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During the First World War, POWs in Japan were treated remarkably well. What happened in the intervening years that led the nation to commit such inhumane atrocities in World War II? This series probes the Japanese belief at the time of racial superiority and the mentality that drove Kamikaze fighters. Newly unearthed archive material reveals horrific stories involving cannibalism and crucifixion.
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04:04America occupied Japan after the war,
04:07and it's easy to imagine that it's because of their influence
04:10that Japan appears to have so embraced the West.
04:19But the truth is that Japan first turned its eyes westward
04:22long before there was any thought of war.
04:34Crown Prince Hirohito visited Britain in the early 1920s.
04:52Japan appeared enthusiastically to adopt Western values,
04:56from dancing to democracy.
05:03As far back as 1885, a Japanese academic had coined
05:07what became a popular slogan,
05:10Abandon Asia, go for the West.
05:19Like the rest of the country, the Japanese monarchy too had been changing,
05:23but not in a way that made it resemble Western royalty.
05:32In the 1920s, the Japanese were being taught that their emperor,
05:37living here in a 280-acre park in central Tokyo,
05:42was more than just a mere human being.
05:52The emperor at the time was called a living god.
05:57We were taught that the emperor was a god in the form of a human being.
06:02That was the education we received.
06:06When you think about it realistically, it is strange and it's not possible,
06:11but that was what we were taught.
06:20In Japan, it was in the interests of one group more than any other
06:24that the emperor be perceived as an all-powerful living god.
06:28The armed forces.
06:38The army and navy were only ultimately answerable to their supreme commander,
06:42Emperor Hirohito.
06:44As long as they acted in the name of their divine emperor,
06:46elected Japanese politicians found it almost impossible to control them.
06:52And by the late 1920s, many within the army thought Japan should act decisively and expand.
07:06At the time, the problem was our population was increasing,
07:11and our natural resources couldn't sustain such an increase.
07:18Ideally, we hoped to receive cooperation from other countries to solve the problem,
07:23but back then the world was under the control of the West
07:26and a peaceful solution seemed impossible.
07:36So we decided to do the same as the United Kingdom,
07:39America and France had done in the past,
07:42and from time to time use force to solve the problem.
07:53By the early 1930s, Western countries had colonized much of Asia.
07:59Britain's colonies included Hong Kong, Malaya and Burma.
08:03America's included the Philippines,
08:05Holland's the Dutch East Indies and the French Indochina.
08:09Japan, late on the scene, only had under its control Taiwan,
08:13a few islands in the Pacific and Korea.
08:16Now, in 1931, the Japanese army launched an attack on Manchuria.
08:24At the League of Nations in Geneva, Japan's actions were roundly condemned.
08:29Mr. Iman, President of the Assembly, announces that of the 44 states represented,
08:3442 decide against Japan.
08:49For the Japanese Foreign Minister, the Western powers were simply hypocrites.
08:54Japan, however, finds it impossible to accept the report adopted by the Assembly.
09:06And so Japan leaves the League.
09:08The Far Eastern war cloud casts its shadow over the whole world.
09:19Japan, isolated up to the middle of the 19th century,
09:22was now isolated once more from the Western club.
09:28In the face of what they took as the West's double standards
09:31and a growing economic depression at home,
09:34the call was for Japan to expand even further
09:36and conquer more territory within Asia.
09:47But to fulfil their dreams,
09:49the Japanese army needed to recruit ever more soldiers.
09:56By 1937, the Japanese army was five times bigger
10:00than it had been at the turn of the century.
10:03Many in the military were concerned at how discipline could be maintained
10:06in a force that had increased so hugely.
10:09And they found one answer to the problem in the training of the recruits.
10:13It became more brutal.
10:17Any compassionate elements that had existed in the old Japanese warrior code
10:21were eliminated.
10:26If the soldiers made the smallest mistake,
10:28they were physically beaten.
10:33Sometimes you'd be hit with fists,
10:35and sometimes you'd be hit with bamboo sticks.
10:38Sometimes in the evening we couldn't eat our food
10:40because our faces were so swollen.
10:55It's called self-punishment.
10:58Once the instructor gets tired of beating you up,
11:01they have recruits face each other and slap each other.
11:06So we, all of us recruits, comrades together,
11:10start to slap each other.
