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World leaders and their top advisers tell the inside story of two decades of conflict that saw diplomacy fail and Hamas's power grow, leading up to the attacks of 7th October 2023.
Israel withdraws from Gaza in 2005, opening the door for Hamas to seize control.
Israel withdraws from Gaza in 2005, opening the door for Hamas to seize control.
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00:29Transcription and Subtitles by Pedro Negri
00:31It took me hours to understand what's going on.
00:35Our people, our civilians, that we have a contract with them, we failed.
00:41We failed to protect them.
00:45The 7th of October attacks and the devastating war they sparked in Gaza
00:49have brutally reopened scars from decades of conflict.
00:54The Bible says that there is a time for peace and a time for war.
00:59This is a time for war.
01:03Our country was one of the ones who fought, so they are the victims of the war.
01:12Now, with lasting peace as elusive as ever, we explore the roots of the crisis.
01:17Welcome.
01:18Those at the highest level tell the story of how, time and again, they tried and failed
01:23to end the deepening conflict as strained relationships reach breaking point.
01:30What Netanyahu did to Vice President Biden was outrageous.
01:36It's like the biggest slap in the face.
01:37I think American secretaries of state are like moths to a flame when it comes to the Middle East.
01:45We'll see how two decades of failed negotiations helped Hamas' power grow.
01:50And we'll hear from their leader, who was killed a month after our interview.
02:02In this first episode, a controversial Israeli plan for Gaza opens the door for Hamas to seize control.
02:11For Sharon, this is a matter of political life of death for him.
02:18The gut reaction was to see this as a trap, as a conspiracy.
02:23And Palestinian, Israeli, and American leaders grapple with the fallout.
02:29President Bush was looking for an enormous achievement.
02:33Now, what is sexier for an American leader than a peace agreement in the Middle East?
03:01The deadly conflict between Hamas and Israel began long before 7th October.
03:10One of Hamas' most devastating attacks came in the summer of 2003.
03:16A suicide bombing on a bus in Jerusalem, which killed 23 and left over 100 more seriously injured.
03:24It was part of the Intifada, the Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation.
03:31The Palestinian president, Yasser Arafat, had long been accused of turning a blind eye to such attacks.
03:39We had arrested many of those who are behind these activities, but no one can give 100% results.
03:52Arafat, a former guerrilla fighter, was an icon of the Palestinian people.
03:59His government, the Palestinian Authority, was nominally in charge of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, despite Israel's military occupation.
04:09Its goal was a Palestinian state, recognized by the international community.
04:26Israel's leader, Ariel Sharon, had ceased all diplomatic contact with Arafat and his government.
04:33He was about to take a decision that would shape the course of events in Gaza and beyond for years
04:39to come.
04:42He was about to make a decision.
05:09Israel.
05:17Sharon's radical plan was to end Israel's presence in the Gaza Strip.
05:23But it would be unthinkable for him to do so without the blessing of Israel's biggest financial and military banker.
05:30He dispatched his chief of staff to speak to the Americans.
05:37For us, for the Sharon government, the peace process seems to be frozen.
05:45But the whole world, with pressure on us, these are the way to agree to a foundation of a Palestinian
05:55state.
05:57And in this mood, or in this climate, I met with Condi Rice.
06:07Doobie Weissglass was a kind of combination of a confessor and chief of staff and friend of Ariel Sharon.
06:16He had Sharon's confidence.
06:20Doobie came into my office and he said,
06:31So what Doobie Weissglass brought was a proposal for Israel to unilaterally withdraw from Gaza.
06:39That meant the Israeli military forces would be gone.
06:44And more importantly, settlements, Israeli settlements in Gaza would be dismantled and moved out of Gaza.
06:55He started using the phrase that Israel was going to withdraw from Gaza and throw the keys over the fence.
07:02And basically, whatever happened afterwards was not their problem.
07:07We just sort of all looked at each other like, are we actually hearing what we have been hearing?
07:12I said, Condi, this is not just a serious decision.
07:21This is a matter of a political life of death for him.
07:29Rice took Sharon's plan to the president.
07:32Like so many of his predecessors, George W. Bush had taken office hoping to deliver a breakthrough in the Middle
07:38East.
07:41When the president first heard of what Doobie Weissglass was proposing, he immediately embraced it.
07:47And when I asked why, he said because Sharon was willing to take a bold step.
07:54This would sort of shake up things on the issue of Middle East peace, which was really at a dead
08:00end.
08:01I felt, and President Bush felt, that if you had Ariel Sharon willing to talk about ceding territory, it was
08:08It's worth taking the chance.
08:10Nobody would question Ariel Sharon's dedication and devotion to the security of Israel.
