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00:00Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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04:45από το μυζέμμα που ήταν κεφαλό.
04:47Αλλά υπηρεσία έννοιξαν.
04:49Ένας χαρακόματος.
04:51Αυτό είναι ένα πολύ καλύτερο σημείο
04:55για την εξαιρετική αρχελόγηση.
04:58Αυτό είναι έναν υπηρεσία στους εαρμογές.
05:03Ενώ, τώρα, θα είναι πολύ υπηρεσία
05:06να έκανε τόσο μία τραγουλή καλή εξαρμότητα.
05:09Αν τόσο χαρακόματος να δείξει,
05:12Πώς έγινε οι Μεταλλογές Μεταλλογέντες να το έγινε 3,000 χρόνια πριν?
05:21Κοιμική αναλύση της χατς γλυκάζει ότι ο οποίος έγινε το έγινε,
05:25έγινε το έγινε μεταλλογέντεο μεταλλογέντες.
05:29Αν η χατ έγινε από πιο γλυκό,
05:32θα έγινε το έγινε από την πόλη του ίδιού,
05:34επειδή οι πλυκές έγινε τόσο έγινε.
05:36Του αποκαλύντου, η χατς γλυκά μεταλλογέντεο μεταλλογέντεο.
05:43Η μιχτήρια είναι 9.8% σιλβε, 0.4% κομπρ και 0.1% τερν.
05:51Ωραία, γλυκά μεταλλογέντεο και πιο ρίγντεο,
05:54έτσι μπορεί να αντιμετωπίσει το ίδιού.
05:57Τις γλυκάς γλυκάς γνωρίζαν τι έγινε.
06:00Αυτό είναι πως το τελείο βάζοντας το βάζοντας για 22 καρδίκο γλυκά.
06:05Τις τελείο αστονισχοί λεγγελείς να πω για μία χατ.
06:12Αναλήσεις της καρδίκης αυξηγούς αυξηγούς σχετικά μεταλλογέντεο.
06:17Όταν έξερα το μιχτήρια, δεν έχουν καταφερθείς.
06:23Αυτό το πιο τελείο έχει καταφερθείς από μία μία στους γλυκά.
06:28Το μιχτήρια γλυκά μεταλλογέντεο.
06:32Αυτό είναι μόνο δημόσια, επειδή ο αρρήγματος με γλώδι με το μικρός είναι μικρή,
06:38οπότε μπορεί να δημιουργείται σε μια τρόπο που δεν μπορεί να δημιουργείται.
06:42Αν το γλώδι με το γλώδι, μπορείς να κρίνεις μια πολύ λιγή μία γλώδι που είναι μόνο αρήγη μόνος διεύτερος.
06:51Ήταν τόσο λιγή, μπορείς να δημιουργείς λιγότερα.
06:54Ακούσια η χατήρια στρατήρια.
06:57Η μόνο μάτια χαρά είναι το πίγμα του χαρά.
07:05Αυτό είναι αυτό το χαρά του χαρά είναι το πίγμα του χαρά.
07:12Ήταν μια εξαιρετική ειδημία για ένα Ζηγήμα του Ζηγού,
07:16αλλά υπάρχει πολλοί περισσότερο.
07:19Όλοι από το μάτια του 2,000 συμβολαίες είναι ο καταφύσεως.
07:24Η χαμηχή ήταν δυνατότητα από την μιλήση των τεχνίκων,
07:27ούτε ορφούς και ορφούς.
07:29Ορφούς ορφούς, είναι να κάνεις ένα σημαντικό τεχνίδι
07:33στον τεχνίδι, και να κάνεις το χαμηχόμενο από τη γνωστά
07:36για να βοηθήσει το πλήθος του τεχνίδι.
07:39Από αυτό, κάνεις ορφούς,
07:40που είναι χρησιμοποιητικά χρήματα να προσθέσεις
07:43και να προσθέσεις τεχνίδι στον τεχνίδι.
07:45Η έννοια έννοια θα ήταν να δώσει τεχνίδες.
07:54στο σχέδι.
07:56Ξασκόμαστε να αυτό το μυστηριό μόνο το έννοι.
08:05Τα αναλήθεια αυτής της δεκορίας
08:08σημαίνει ότι το σχέδιμιζο σχέδι είναι όχι
08:10όμως ένα σχέδιο τρόπος του σχέδι.