11:16Instead of being slapped by an instructor.
11:20Gradually I felt that I'd missed out on something
11:22if by night time I hadn't been beaten up at least once.
11:32I was beaten with fists.
11:35There is an expression, seeing stars in your eyes.
11:41Well, when you're beaten like that,
11:43you literally do see stars in your eyes.
11:47The training was so severe that I felt that I'd rather die.
11:56The Japanese military didn't just want to mould their own soldiers,
12:00but the general population of Japan as well.
12:05The Japanese military didn't just want to mould their own soldiers,
12:12but the general population of Japan as well.
12:16came to the military.
12:23The Japanese military didn't just want to be killed.
12:28It was a good time.
12:31They did not want to look at the Japanese military.
12:34They had to do that.
12:38They were at the same time.
12:39This film was shown in Japanese cinemas
12:41just months after Japan withdrew from the League of Nations.
12:44In it, Japanese who adopt Western values,
12:47like this pipe-smoking mandolin player, are ridiculed.
12:54A strong attack is made on those Japanese women
12:56who have rejected a tradition of subservience.
12:59Here, a westernized Japanese woman objects when a man stands on her foot.
13:13What do you say?
13:14Please, please.
13:17Ah, I'm sorry.
13:19I'm sorry.
13:21I'm sorry.
13:24You're right!
13:32Listen to me.
13:36This is Japan, right?
13:43Many in Japan now wanted to grow a bigger empire on the Asian mainland,
13:48a policy that was popular not just with the army,
13:50but with many politicians, businessmen and ordinary Japanese as well.
13:55The minority who openly opposed military expansion risked assassination.
14:01Seven prominent Japanese, including two prime ministers,
14:04were murdered by army officers during the 30s.
14:13It was against this background of intimidation and threat from the Japanese military
14:17that the Imperial Army moved on China.
14:27The Japanese army advanced over these fields in eastern China in 1937.
14:32And their basic philosophy,
14:34as they attempted to create their own gigantic colony here, was simple.
14:38The Japanese ought to have this land,
14:41because the Chinese weren't worthy of it.
14:49We call the Chinese chankoro.
14:54Chankoro, that meant below human, like bugs or animals.
15:01Whereas the Japanese are a superior race,
15:04which had been in existence for 2,600 years.
15:08The Chinese were inferior.
15:10The Chinese didn't belong to the human race.
15:13That was the way we looked at it.
15:24In the course of their war in China,
15:27the Japanese used modern weapons of mass destruction.
15:31WLACstore, that meant one those 10,600 years in history.
15:34The Britishids, the German Теперь on China,
15:34all 94% of the Russian men in history.
15:36And they had made some seriousfreds seem to do in different ways.
15:55But the Japanese itself knew they were indeed...
15:56A general vision was named after the British administration.
15:59This is what the German united states ofudsman did not belong to.
15:59With the German GIRLFification Nation of aWAN
16:00os Estados Unidos, os Estados Unidos,
16:01os Estados Unidos,
16:04o New York Times,
16:06revela que o governo
16:08contém o que os japoneses estavam fazendo
16:10em um artigo publicado 23 de septembro 1937.
16:19O governo dos Estados Unidos
16:22e a total bombing of an extensive area
16:23wherein there resides a large populace
16:26engaged in peaceable pursuits
16:28is unwarranted and contrary
16:29to principles of law and humanity.
16:40And Western opinion
16:42was outraged still further
16:44when in December 1937
16:46the Japanese army reached the then capital
16:48of China, Nanking.
17:06The city is ringed by the glow of a hundred flames
17:10that seem funeral pyres in honor
17:12of the heroic or the helpless dead.
17:15Horror piles upon horror
17:16and one pitiful scene surpasses another.
17:30We found the Japanese
17:33doing things
17:34in the world that we didn't
17:36think were correct. For one,
17:38the Japanese were
17:41raping Nanking
17:42and that was shown in a dramatic way
17:45on our movie screens.
17:47That man carries the body of his child
17:49clinging dumbly to the forlorn hope
17:51that life still inhabits its shattered little body.
17:57On the night of December the 14th,
17:59there were many cases of Japanese soldiers
18:01entering Chinese houses
18:02and raping women or taking them away.
18:05This created a panic in the area.
