not and is not using germ warfare of any kind in Korea.
13:29The communists must have brainwashed the pilots into false confessions.
13:34But how?
13:36The agency is determined to find out.
13:391953, the Cold War battle between the superpowers is on.
13:51But when captured American pilots in Korea confess to dropping biological weapons,
13:56the charge is immediately denied.
13:58There was a real fear in the CIA that the communists had ways of doing things,
14:04of interrogating people, of making people act against their will that could be breakthroughs.
14:10To combat the new threat, the CIA launches its own intense quest to master the art of mind control.
14:16They were looking for ways to manipulate and control human behavior.
14:22They looked at chemical substances.
14:24They looked at things like electroshock.
14:27One drug in particular catches their attention.
14:31Lysergic acid dithylamide, LSD.
14:34The hope was you could use these drugs to soften up somebody for interrogation.
14:41Or you could use them offensively for mind control programming
14:45and getting somebody set up for operations.
14:48Ten years before its recreational heyday,
14:51LSD becomes the focus of the CIA's quest for the perfect truth drug.
14:57There's just one technical hitch.
14:59How to find suitable subjects.
15:01They found street people, they found prostitutes, they found prisoners,
15:06they found minorities to whom the CIA at the time did not put as much value on their lives as other people.
15:17At the Federal Addiction Research Center in Lexington, Kentucky,
15:22Dr. Harris Isbell is contracted by the CIA to study the effects of prolonged exposure to LSD.
15:31His subjects are incarcerated heroin addicts, mostly African American.
15:45The deal down there was unbelievably gauche.
15:48They had prisoner volunteers who came in,
15:52and they would be given LSD as part of the experimentation,
15:56and then as a reward given heroin.
15:57In one experiment, prisoners are kept on increasing doses of LSD for 77 straight days.
16:09Even Dr. Isbell himself is amazed that such high quantities of narcotic can be tolerated for so long.
16:16A lot of these things just violate any kind of common sense and basic medical ethics.
16:22You would think it would be impossible that doctors would do experiments on drug addicts,
16:27giving them hallucinogens,
16:28and then as a reward for participation, they would get more drugs of addiction.
16:32But these things actually happen.
16:33They're absolutely documented.
16:35These tests use incarcerated volunteers who know they are taking a drug.
16:40You might give it to a Russian diplomat at a cocktail party,
16:51and you wanted to see how he'd react.
16:52Could you recruit him after he'd been given LSD?
16:55So unwitting testing was the name of the game.
17:00The CIA establishes safe houses in Manhattan and San Francisco.
17:05They enlist prostitutes to lure in possible suspects and slip them LSD.
17:13Local gangsters are used to simulate enemy agents with secrets to share.
17:21The agency listens in,
17:23hoping the lethal combination of the girl and drugs will get the man to talk.
17:28Narcotics agent Ira Feldman is responsible for finding those unwitting subjects.
17:35We got prostitutes to come in and speak to these guys.
17:39And these prostitutes would put something,
17:41which I found out later on was LSD,
17:44and did a drink and make them talk.
17:47And 10, 15 minutes later,
17:50they'd be spilling their guts,
17:52whether it be state secrets or narcotics or murder.
17:54But at the height of the Cold War,
18:01interrogating domestic gangsters is just a practice run.
18:05The real challenge lies in field operations overseas,
18:09on the fringe of the Iron Curtain.
18:13In occupied Germany,
18:16the CIA hones its techniques for getting at the truth.
18:18The potential victims for interrogation are endless.
18:23Defecting scientists with valuable information to share.
18:28Suspected devil agents selling secrets to the communists.
18:33All are fair game for the CIA.
18:36A person would be taken to a safe house in a secure location.
18:41They would be kept there for a period of at least days.
18:44They might have sleep and food deprivation.
18:47They would have possibly alcohol,
18:50barbiturates,
18:51hallucinogens,
18:52and other medications administered.
18:54And then a variety of interrogation techniques would be applied.
18:56In order to fully test these techniques,
19:02the agency must pursue the interrogations to the bitter end.