08:13Υπέρτες σήμερα ότι κάποιες συμβολίες
08:15σημαίνουν τον Συνό,
08:17άλλοι τον Μαλό.
08:20αυτό είναι ένας άφημα σημαντικός.
08:25Το ίδιο βαθρος βαθρος μπορεί να είναι καλυφόλος
08:28κάποιο πρόγραμμα που μπορεί να πρόκειται το μέλλον.
08:32Οι άνθρωποι που κάνουν το μήνες
08:34μεταξύ μεταξύ μεταξύ μεταξύ των μοναλών
08:36για να μάρνουν μόνες,
08:38αλλά το σχέδιο τρόπο του Συνόν για να μάρνουν χρόνια.
08:42Και αυτό είναι ένα προβλήμα για τους οποίους.
08:45Το σχέδιο και το σχέδιο τρόπο δεν συμβολύνουν πολύ.
08:49Μετά από όλη συναντία,
08:51δεύσκολα, γιατί μόνες μόνες δεν συμβολύνουν μόνες μόνες μόνες.
08:55Είναι δεύσκολα να τοιστήσει δεύσκολα να μάρνουν τα μης μία μήνες να μάρνουν τα μήνες.
08:59αλλά είναι να τον Κύριο δεθνάει να μπορώ να την είσαι μόνο χωρίς μόνος.
09:04Σε 12 λεύμα μόνος είναι 11.5 χωρίς από τελευταία μόνος.
09:09Και αν πρέπει να μάθουμε να το Κύριο μόνο και το Κύριο να πρέπει να δεικητήσεις ή να κατακούσεις ή να πραγματοποιήσεις ή να δεικητήσεις.
09:16Είναι ένα κυρίο.
09:17Η δύο επίκηματικά κανένας να γίνει με τον ένα ένα καιρό με τον πρόσφέ.
09:23Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
09:54This fix keeps the lunar and solar calendars approximately in sync until they actually line up again every 19 years.
10:03What astonishes archaeologists is that the symbols on the gold hat provide a way of calculating exactly the same fix to correct for this difference.
10:13It seems to be an indication of a cross-reference between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar.
10:18What's more, it looks as if they actually keep the two calendars in check.
10:27Astronomers call this an intercalary correction.
10:30What makes this so exciting is that the hat appears to predate Meton's discovery by an incredible 500 years.
10:40If the theory of this hat is correct, then it shows that these, what we consider to be primitive people, had a detailed understanding of astronomical cycles.
10:49To actually do this calculation, they would have had to do very, very detailed observations over long periods of time.
10:58So it shows a sophistication that is unexpected.
11:01This would be an astonishing claim to make based on a single artifact.
11:06But the Berlin gold hat is not alone.
11:16There are three other objects that are very similar.
11:22Two of them are from today modern Germany, from Schifferstadt and from Nuremberg, Nuremberg.
11:27And another one is from Poitiers in France.
11:32The patterns on the other hats have not yet been closely studied.
11:36But they are organized in comparable sequences.
11:39So it's assumed they have a similar purpose.
11:423,000 years ago, this level of astronomical knowledge may have seemed magical.
11:50We have an object here that allows you to predict the future when it comes to sun and moon.
11:56It allows you to communicate with supernatural forces.
12:00That sounds as much like religion as astronomy.
12:04When we're studying people in the past, it's really important for us to remember that religion and everyday life
12:11don't sit apart from each other.
12:13They're completely intertwined and completely interwoven.
12:18Your spiritual well-being had a direct relationship and a direct effect on things like the success of your crops,
12:24the happiness of your family, the security of your community.
12:30So if the hat is a supernatural predictor of the future,
12:33is it also part of religious life?
12:37And if so, who or what is being worshipped?
12:45On the top of the hat is an eight-pointed star.
12:48Some archaeologists believe it represents the sun,
12:52which is highly significant,
12:54because in the ancient world sun worship is a recurring theme.
12:58Sun gods are known through history all over the world.
13:04For example, in Shintu, there's Amaterasu, the sun goddess,
13:08the prime ruler of the universe.
13:11The Loxi tribe in Zambia believe that their kings are direct descendants
13:15from the sun god and the moon goddess.