18:08We Europeans are all paralyzed with horror.
18:10There are executions everywhere.
18:12Some are being carried out with machine guns
18:14outside the barracks of the war ministry.
18:17Last night, up to a thousand women and girls were said to have been raped.
18:20About a hundred girls in Ginling College alone.
18:23You hear of nothing but rape.
18:25If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot.
18:29Rape and brutality
18:30all must be on belief.
18:32Two girls aged about 16
18:34were raped to death in one of the refugee camps.
18:37In the university middle school,
18:39where there are 8,000 people,
18:40the Japs came in ten times last night
18:43over the wall,
18:44stole food, clothing
18:45and raped until they were satisfied.
18:48They bayoneted one little boy,
18:50killing him.
18:51And I spent an hour and a half this morning
18:53patching up another little boy of eight
18:55who had five bayonet wounds.
18:58These pictures of victims
18:59of the Japanese
19:00were taken in Nanking Hospital
19:01by an American missionary,
19:03the Reverend John McGee,
19:04and later smuggled out of China.
19:08Men had been set on fire,
19:10women beaten and raped.
19:15This seven-year-old boy
19:16had been stabbed seven times in the stomach
19:19and died after three days in hospital.
19:23This woman, Shu-Ying Li,
19:26had been bayoneted by Japanese soldiers
19:28because she tried to resist being raped.
19:39He grasped my hand
19:41and I took his collar.
19:45He was not as tall as I was
19:46and I began to bite him.
19:52He held onto my hand
19:54so I couldn't fight back.
19:56I couldn't fight back.
19:59He began to shout
20:01because of being bitten.
20:06Then, two other Japanese soldiers came.
20:10One stood on one side,
20:11the other stood on the other side
20:13and then they started to bayonet me.
20:18Around seven months pregnant
20:20at the time she was bayoneted,
20:22Shu-Ying Li miscarried her baby,
20:24a boy, whilst in hospital.
20:28I had a wonderful family.
20:30The Japanese destroyed it.
20:33How cruel they were.
20:35My son would have been born in February 1938.
20:40He would have been over 60 years old by now.
20:49And after Nanking,
20:51the Japanese army continued to commit atrocities,
20:54particularly during the fierce struggle
20:56in the Chinese countryside
20:57where the Japanese were often attempting
20:59to wrest control from Mao's communist army.
21:05When you enter a village,
21:07first you steal their valuables,
21:09then you kill people,
21:11then you set the village on fire
21:13and burn everything.
21:15Such killing, burning and robbing
21:17was seen everywhere.
21:26Japanese soldiers didn't just burn the Chinese.
21:28They used them for bayonet practice.
21:53One Japanese soldier ordered on several occasions
21:56to bayonet Chinese prisoners
21:59was Yoshio Tsuchiya.
22:03The first time, you still have a conscience
22:05and feel bad.
22:11But if you are labelled as courageous
22:13and honoured and given merit,
22:15and if you are praised as having this courage,
22:18that will be the driving power
22:19for the second time.
22:24And so after the second time,
22:26I didn't feel anything.
22:31If I thought of them as human beings,
22:33I could never have done it.
22:36But because I thought of them as animals
22:38or below human beings,
22:43we did it.
22:52Just as in the city of Nanking,
22:55the women and children in the countryside
22:57were also at risk.
23:03When soldiers went into the village
23:05and entered the houses,
23:07they first searched for any valuables to take.
23:10Then they searched for women.
23:16My comrade by chance
23:17found a woman in her thirties
23:19and captured her.
23:20Then a group rape took place.
23:25She had a baby with her.
23:28Normally when group rape happened,
23:30the victims were killed.
23:32But this time she was not killed
23:34and was carried to the next base camp.
23:37Then she was taken with her baby
23:38on the march the next day.
23:44I heard older soldiers
23:46whispering to each other,
23:47asking what should we do
23:49as the woman was getting weaker.
23:55Suddenly one of them stood up
23:56and grabbed her baby
23:57and threw it over a cliff,
23:59which was 30 to 40 meters high.
24:05Then instantly the mother of the baby followed,
24:08jumping off the cliff.
24:10We were on a break
24:11and when I saw what was happening
24:13in front of me,
24:14I thought what a horrible thing to do.
24:17I felt sorry for them for a while,
24:19but I had to carry on marching.