19:07There was an expression the CIA was using called terminal experiments,
19:11which were experiments that would lead to death or vast injury to the person.
19:18Among those who witnessed these experiments
19:21is Fort Detrick scientist Frank Olson.
19:24His passport shows several trips to Germany,
19:28including summer 1953.
19:32He is deeply disturbed by what he sees.
19:36On his way home through England,
19:39Olson visits once more with intelligence consultant William Sargent.
19:43To a quote,
19:44what Sargent told me,
19:45you know,
19:45Frank was very different when he came back that time.
19:48He was quite aroused,
19:51in a sense,
19:52angry,
19:53upset.
19:54William Sargent is convinced the CIA now has a serious problem.
19:58Its Cold War secrets are no longer safe in the hands of Frank Olson.
20:11Summer 1953.
20:13Cold War paranoia grips America.
20:15In Europe,
20:16Frank Olson witnesses extreme interrogations at the hands of the CIA.
20:25His British confidant,
20:27William Sargent,
20:28no longer thinks Olson can be trusted.
20:33Olson was on a plane out of RAF Northolt on the way home to Washington.
20:37Sergeant has called his controller at AMI-6 and said,
20:43we have a problem.
20:44That information would have gone up the chain and it would have eventually reached Washington.
20:50Frank Olson had an incredible storehouse of knowledge about top,
20:59top secret matters concerning biological weapons and substances.
21:03And as such,
21:04he would have been a person who there would have been great concern if he had started to talk publicly.
21:10As head of mind control research,
21:14Sidney Gottlieb is the one man who knows the full extent of Olson's knowledge.
21:18If Olson's been sharing state secrets,
21:23Gottlieb needs to know.
21:26He decides to conduct a little experiment of his own.
21:31Deep Creek Lodge in Maryland,
21:33Wednesday,
21:34November 18th,
21:351953.
21:37Frank Olson and six colleagues from special operations at Fort Dietrich
21:40attend a clandestine meeting.
21:45They are joined by counterparts from the CIA,
21:47including Sidney Gottlieb and his deputy, Robert Lashbrook.
21:56According to CIA documents,
21:59after dinner on Thursday night,
22:00Gottlieb slips a small amount of LSD
22:02into a bottle of Cointreau.
22:08According to Gottlieb,
22:09when I met him,
22:11they were concerned that what if
22:12a scientist was kidnapped
22:15by the communists,
22:17and what if the enemy drugged that scientist,
22:20you know,
22:21would he be forthcoming
22:22and they were going to test this
22:24by staging a scientific meeting
22:27and drugging the participants,
22:29and that my father was just one of a number
22:31who got this drug.
22:32Allegedly,
22:39all but two of the scientists present
22:41are drugged unwittingly.
22:44Twenty minutes later,
22:46Gottlieb tells them what he's done,
22:47and the meeting gradually deteriorates
22:50as the narcotic takes effect.
22:51But what happens after that remains disputed.
22:58Some believe Olsen is interrogated.
23:04When Olsen returns home,
23:06he is profoundly affected.
23:07He wasn't hallucinating or anything remotely like that.
23:12He was simply somber
23:13and was upset.
23:17He used that phrase
23:18that he'd made a terrible mistake
23:19and he had decided he wanted to quit his job.
23:23Instead of accepting Olsen's resignation,
23:26his boss sends him to New York
23:27for psychiatric counseling.
23:29He's accompanied by Robert Lashbrook
23:32from the CIA.
23:34But the attending doctor,
23:36Harold Abramson,
23:37is not a psychiatrist,
23:39but an allergist.
23:41He's been experimenting with LSD
23:42for the CIA's mind control research.
23:46The doctor's notes show several meetings with Olsen
23:49over the course of the week.
23:51On the Friday evening,
23:53Olsen calls home to his wife, Alice.
23:55He said he was feeling much better.
23:59He just wanted to reassure her
24:01and said he'd, you know,
24:02look forward to seeing her the next day.
24:05But at 2 o'clock on Saturday morning,
24:08Frank Olsen falls from the 13th floor of the hotel
24:10to the sidewalk below.