08:19Ariel Sharon was celebrated by Israelis as a hero of their country's long conflict with its Arab neighbors.
08:27In 1967, as a young commander, he played a crucial role in the Six-Day War,
08:33which saw Israel gain swathes of land from Jordan, Syria and Egypt, including Gaza.
08:43Since then, despite international condemnation, Israel had been building settlements throughout the Palestinian territories,
08:51further cementing its occupation.
08:54By 2003, there were more than 400,000 Israeli settlers living in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.
09:03In Gaza, there were 7,500, living alongside a Palestinian population of around a million,
09:09who were largely confined to the territory.
09:15Sharon knew that any withdrawal would be hugely controversial in Israel,
09:19not least within his own party, the right-wing, Likul.
09:23The right-wing, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul, Likul.
09:36It's clear that in Kiba's agreement, we have to be able to become part of the Jewish communities.
09:51The plan of cooperation is the best of the security of the best.
10:02This is the plan of cooperation, and I will move on to it.
10:09This is the plan of cooperation, and I will move on to it.
10:28Watching Sharon's address was one of Likul's most influential politicians.
10:33When the prime minister first raised the disengagement idea,
10:36I said that I had no particular desire to have Israelis stay in the Gaza Strip in a political final
10:43settlement.
10:44But I said, we're not in a final political settlement.
10:46And if we withdraw unilaterally, it will be understood by the Arab terrorists to be a reward for terror.
10:53So unwittingly and inadvertently, we could be putting wind in the terrorist's sail.
11:08Sharon had made clear that his plan would be carried out without any consultation with the Palestinian Authority.
11:18Arafat summoned his top advisers.
11:23I remember distinctly the leadership meeting that was held shortly after Sharon made that announcement
11:29was characterized by a sense of, what do we do with this?
11:34This is the guy who's saying he's going to disengage from Gaza to withdraw from it.
11:39How can we say no or object or express reservation?
11:43The gut reaction, the instinctive reaction of many in the Palestinian leadership at that time
11:49to see this as a trap, as a conspiracy.
11:52You know, he wants to do Gaza in order to take over the West Bank.
11:58The accusation that Sharon's plan was simply a smokescreen for his designs on the West Bank
12:02was soon gaining traction, and not just with Palestinians.
12:09Kondi came to us and said, there are some people in the world
12:15believe that your willingness to leave Gaza
12:18is in order to distract attention from what's happening in the West Bank.
12:24And we might be considered as part of this conspiracy.
12:30We insisted that when we thought about the Gaza withdrawal,
12:33it couldn't be, as we called it, Gaza only.
12:35The more he could do in making clear that this was not about dumping Gaza
12:39and grabbing the West Bank,
12:41the more we would be able to do to help Sharon politically.
12:46Sharon was ready to give up Gaza for, let's say, good reasons,
12:50in order to strengthen the Israeli presence in the West Bank.
12:54But he understood very well that in order to be able to pass it
12:59through the Israeli political system,
13:02he needs to get something in return.
13:04And the only ones who could give something were the Americans.
13:09Sharon agreed to make a symbolic gesture.
13:12He'd withdraw from a handful of settlements in the West Bank,
13:15as well as all of those in Gaza.
13:19In return, he got the American support he wanted,
13:23including a recognition that the biggest settlements in the West Bank
13:26would remain permanently.
13:30We thought that however much they might complain about it,
13:34this was a huge opportunity for the Palestinian people
13:38and the Palestinian Authority.
13:40They got a down payment on a Palestinian state.
13:43They got Gaza, a territory which they would be responsible for,
13:48and they would have an opportunity to build and show the world
13:52that they were ready to live side by side in peace with Israel.
13:58The Palestinian leadership didn't see it that way.
14:02And they had even more reason to be skeptical
14:04when Sharon's chief of staff left the withdrawal
14:07would put the peace process in formaldehyde.
14:13I used the wrong term.
14:16I meant to say that the world map is inactive,
14:20But it's very much alive.
14:23And I said it definitely for the right wing of our society,
14:29that Palestinian statehood that you are so against much
14:33will not happen tomorrow,
14:35as might be the case if the world will squeeze us.
14:39It will happen maybe 5, 10, 20 years,
14:46or it may not happen at all.
14:54Sharon began preparations for the withdrawal,
14:58setting a deadline of August 2005
15:00for all settlers to be relocated.
15:11Then, with nine months to go,
15:14came news that shook Palestinians to the core.
15:19Yasser Arafat,
15:20the man who'd been the symbol of their resistance for 40 years,
15:24was dead.
15:31The new leader of the Palestinians
15:33was a very different character.