24:22I thought the head was good,
24:22but the head was a good one.
24:38No one will ever know exactly
24:40how many suffered during the Japanese
24:42attempt to create an empire in China.
24:45But there can be no doubt
24:46that many millions of Chinese died.
24:59few of the Japanese soldiers in China
25:02who committed rape or murder
25:03were ever prosecuted for their crimes
25:05by the Japanese military.
25:10But after the war,
25:11some Japanese soldiers,
25:12like Masayo Enomoto,
25:14were imprisoned for war crimes
25:16by the Chinese.
25:21During the war,
25:22there were many times
25:23when you raped and killed women.
25:24didn't you feel guilty about what you were doing?
25:29I didn't feel any sense of guilt then.
25:37Why?
25:37Why didn't you have any sense of guilt or shame?
25:42Because I was fighting for the emperor.
25:44He was a god.
25:45In the name of the emperor,
25:47we could do whatever we wanted
25:48against the Chinese.
25:50Therefore, I had no sense of guilt.
25:56The Japanese soldier's supreme commander,
25:59the God Emperor of Japan,
26:01spent most of his time secluded
26:03behind the walls of his palace in Tokyo.
26:08Even today,
26:10opinion is divided among historians
26:12as to the extent to which Emperor Hirohito
26:14knew about the barbaric crimes
26:16his soldiers were committing in China.
26:18Not only are many documents
26:20within the imperial and other archives
26:22still kept secret,
26:23but thousands more were burnt
26:25by the Japanese
26:26before the Americans arrived
26:27to occupy their country
26:28at the end of the war.
26:39What is certain
26:40is that no evidence has surfaced
26:42that Emperor Hirohito,
26:43as supreme commander of the Japanese army,
26:47ever attempted to hold his soldiers
26:48properly to account
26:49for their conduct in China.
26:56Just across the border
26:58from the vicious war
26:59the Japanese were conducting in China
27:00lay the British colony of Hong Kong.
27:03By comparison,
27:05an oasis of calm.
27:12by the UK
27:12heites
27:34and communities
27:34who are fighting
27:34and who are losing
27:34and who are losing
27:35while they are losing
27:36they're losing
27:36that's right
27:36It was a good little colony, alas, I suppose, of the British Empire.
27:42And, of course, it was in the last days of the British Empire, as it so happened.
27:53Our lives there were really very happy.
27:57It was a marvellous place for entertainment,
28:00where there were always dances going on, formal dances were being arranged,
28:05great parties.
28:12The people in the British Empire thought that we were completely superior to any other nation.
28:22It was the largest empire that had ever been built in the history of the world.
28:39On the other side of these mountains,
28:41the Japanese were amassing one of the world's most powerful armies.
28:48Anthony Hewitt was one of those who recognised the enormity of the threat.
28:51I saw a Japanese force carrying out an exercise,
28:59and I realised that, from a military point of view, they were very advanced.
29:04They had excellent weapons, their soldiers were very highly trained,
29:08and they were really outstanding.
29:14Anthony Hewitt sent his report on the strength of the Japanese army to his commanding general,
29:19and was told he was probably exaggerating the problem.
29:23The overall commander-in-chief of the British forces in the Far East,
29:27Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke Popham,
29:29seems not to have been impressed by some of the Japanese soldiers he saw either.
29:34In a personal letter to Major General Sir Hastings Ismay,
29:38less than a year before Pearl Harbour, he wrote,
29:41I had a good close-up across the barbed wire of various subhuman specimens,
29:46dressed in dirty grey uniform,
29:48which I was informed were Japanese soldiers.
29:51If these represent the average of the Japanese army,
29:54I cannot believe they would form an intelligent fighting force.
30:06And British officers weren't alone in being unimpressed by the Japanese soldiers they saw.
30:13Our concept of the Japanese,
30:15prior to the time that the Japanese attacked us at Pearl Harbour,
30:20was that they were a weak,
30:24not very sophisticated people,
30:29and it was so foreign to us.
30:32The Japanese were just of small stature.
30:37They were not a very friendly,
30:39but also not a very intelligent group of people.
30:42Obviously, of course, we were wrong.
30:49After all,
30:52the head of the country was supposed to have been a descendant of God,
30:55and we thought how primitive that situation was.