24:14The CIA claims it's suicide.
24:18They offer no explanation to the family,
24:21but secretly conclude
24:22it was triggered by the LSD
24:24given nine days previously.
24:25If William Sargent was right,
24:30and Frank Olsen was a security threat
24:32to the agency,
24:33his death silences him forever.
24:37The secrets of the CIA's experiments
24:39remain safe for now.
24:42After the Korean War,
24:47disturbing new intelligence reaches Washington.
24:51Hundreds of American troops
24:52are still being held captive,
24:54subjected to brainwashing experiments,
24:57and then killed.
24:58Mind control research back home intensifies.
25:01The new goal is to cause an individual
25:05to become subservient to an imposed control,
25:08to the point where he will perform acts against his will
25:11and then have no memory of the act.
25:14The search for a real-life Manchurian candidate begins.
25:24In the Hollywood classic directed by John Frankenheimer,
25:27a hypnotized soldier is programmed to assassinate a presidential candidate.
25:31Like a clip from the movie,
25:34the CIA attempts to create its own Manchurian assassins
25:37using hypnosis and drugs.
25:40You create this new identity inside
25:41that's hidden from the main part of the person
25:43by an amnesia barrier.
25:45Then using an access code,
25:46you can call out this new identity
25:48for whatever mission purpose.
25:49To produce such an assassin,
25:54the CIA faces two main challenges.
25:57How to induce amnesia
25:59and how to program in new behavior.
26:04In 1957, Dr. Ewan Cameron,
26:08an eminent psychiatrist in Montreal,
26:10believes he has the answers.
26:12The agency sought him out
26:15because they had noticed his work,
26:18in particular with two techniques,
26:20intensive electroshock
26:22and what he called psychic driving.
26:26Cameron applies his techniques
26:27under the guise of normal therapy.
26:30It's hard to say just how awful
26:33and horrendous what Cameron proposed
26:37and what our government financed was.
26:40It was a three-part technique
26:42which started with an effort
26:43to wipe out past patterns of behavior.
26:46and this was accomplished
26:48through the use of particularly intensive,
26:50repeated, high-level electroshocks
26:52until no more convulsions
26:54could be elicited from a patient.
26:57Cameron then plays tape-recorded messages
26:59through helmets
27:00that are locked to his patients' heads.
27:03This psychic driving
27:05forces them to listen
27:06to repetitive statements
27:08for weeks on end
27:09to program in new behavior.
27:11Now, the final phase
27:14was to try to wipe out
27:15all recollection
27:16of what had happened
27:17and that was accomplished
27:18by putting people to sleep
27:20for 30, 40 days
27:21accompanied by
27:23different kinds of cocktails of drugs.
27:27Now, that's not any kind of therapy.
27:29That's a brainwashing experiment.
27:33For four years,
27:35the CIA fully funds Cameron's work,
27:37hoping to use his techniques
27:39to create a Manchurian candidate.
27:43Psychiatrists throughout the nation
27:44at hospitals, prisons,
27:47and some of the top universities
27:48are similarly on the agency's payroll.
27:52Every possible brainwashing technique
27:55is explored.
27:56One in particular
27:57consumes the agency for years.
28:01Hypnosis.
28:02One of the things
28:03the CIA was looking for
28:04was could you give a person
28:06an order under hypnosis
28:08to assassinate someone else?
28:10That would have been
28:10a Manchurian candidate.
28:12But the assassin
28:13must not remember his act.
28:15You could take
28:16an ordinary person
28:17off the street,
28:18put them through basic training,
28:20get them to go out the field
28:21and shoot the enemy.
28:22The purpose of hypnosis
28:23is not to get the person
28:25to go pull the trigger.
28:27It's so that they don't remember,
28:28so that if they're captured
28:30and interrogated,
28:30they can't talk about it.
28:33The evidence suggests
28:34there's only one man
28:35the agency seriously considers
28:37for a Manchurian assassination.
28:40Fidel Castro.
28:43In the early 60s,
28:44several potential assassins
28:46are selected for programming.