15:37Mahmoud Abbas had a background in diplomacy.
15:42President Abbas was the antithesis of Arafat.
15:47He didn't believe that you could beat the Israelis in a war.
15:53He thought he would win the battle
15:56by convincing the Americans
15:58that the Palestinians were not going to be reverting to violence.
16:04The new president vowed to take on militants like Hamas
16:07in a way that Arafat never had.
16:11Weeks after taking office,
16:13he joined Sharon at a summit in Egypt
16:15and announced he would end the intifada.
16:44Abbas and his team hoped they could now persuade Sharon.
16:47to reframe the Gaza withdrawal
16:49as part of a negotiation with the Palestinian Authority.
16:54I said to the vice class,
16:57Doobie,
16:58I understand why you wanted to do it unilaterally
17:02when Arafat was alive,
17:03but now you have a new president.
17:05Why not give us the credit for this?
17:08Our concern was that Hamas would say,
17:11look, years of negotiations have failed to produce
17:16any results.
17:18Israel only responds to violence,
17:21They only respond to force.
17:22Why not let's sit and negotiate,
17:26Even pretend to negotiate?
17:27A couple of photo ops,
17:29a couple of statements,
17:30so me and my team and my boss
17:32can go to our public
17:34and say that this engagement
17:35is a result of our negotiation process.
17:38Sharon was very consistent.
17:41He said if we begin negotiation with the Palestinians,
17:44It will be an endless story.
17:46because they will always have new reservations
17:49and new complaints and new demands
17:51and we will never be able to do
17:53what I already decided that we should do.
17:56I remember vice class saying to us,
17:59You don't even understand.
17:59how we have to talk about this.
18:01We have to talk about this in Likudish.
18:05He said,
18:05this is a language you don't know.
18:07To speak to the Likud members,
18:11the only way to get this approved
18:13that is to say,
18:14We're doing this for Israel.
18:16We're not doing this for the Palestinians.
18:18We don't care about the Palestinians.
18:20We're not talking to the Palestinians.
18:26Across Israel,
18:28huge protests
18:29against Sharon's disengagement plan
18:31were gathering force.
18:41Despite pressure from the right,
18:43Sharon had managed
18:44to keep his government together.
18:49Then,
18:50just before the withdrawal
18:51was due to begin,
18:53one of his key cabinet ministers
18:54called a press conference.
18:58I remember him
18:59comes in
19:01without the usual staff.
19:03So I whisper to Sharon,
19:06he's
19:07planning a little drama.
19:09We had this feeling
19:10that he's about to resign.
19:13I cannot be a partner
19:15to
19:16a move that I think
19:19compromises
19:19the security of Israel,
19:22tears
19:23the people apart.
19:25the only way
19:26that we can win this battle
19:28anywhere,
19:29everywhere
19:31is by confronting terror
19:32and not appeasing it.
19:34Appeasement
19:34It doesn't work.
19:44A week later,
19:45Israel began
19:46the pullout from Gaza,
19:48sending in its own forces
19:49to evict those settlers
19:51who tried to stay.
19:57the operation
19:58Israel is bitterly divided.
20:01Some soldiers
20:02even refused orders
20:03to dismantle the settlements.
20:09They took all our people
20:10out
20:11and
20:11give the Arabs
20:12this building.
20:14Look,
20:14This beautiful area.
20:17I want you to see that.
20:20They think that
20:20There will be peace.
20:22Node.
20:23No peace.
20:25No peace.
20:25With Arabs
20:26There will be no peace here.
20:32The final Israeli troops
20:33left Gaza
20:34a month after
20:35The operation began.
20:38Israel would still
20:39police the borders,
20:41tightly restrict
20:41which goods
20:42were allowed
20:43in and out
20:43of the territory,
20:44and place controls
20:46on the Palestinian Authority,
20:48rearming its police
20:48on the ground.
20:51But the day-to-day
20:52running of Gaza
20:52inside the fence
20:53was now officially
20:54in the hands
20:55of the Palestinians.
20:58From the power
20:59and not from the ground
21:00we are doing
21:02Assad.
21:03The Palestinians
21:04are the proof
21:05of the Palestinians.
21:06They are to fight
21:07in the terrorist groups,
21:09to break their own
21:10and to show
21:11their goals
21:12for peace
21:13so that they can
21:14sit with us
21:15in the massacre and the death.
21:18The world
21:19is to prevent
21:20the Palestinian response.
21:26The extraction of the military, Hamas and other military personnel.
21:30They were writing down the little glass as a little pericarp.
21:34Since the early 1980s,
21:37Hamas has vowed to destroy Israel through violent resistance.
21:40Claim the land they see as Palestinian.
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