13:18And around 1340 BCE,
13:21one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world
13:24also became dedicated sun worshipers.
13:28There was one moment in ancient Egypt
13:31where the sun god was raised above all of the other gods
13:35and worship was dedicated completely to him.
13:38This god was called the Aten
13:40and he was created by a pharaoh called Akhenaten.
13:44He built sun temples of absolutely unbelievable size
13:49and he created a brand new city
13:52that was totally dedicated to the sun god.
13:55Sun cults are well known in Europe too.
13:58So it would fit with what we know
14:00if the Berlin gold hat is worn by a revered figure,
14:03perhaps a high priest in a European sun cult.
14:06A holy person or leader
14:08who can interpret the meaning and importance of its markings.
14:12This would have invested that person with immense power,
14:15the power to effectively predict the astronomical future.
14:20Perhaps when to sow crops, when to harvest, things like that.
14:23Having that sort of knowledge,
14:25especially in that sort of culture,
14:26would have been immensely powerful.
14:29The Berlin gold hat is transforming our understanding
14:33of European life in the Bronze Age.
14:35It suggests that these were highly sophisticated people
14:39with the patience to make what we consider
14:41scientific observations over decades,
14:44possibly centuries.
14:48So do we now understand the full story
14:50of this incredible object?
14:55Maybe not.
14:57Four gold hats have been found so far,
15:00but there's compelling evidence
15:02that there could be more.
15:04When the Schifferstadt gold hat is found in 1835,
15:08it appears to be deliberately buried upright
15:11alongside some Bronze Age axes.
15:15This combination of axe and hat
15:17may link it to a Bronze Age tomb
15:19hundreds of kilometers away in Sweden.
15:21There's a double burial close to the village of Kivik
15:26and that's called the King's Grave.
15:31The age of that site is 1,400 years before the birth of Christ
15:37and that is exactly the age of the oldest of the gold hats
15:40from Schifferstadt.
15:41Inside of the King's Graves, you find stone pillars
15:46and on these stone pillars engraved,
15:49we see scenes that look like religious rites.
15:53Since the tomb's discovery in 1835,
15:56one of these upright stones has gone missing.
15:58But sketches from the original excavation
16:01reveal a very familiar image.
16:05Right in the middle of the stone
16:06is something that looks exactly like our gold hats
16:10with two axes on the sides.
16:12The arrangement is strikingly similar
16:14to the Schifferstadt burial.
16:17It suggests there could be a Swedish hat
16:20somewhere close by,
16:21still waiting to be uncovered.
16:24And who knows,
16:26perhaps that will finally complete our understanding
16:29of this beautiful and mysterious object.
16:31In the summer of 2013,
16:40Professor Timothy Koth at Maryland University
16:42receives a package
16:44containing a curiously heavy 5-centimeter black cube.
16:48It comes with a message.
16:50A handwritten note says,
16:52taken from Germany,
16:54from the nuclear reactor that Hitler tried to build,
16:58gift of Nininger.
16:59What is this strange cube?
17:03Why is it sent to a Maryland professor?
17:07Did Hitler really have an atomic program?
17:11Did he try to create a Nazi atom bomb?
17:14Is it really from a Nazi reactor?
17:19Now, using the latest technology,
17:21we can examine the strange cube in minute detail
17:24to uncover its secrets.
17:29It measures roughly 5 centimeters along each face,
17:35and it's a dark charcoal black color.
17:38The surface is pockmarked with voids,
17:41imperfections, and machined slots.
17:45The cube weighs over 2 kilograms,
17:47unexpectedly heavy for such a small object.
17:50Only one material fits the bill.
17:55Uranium.
17:58It's well documented that Hitler dreams
18:00of having a Nazi atom bomb.
18:02I don't think there was really any doubt
18:07in anyone's mind
18:08that if Hitler had an atomic warping,
18:12he would use it.
18:13He would use it as soon as he had it.
18:15Could the tiny cube really be part of that project?
18:23Uranium has a special property
18:25essential to making an atom bomb.
18:27That means that there are so many subatomic particles
18:33packed into its nucleus
18:35that it's barely stable,
18:37and it occasionally sheds little clusters
18:40of subatomic particles as radiation.