28:48But all hypnosis attempts fail
28:50and the plot
28:51is quickly abandoned.
28:55Then in 1968,
28:57an assassination does take place
28:59that seems to resemble
29:00a Manchurian operation.
29:03According to some,
29:05the work of a programmed assassin,
29:07hypnotized by the CIA.
29:09My thanks to all of you
29:19and now it's on to Chicago
29:20and let's win there.
29:22June 4th, 1968,
29:25election night
29:25in the California Democratic primary.
29:29It's midnight
29:29and Senator Robert Kennedy
29:31delivers his victory speech
29:33in the Ambassador Hotel.
29:35He's ushered out
29:36through the crowded pantry.
29:39Suddenly,
29:40shots are fired.
29:5026 hours later,
29:52Kennedy is pronounced dead.
29:56As the gunman,
29:5724-year-old Sirhan
29:58Bishara Sirhan,
29:59is led away,
30:01several witnesses notice
30:02as his trance-like demeanor.
30:04He seemed to be in a daze.
30:06He didn't recollect
30:07any of the details
30:09of what he had just performed
30:11and he couldn't explain it.
30:13He was told what he had done
30:15and he was bewildered.
30:18Sirhan's apparent memory loss
30:19is seized on
30:20by conspiracy theorists.
30:22They are convinced
30:23Sirhan's a Manchurian candidate,
30:25hypnotized by the CIA,
30:27to assassinate Kennedy.
30:28the culmination
30:30of two decades
30:31of mind control research.
30:34But why would the CIA
30:36want Robert Kennedy dead?
30:40Sirhan's attorney
30:41believes there are three motives.
30:44Number one, Vietnam.
30:46Bob Kennedy
30:47was diametrically opposed
30:49to the war in Vietnam.
30:51The ending of the war
30:52in Vietnam
30:53would have gone
30:54adversely
30:55to the bottom lines
30:56of some of the major
30:57corporate entities
30:59in the United States
31:00who were making fortunes
31:01on that war.
31:04Reason number two,
31:05Cuba.
31:06Bob Kennedy himself
31:07had come to the conclusion
31:08that the time
31:09was ripe
31:10for a deal to be done
31:12with Castro and Cuba.
31:14And that was not
31:15making him very popular.
31:18And finally,
31:19his own brother's death.
31:22He was going to reopen
31:23the investigation
31:24of the assassination
31:25of his brother.
31:26That was making
31:27a lot of people edgy.
31:32Conspiracy theorists
31:33believe that Sirhan
31:34was hypnoprogrammed
31:36by the CIA.
31:39Before Sirhan's trial,
31:41psychiatrist Bernard Diamond
31:42examines him many times.
31:45That girl,
31:47I fought with her.
31:48She led me
31:49to a dark plane.
31:51And Diamond
31:52was convinced
31:53that he was programmed.
31:55And this programming
31:57was very intensive
31:59and very, very deep
32:01into his psyche.
32:03And it has remained
32:04with him to this day.
32:07To this day,
32:09he doesn't know
32:10what happened.
32:12Programmed amnesia
32:13is the key ingredient
32:14to a Manchurian operation.
32:17Sirhan also claims
32:18he's been hypnotized before.
32:20He'd recently been studying
32:22the Rosicrucians,
32:24an ancient mystical order
32:25devoted to self-improvement.
32:28Hypnosis is one of the tools
32:30they teach
32:30for focusing the mind inward.
32:33Sirhan Sirhan described
32:34some self-hypnosis
32:36meditation-type exercises.
32:37and his journals
32:39have a lot of repetition,
32:42repetition, repetition,
32:43RFK must die,
32:44RFK must die,
32:46which looks to me
32:47like trance-state repetition,
32:49focusing on the mission,
32:50focusing on the mission,
32:51focusing on the mission.
32:54In the Manchurian
32:56candidate movie,
32:57the assassin's mission
32:58is triggered by
32:59the Queen of Diamonds
33:00playing card.
33:02But it could be anything.
33:03and the CIA documents
33:04describe hand signals,
33:06tones over the phone,
33:08words.