31:05But there was another Western nation,
31:07Germany,
31:08which did value the Japanese.
31:11Indeed, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan wanted to form an alliance.
31:21When World War II started in 1939,
31:25Germany's swift growth in power
31:27impressed not only the political leaders of the Japanese government,
31:31but also the military ones.
31:38They believed that the Germans would win this war.
31:42This belief was the foundation for the Japanese thinking at the time.
31:57A formal treaty of alliance was signed between Nazi Germany, Japan,
32:01and Germany's Axis partner, Italy,
32:03on September the 27th, 1940.
32:07It was celebrated in Tokyo with this reception at the German embassy.
32:22The Japanese took advantage of their new alliance with the Germans
32:26by moving into northern Indochina,
32:28today's Vietnam.
32:30This had been a French colony,
32:32but the Germans had just overrun France,
32:34so for the Japanese, it was ripe for the picking.
32:40Japan continued to tell the world it wanted to create
32:43a greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere.
32:47Asia for the Asians was the slogan.
32:50But the reality was, in essence,
32:53that the locals were merely swapping one colonial master for another.
33:03In Washington, the American government,
33:06nervous about Japanese colonial intentions,
33:08announced that fuel sales to Japan would be suspended
33:11if Japan did not reconsider her aggressive actions.
33:15The Japanese had no fuel resources of their own,
33:18and so felt they now faced a simple choice,
33:21either give up their imperial ambitions
33:24or fight the Americans.
33:32America is a big country,
33:34and we knew that we wouldn't be able to win against them
33:37once the war was prolonged.
33:38We would lose.
33:44The only hope was to destroy their Pacific fleet.
33:48At the time, the fleet was the mainstay of military power,
33:52be it American, British, or Japanese.
33:59The fleet represented a nation's military power.
34:03So if you destroyed the fleet,
34:05the damage would be huge.
34:12It would ruin President Roosevelt's reputation
34:14as a commander-in-chief.
34:16He might then be put in a difficult position,
34:20so this mission was undertaken bravely.
34:29When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor,
34:31we thought this was a dirty trick.
34:34Those stinkers, they attacked us by surprise
34:38in our own base.
34:40They weren't fair.
34:41They weren't honest.
34:53I personally thought that that was the United States Army Air Corps
34:58who had mistakenly dropped their bombs on us
35:02until we saw the red circles on the Japanese planes
35:05as they went over.
35:10We were very surprised.
35:12We didn't think they had the capability,
35:14nor that they would be bold enough to do it.
35:24We thought the Japanese just could not see well
35:27because all the pictures we'd seen of the Japanese over the years,
35:31they were wearing thick, horn-ribbed glasses.
35:35Instead of that, the sneaky Japanese outsmarted us.
35:46Moments after they bombed Pearl Harbor,
35:49the Japanese attacked Hong Kong.
35:54On Hong Kong Island, the stands at Happy Valley Racecourse
35:57were turned into a hospital.
35:59One of the first signs the nurses here saw of the Japanese
36:02was a single-engine fighter plane appearing overhead.
36:06First of all, we thought they were Americans.
36:08And then, of course, we saw the great sun on them.
36:12Then we realised.
36:15And the next thing, these bullets were coming out of the wings.
36:28They had three red crosses on the top of the jockey club,
36:33so they could see that.
36:36But they never worried about that.
36:39You were scared,
36:41but when you've got a crowd of you,
36:44you mustn't show that.
36:46You mustn't show that you're afraid.
36:58The attitude of the Japanese who invaded Hong Kong that December
37:02was very different from that of their countrymen
37:04who had so generously cared for their prisoners
37:06in the First World War.
37:12These Japanese soldiers,
37:14with their country having pulled out of the League of Nations,
37:17were scarcely concerned about what world opinion
37:20would say about their treatment of prisoners.
37:23All of these soldiers had been subjected
37:25to a training that brutalised them,
37:27and they had been told that surrender was dishonourable.
37:30Most of them came from the horrific war in China,
37:33where they'd fought an enemy many believed was subhuman.
37:58Some of the first to suffer at the hands of the Japanese on Hong Kong Island
38:02were the staff of the British Army Medical Store
38:04at the Cilician Mission.
38:07From the top windows,
38:08we could see that we were surrounded by Japanese.