18:43What makes the cube so special
18:48is that it's not simply raw uranium.
18:52It was clear that this little cube of uranium
18:55had been processed,
18:57so it had been refined from uranium ore,
18:59and then it had the sort of telltale markings
19:03of having been cast in some way.
19:05So this was clearly
19:06a very deliberately human-made object.
19:10But is it a Nazi cube?
19:13The first step
19:17is to analyze its chemistry.
19:20When you look at the composition of this cube,
19:23it's pure uranium.
19:24It's not been enriched.
19:25The most radioactive part of pure uranium
19:28is the isotope U-235.
19:31But it makes up just 1% of the material,
19:34so uranium is now enriched
19:36to increase the radioactive U-235 content.
19:40almost all of the uranium that we use
19:42in modern day is enriched uranium.
19:46That gives us a really good fingerprint
19:48as to where the cubes come from,
19:49because the time that we were starting
19:51to play around with uranium
19:52in any great depth
19:54was towards the end of World War II.
19:56So it is World War II uranium.
20:02But if Hitler has the raw material
20:04for making a nuclear bomb,
20:06why doesn't he use it?
20:10Or does he?
20:11In December 1938,
20:15at a Berlin laboratory,
20:17German scientists Otto Hahn
20:19and Fritz Strassmann
20:21do something that changes the world forever.
20:25They split the atom.
20:27They were doing this
20:29by firing neutrons
20:31at the uranium targets.
20:34And the amazing discovery
20:36wasn't just that they, say,
20:38chipped off a little bit of it.
20:40They essentially split it
20:42into two other elements,
20:44cesium and barium.
20:45What makes this discovery
20:47the genesis of the most dangerous weapon on Earth
20:50is that the weight of the two new elements
20:52is less than the weight
20:53of the original uranium.
20:55Some mass has gone missing.
20:58Essentially what's happening
20:59is that some of the initial mass
21:01of that nucleus,
21:02rather than just ending up
21:04in the mass of the two fragments,
21:07some of it is being converted
21:09directly into energy.
21:12And a tiny amount of mass
21:13produces a truly vast amount of energy.
21:17If you could find a way
21:18of sustaining that process,
21:21then you could build a bomb.
21:25The discovery
21:25is a Pandora's box
21:27because it comes
21:30at one of the most perilous moments
21:32in world history.
21:34The timing of this discovery
21:36is extremely crucial.
21:40Germany is under the dictatorship
21:42of Adolf Hitler.
21:45Plans are being drawn up
21:47for invasion of Poland.
21:49So the world is on the knife edge of war.
21:55And into this extraordinarily fraught moment
21:58arrives the beginnings
22:00of the most powerful weapon
22:02that human beings will ever develop.
22:04And what's worse
22:06is that leading the race
22:07to develop the first nuclear bomb
22:09are the Nazis.
22:10The same month
22:15that World War II begins,
22:17September 1939,
22:19the German Nazi government
22:21establishes the Uran-Berein,
22:24the Uranium Club.
22:26There's an immense number
22:28of incredibly intelligent,
22:29well-trained people,
22:31including Werner Heisenberg,
22:33who's one of the fathers
22:33of quantum physics.
22:34Heisenberg and his team
22:37of scientists
22:38end up in a location
22:39straight out of a Hollywood movie.
22:42A secret lab
22:43under a medieval castle
22:45on the edge
22:46of the Black Forest.
22:48Beneath Heigerloch Castle
22:49in southwest Germany,
22:51Heisenberg's team
22:52begins to construct
22:53what he calls
22:54his uranium machine.
22:56It's built around
22:57hundreds of tiny cubes
22:59of pure uranium.
23:01We know it better
23:02as a nuclear reactor,
23:03the first step
23:05on the road
23:05to an atom bomb.
23:10When this splitting
23:11apart of uranium happens,
23:13crucially,
23:15it releases neutrons.
23:17And neutrons
23:18are the particles
23:19that induce that splitting
23:20in the first place.
23:22Each time
23:23a uranium atom splits,
23:25it produces
23:25more than one neutron,
23:27each of which can split
23:28another uranium atom,
23:30creating an exponentially
23:31increasing release
23:33of energy.