33:09So you hypnotize somebody
33:11and you can program in
33:13any trigger whatsoever
33:14to flip them into
33:15their Manchurian
33:16candidate state.
33:18Numerous witnesses
33:19report seeing a woman
33:21in a polka dot dress
33:22talking to Sirhan
33:23in the pantry
33:24moments before the shooting.
33:25She had a dress
33:28with a polka dot on it.
33:31How about this girl's hair?
33:32What color was it?
33:34I don't know.
33:35This mysterious woman
33:37is believed by
33:38conspiracy theorists
33:39to be Sirhan's
33:40Queen of Diamonds,
33:42giving him his cue
33:43to fire.
33:45The hypnotized Sirhan
33:47allegedly pulls out
33:48his gun on cue,
33:49but does not fire
33:50the fatal shot.
33:52You have to understand,
33:53so much pandemonium.
33:54It's almost as though
33:56Sirhan was programmed
33:57to distract the entire
34:00group that was there,
34:02allowing someone
34:03to do what had to be done
34:04in terms of actually
34:05killing Kennedy
34:07by shooting him
34:07in the back of the head.
34:10Ballistics evidence
34:11seems to support this claim.
34:14Kennedy is struck
34:14by three bullets,
34:16all fired from the rear.
34:17The fatal shot
34:18is fired within inches
34:20of his skull,
34:21but Sirhan
34:22never gets that close.
34:24There's no account
34:25that pushes him
34:26any closer than
34:27three or four feet
34:29away from Bob Kennedy
34:31in the front of him.
34:33Adding to the alleged
34:35evidence for a conspiracy
34:36is the number
34:37of bullets fired.
34:40Kennedy is struck
34:42three times.
34:43Five bystanders
34:44are also hit,
34:46but several more bullet holes
34:47are identified
34:48in the doors and ceiling,
34:50suggesting at least
34:51ten are fired.
34:55Sirhan's pistol,
34:56a .22 caliber,
34:58only holds eight rounds.
35:00More than eight bullets
35:01would require
35:02a second gun.
35:09Historian Mel Aiton
35:10has spent years
35:12investigating the assassination.
35:15He believes that Sirhan
35:16could have shot Kennedy
35:17at close proximity
35:18from behind,
35:19even while standing
35:20three feet in front
35:21of the senator.
35:23When Kennedy
35:24was moving through
35:26with the crowd,
35:26through the pantry,
35:29he turned to his left
35:30to shake hands
35:31with the kitchen workers.
35:34Kennedy reaches across
35:35with his right arm,
35:37presenting Sirhan
35:38with the right side
35:39of his body
35:39as a target.
35:41And then
35:42Robert Kennedy
35:43was shot
35:43under the armpit
35:45because, obviously,
35:46his arm was,
35:47his right arm
35:48was being raised
35:49as a defensive reaction.
35:51And then
35:51the arc of the gun
35:52was pursuing
35:53Kennedy's head
35:54as Kennedy
35:55was going down.
36:00To determine
36:01the number
36:02of bullets fired,
36:03Aiton sends
36:04acoustics expert
36:05Steve Barber
36:05a copy of the only
36:06complete audio recording
36:08to exist
36:08of the assassination.
36:09All of a sudden,
36:13I hear
36:13pop, pop, pop.
36:18And then
36:19a blood-curdling,
36:20high-pitched
36:20female scream
36:22just after the shots.
36:25Two unidentified
36:26thumps occur
36:27just three seconds
36:28before the first pop.
36:30I rule thump number
36:32one completely out.
36:33It sounds like
36:33the microphone
36:34has bumped into something.
36:36Thump number two,
36:37I think,
36:39is either
36:40a door
36:41banging into a wall
36:42or a balloon
36:44exploding.
36:45A graph of the recording
36:47clearly shows a spike
36:48each time the gun
36:49is fired.
36:51Distinctly,
36:52eight bullets
36:53were fired.
36:54If the conspiracists
36:56believe there are
36:57more than eight gunshots,
36:59then they're going
36:59to have to explain
37:00the lack of those gunshots
37:03being captured
37:04on this recording.