38:13It wasn't very long after,
38:14the Japanese knocked at the doors
38:16and ordered us all out to the courtyard.
38:21The Japanese then ordered all the men
38:23to be stripped from the waist up.
38:28I was then asked to lead the party up the hill
38:31to where the road met a nullah.
38:38A nullah is an Indian word,
38:40meaning a stormwater drain or a stream.
38:50On the hillside were Japanese troops,
38:52and they were jeering and shouting at us as we went.
38:57What they did do was to bend at us.
39:00In other words, we were there for bayonet practice.
39:03They bended us from the back
39:05and pushed us into the drain one by one.
39:10And I was the end of the line.
39:11I said, look, I've got to do something quick.
39:13And by instinct, I fell in.
39:17A few seconds later, another body fell on me.
39:21I lay in the nullah.
39:23The water was passing under me.
39:25It began to get more and more bloody.
39:31After about ten minutes, everything was quiet.
39:38And then I heard somebody walking along the top of the nullah,
39:42along the edge.
39:44He came over to where I lay.
39:48I heard the bolt.
39:49I heard the shot.
39:51And the next thing I felt was this severe blow across my face.
39:55And blood was coming out of my mouth.
40:06The bullet did not inflict serious injury on Osler Thomas,
40:10and he was able to hide underneath the dead bodies of his comrades until nightfall.
40:15At that particular point, the nullah makes a 90-degree turn and tumbles down the hill by a series of
40:23steps.
40:30That night, when things were dark, I made my way down the nullah.
40:34The Japanese murdered 30 people on the hillside.
40:39Osler Thomas was one of only two survivors.
40:41We never realized what was going to happen.
40:43We thought Japan would take over Hong Kong, and that was it.
40:46life perhaps would be very much like the same, but it wasn't so.
40:54As the Japanese advanced into Hong Kong, the Chinese inhabitants of the city became a particular target.
41:02I'd watched some Japanese kill people on the cricket ground along Queen's Road.
41:10They were just hitting the Chinese all over the place,
41:15knocking them down with rifle butts, shooting people for no reason at all, robbing them.
41:21It was really quite ghastly.
41:23We were the people who were meant to look after the Chinese of Hong Kong.
41:29We were meant to look after the people who should have defended them,
41:32and now we have left them at the mercy of these ghastly people.
41:38They'd upset me terribly.
41:44On Christmas Day 1941, the day the British surrendered in Hong Kong,
41:49some Japanese soldiers turned their attention to the nurses in the makeshift hospital at the jockey club.
41:56The Japanese came and shone their torches round and picked out four girls and made us go upstairs.
42:09One girl, she had been sick.
42:18And I put my foot in and I said, this girl's sick.
42:23She's very sick.
42:25They didn't take much notice, and eventually,
42:29the three of us saying, well, she must go down.
42:34They did, and unfortunately for us, we were all raped.
42:45It wasn't very nice.
42:49But if we tried to do anything, you'd have got a bullet.
42:53So that was the only thing.
42:59You just sort of grin and veer it.
43:09Whilst only a small minority of Western women in Hong Kong
43:12suffered the same fate as Connie Sully at the jockey club,
43:15the Japanese did go on to mistreat virtually all those they imprisoned in Hong Kong,
43:21often placing them in camps where they suffered from malnutrition and overcrowding.
43:25拍手
43:28拍手
43:29拍手
43:32拍手
44:01A CIDADE NO BRASIL
44:04A CIDADE NO BRASIL
44:36A CIDADE NO BRASIL
44:37In Singapore alone, 50,000 troops were captured.
44:44Throughout Southeast Asia, Japanese forces disarmed the prisoners of war and reveled in what they had accomplished.
45:09I think we were all rather shocked and taken aback to see the size of them.
45:13We thought, how on earth are we going to look after people of this size?
45:17Well, I was surprised.
45:23I was surprised.
45:48About 350,000 prisoners of war eventually fell into Japanese hands in Southeast Asia.
45:56More than one in four of them subsequently died in captivity.
46:29A CIDADE NO BRASIL
46:46A CIDADE NO BRASIL
46:49A CIDADE NO BRASIL
46:53A CIDADE NO BRASIL
46:55A CIDADE NO BRASIL
46:56Obrigado.
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