23:33It immediately
23:35became clear
23:36to these physicists
23:37that what you've got here
23:39is the potential
23:40for a self-sustaining process,
23:42a chain reaction.
23:45The amount of uranium
23:46needed to create
23:47a chain reaction
23:48is called
23:49the critical mass.
23:51So what they did
23:52was to come up
23:53with a design
23:53where you'd assemble
23:54this critical mass
23:56of uranium
23:57from small pieces,
23:59from these cube blocks.
24:04The arrangement
24:05of the cubes
24:06looks like
24:06some kind
24:07of lethal candelabra.
24:12Expanding
24:12and rotating
24:13the cube
24:14reveals machined
24:15notches
24:16in the middle
24:16of two edges.
24:18These fit perfectly
24:19with the wires
24:20used to suspend
24:21Heisenberg's cubes.
24:23This is definitively
24:25a Nazi cube.
24:27So why doesn't it lead
24:29to the Nazis
24:30building
24:30the ultimate weapon?
24:34The reason is simple.
24:36They run out of time.
24:38In April 27, 1945,
24:41the Allies
24:42advance enough
24:43into Germany
24:44that they actually
24:44capture the main
24:46site where this
24:47experimentation
24:48was happening.
24:50Most of the scientists
24:51and facilities
24:52are captured.
24:54Three months later,
24:55the U.S.
24:56Manhattan Project
24:57proves just how
24:58dangerous
24:58the atom bomb
24:59really is.
25:01On July 16, 1945,
25:05the Trinity Test
25:06and the first
25:08successful
25:09atomic explosion
25:10happens.
25:17And the world
25:19will never be
25:20the same again.
25:23Oppenheimer,
25:24who was managing
25:24the project,
25:26actually quoted
25:26the Indian epic
25:27The Bhagavad Gita.
25:29I am become death,
25:31destroyer of worlds.
25:34In the end,
25:35America's victory
25:36in the race
25:37to harness
25:37the deadly power
25:38of the atom
25:39appears decisive.
25:48But how close
25:49do the Nazis
25:50actually come
25:51to winning
25:51the atomic race?
25:54U.S.
25:55scientists
25:56chemically test
25:57the cubes,
25:58looking for the
25:58fingerprints
25:59of the new elements
26:00produced
26:00when uranium atoms
26:02are split.
26:02and when you
26:04analyze this cube,
26:07it's just uranium.
26:08There's no
26:09cesium in it
26:09at all.
26:10So they didn't
26:11really get that far.
26:13It's clear
26:13Heisenberg's
26:14uranium machine
26:15never works.
26:17Yet the Manhattan
26:18Project creates
26:19a working nuclear
26:20reactor by late
26:211942.
26:23Why don't the
26:24Nazis have
26:25the same success?
26:26One of the problems
26:30was simply
26:31the disruption
26:31of the war.
26:34Berlin was
26:34suffering so heavily
26:35from bombing
26:36that it was decided
26:38that they had to
26:39shift the whole thing,
26:40including all the
26:40uranium,
26:41out of Berlin
26:42and down south.
26:43and Nazi ideology
26:46causes a massive
26:47brain drain.
26:48A lot of the
26:49brightest minds
26:50in physics
26:51had actually
26:52left Germany
26:52at that time
26:53and gone on
26:54to the United States.
26:56Ironically,
26:57many of them
26:58end up working
26:58on the Manhattan
26:59Project.
27:01But perhaps
27:02the Nazis'
27:03greatest problem
27:04of all
27:04is their belief
27:05in competition
27:06at all costs.
27:08Heisenberg
27:09wasn't the only one
27:10working on
27:11uranium projects.
27:12He had a
27:13competitor,
27:13a rival really,
27:14called Kurt Diebner
27:15who was engaged
27:18in a completely
27:19different project.
27:20And so,
27:21you know,
27:21this was also
27:22a hindrance
27:23that their resources
27:24were split
27:25and their energies
27:26were split
27:26and there was
27:27this rivalry
27:28between the two groups.
27:30Now,
27:30newly declassified
27:31documents have revealed
27:33that if not for
27:33that rivalry,
27:35the race for a
27:36Nazi atom bomb
27:37could have turned
27:37out very differently.
27:39So recently,
27:40looking through
27:41the archives,
27:42they realized
27:42that within
27:44Heisenberg's site
27:44there were about
27:45660 cubes.