37:04There is no doubt
37:07in Aiton's mind
37:08that Sirhan was
37:09the lone assassin
37:09and the CIA
37:11had nothing to do
37:12with it.
37:16Many hypnosis experts
37:18question the entire
37:19validity
37:20of the Manchurian
37:21candidate theory.
37:23I don't think
37:24that a trigger
37:26that would move
37:26someone into
37:27hypnotic state
37:27where they would
37:28commit murder
37:29would really work.
37:31The CIA itself
37:32apparently reaches
37:34the same conclusion.
37:35By 1968,
37:37after investing
37:37millions of dollars,
37:39the agency
37:39abandons its research
37:41into programming
37:41a hypnotized assassin,
37:44concluding
37:44it can never work.
37:46You do not
37:47relinquish your will.
37:48You do not
37:49become a dupe,
37:50a patsy,
37:51or a mindless automaton,
37:52despite some
37:53public beliefs
37:55that this
37:55may be the case.
37:59In 1972,
38:01Sidney Gottlieb
38:01terminates the agency's
38:03research into the
38:03biological and chemical
38:04control of human behavior,
38:07citing its decreasing
38:08relevance to
38:09clandestine operations.
38:12The American public
38:14remains oblivious
38:15that the CIA's
38:16mind control program
38:18ever existed.
38:20But on June 11,
38:221975,
38:23the Washington Post
38:24reports on a
38:25civilian scientist
38:26who was unwittingly
38:28given LSD
38:29and jumped
38:30from a Manhattan
38:31hotel window.
38:33No names are mentioned,
38:35but the Olsons
38:35immediately recognize
38:37the story of their
38:38father's death
38:3922 years ago.
38:41They decide
38:42to go public.
38:44All the major networks
38:45attend,
38:46as the Olsons add
38:47Frank Olson's name
38:49to the list of
38:50victims of the CIA.
38:51The source
39:00for the article
39:00describing Frank
39:01Olson's death
39:02is the Rockefeller
39:03Commission report.
39:05Triggered by Watergate,
39:07it's a presidential inquiry
39:08into illicit domestic
39:10activities by the CIA.
39:12The Olsons decide
39:13to sue the agency
39:14for their father's
39:15wrongful death.
39:16And within 10 days,
39:18we were sitting
39:19in the Oval Office
39:20of the White House
39:21getting an apology
39:22from Gerald Ford himself.
39:24The family received
39:25$750,000
39:27for Frank Olson's death.
39:31Spurred by the media reports,
39:34Congress launches
39:35its own investigation
39:36into the CIA,
39:37chaired by Senator
39:38Frank Church.
39:41Sidney Gottlieb
39:42and Robert Lashbrook
39:43are summoned to testify.
39:44We had a hypnotist
39:47do some experiments
39:48primarily to see
39:50what the limitations
39:51of hypnosis might be.
39:54Can you make a person
39:55do something under hypnosis
39:57that he would not
39:58ordinarily do?
39:59The revelations
40:00are staggering.
40:0380 institutions
40:04have been contracted
40:05by the CIA
40:06for mind control research,
40:08costing the taxpayer
40:09the equivalent
40:10of $30 million
40:11today.
40:12The committee concludes
40:15the agency demonstrated
40:16a fundamental disregard
40:18for the value
40:19of human life.
40:21Former CIA director
40:22Richard Helms
40:23reveals that in 1973,
40:25he instructed
40:26Sidney Gottlieb
40:27to destroy all records
40:28pertaining to the
40:29mind control experiments.
40:31But some
40:32managed to escape
40:34the shredder.
40:34You can be sure
40:37in any government agency
40:38there's always
40:39an accountant somewhere
40:40who has got
40:41an extra set
40:42of the documents
40:43and the financial records
40:45included program descriptions
40:46and project proposals.
40:49Among the files
40:50released by the agency
40:51are several internal memos
40:53written immediately
40:54after Frank Olson's death.
40:57The documents
40:58describe the incident
40:59at Deep Creek Lodge
41:00as a mild experiment
41:01using a very small dose
41:03of LSD,
41:05targeting all but two
41:06of the men
41:06at the meeting.
41:08Apparently,
41:09no one had an abnormal
41:10reaction to the drug.
41:13But there's also
41:14a memo from CIA consultant
41:16Harold Abramson,
41:17who saw Olson
41:18the following week.
41:20According to him,
41:22the experiment
41:22had in fact been designed
41:23specifically
41:24to trap Frank Olson.
41:26The contradictions
41:30plague Eric Olson
41:31for many years.
41:33He is convinced
41:35there was foul play
41:36at hand.
41:38In his quest
41:39for answers,
41:39he finally turns
41:40to the one man
41:41he knows he can trust,
41:43his father.
41:47When the backhoe
41:49started digging,
41:50it was early June
41:51morning, 1994.
41:54I thought,
41:55yes, finally,
41:56we're going to open
41:57this thing up.
41:59Supervising the exhumation
42:01is forensics expert
42:03Professor James Starrs.
42:06The body was,
42:07as I would say,
42:09in unusually
42:10well-preserved condition.
42:15One thing
42:16is immediately apparent.
42:19There were no
42:20lacerations evident
42:22on his face and head.
42:24This is in direct contrast
42:26to the medical report
42:27and the story told
42:28to the Olsons.
42:32There was something else
42:33the CIA didn't want
42:35the family to see.
42:38What is present,
42:40but not mentioned
42:40in the medical report,
42:42is a large bruise
42:43above the left eye.
42:46But Olson hit the ground
42:48feet first
42:49and then fell backwards.
42:52Could have been
42:53that someone did,
42:54as we anticipated
42:55initially,
42:57cosh him,
42:58hit him on the head,
42:59rendering him unable
43:01to protect himself,
43:03and then
43:03did the inevitable,
43:06threw him out the window.
43:08If true,
43:09then Frank Olson
43:10was murdered.
43:11During his investigation,
43:17Eric Olson
43:17makes an intriguing discovery.
43:20The same year
43:21Frank Olson dies,
43:22the CIA publishes
43:23its first
43:24assassination manual.
43:26And that assassination manual
43:31specified
43:31the ideal way
43:34in which you murder somebody
43:35but you make it look
43:36like an accident.
43:37And the best way
43:37they said to do this
43:38was from a fall
43:40from a high window,
43:41at least 75 feet.
43:43And they said
43:43you should stun the subject,
43:45that's the verb,
43:46stun the subject
43:46before dropping them
43:48with a blow to the temple
43:49above one of the eyes.
43:53The pattern was identical
43:55in every respect
43:56to what we found
43:58and what we interpreted
44:00from the remains
44:01of Dr. Olson.
44:03I think that Frank Olson
44:05was intentionally,
44:07deliberately,
44:09with malice of forethought,
44:11thrown out that window.
44:13But investigative reporter
44:14John Marks disagrees.
44:17I spent an incredible amount
44:19of time researching this question.
44:21I never found any evidence
44:22at all that Olson
44:24was pushed out that window.
44:27I think you have to face
44:28the facts here
44:29that when you're doing
44:30this kind of government
44:31illegal and moral
44:32top-secret work,
44:34you have to be prepared
44:35to face the consequences
44:36which include disposal
44:38of problematic people.
44:40Well, what other cover story
44:41can you tell
44:42besides suicide?
44:44In the fight
44:45against communism,
44:47the government sacrificed
44:48the rights
44:48of many individuals.
44:52During the Cold War,
44:54it seemed that almost
44:55everything was justified
44:56and if you were against it,
44:58you weren't patriotic.
44:59In the climate of the Cold War
45:01or in all of human history,
45:02the basic motto is
45:03war is hell
45:04and you've got to do
45:06a lot of bad stuff
45:07and a lot of people
45:08die and get hurt.
45:11But we justify it
45:12because we need to do
45:13what we need to do
45:14to protect America.
45:14this is the bind
45:16that we're in
45:17as a culture.
45:18What can we justify
45:19in the name
45:20of national security?
45:21Can we justify
45:22medical atrocities?
45:24Apparently.
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