27:47There were about
27:48400 cubes
27:49at the other sites
27:51and the rough estimates
27:52of what was required
27:53in order to get the reactor
27:54up and functional
27:55was on the order
27:56of a thousand.
27:58And so,
27:58they actually had
27:59the uranium resources
28:00they need
28:01in order to drive
28:02a functional nuclear reactor.
28:04It was just the choice
28:05to split the cubes up
28:06among multiple sites
28:07prevented them
28:08from achieving that.
28:10So the only thing
28:11left to answer is
28:12how does a Nazi cube
28:14end up on the desk
28:15of a Maryland professor?
28:17And who is Nininger?
28:23Declassified papers
28:24show that the cubes
28:25were shipped
28:26back to the states.
28:27This is where
28:28Nininger comes in.
28:29He's one of the managers
28:30on the Manhattan Project
28:31and he is the one
28:33who takes receipt
28:35of a bunch
28:35of these cubes
28:36so we know
28:37that they crossed
28:37his desk at some point.
28:39Nininger dies
28:40in 2004
28:41and according
28:42to his wife,
28:43he left the cube
28:44to a friend
28:45who then gave it
28:46to another friend
28:47and through this
28:48kind of improbable
28:49chain of
28:50past the cube,
28:51it eventually ends up
28:53on the desk
28:54of a Maryland physicist.
28:57In a different version
28:58of history,
28:59the five centimeter cube
29:00could have been
29:01the first step
29:02to Nazi Germany
29:03winning the nuclear race.
29:07Instead,
29:08Hitler's Nazi nuclear program
29:10ends up
29:11as a paperweight.
29:18In a locked cabinet
29:20at London Science Museum
29:22is a unique
29:23290-year-old work
29:24of mechanical genius.
29:28This incredible device
29:30is designed
29:31to help build empires
29:32and create
29:33unimaginable wealth.
29:35Huge money-making.
29:38Vast money-making.
29:40An untold new
29:43sort of money-making
29:44that's going to blow
29:45all other types
29:46of money-making
29:47out of the water.
29:49To understand why
29:50you need to get
29:51right inside it.
29:55This is H1.
29:58It was completely
29:59revolutionary.
30:00In 1736,
30:02H1 is the most advanced
30:04clock on the planet.
30:05It stands just over
30:0660 centimeters tall.
30:08Its mechanical skeleton
30:10is made from brass,
30:11bronze,
30:12and steel.
30:13And it's unlike
30:14any other clock.
30:15Its decorated face
30:17has four dials
30:18with strange
30:19double-ended hands.
30:21Parts of its mechanism
30:22move with almost
30:23supernatural grace.
30:25And inside,
30:26some components
30:27have been
30:27precision machine
30:28from a rare
30:29tropical hardwood.
30:31It's almost like
30:32a living thing.
30:33When it's built,
30:34these odd mechanisms
30:35make it one of the most
30:36accurate clocks on the planet.
30:38A clock designed
30:40to change the world.
30:42Who makes it?
30:43What is it for?
30:45How can one machine
30:46be so important?
30:56H1 is created
30:57to achieve two things,
30:59power and money.
31:00So beginning of the
31:0218th century,
31:03Europeans are seeing
31:04a way of just
31:06taking over the world,
31:07basically.
31:08They think,
31:09oh, well,
31:09we can take what we like.
31:10The only competition
31:11is between each other.
31:12The whole globe
31:13is there,
31:14seemingly up for grabs,
31:16and they are grabbing.
31:19Europeans prefer to call it
31:21the golden age
31:22of exploration.
31:23It relies on one thing,
31:26ships.
31:27Europe had bigger,
31:29better,
31:30faster,
31:31stronger,
31:31more robust ships
31:32that could handle
31:33the big crossings,
31:34that could handle
31:35the storms,
31:36that could move
31:37large cargos.
31:39And it was this
31:40that unlocked
31:41the world.
31:43But navigating
31:44the world's oceans
31:45can go horribly wrong.
31:48Errors calculating
31:49a ship's position
31:50often result in
31:51unintended contact
31:53with land,
31:54which rarely ends well
31:56for the ships involved.
31:58In the 50 years
32:00before 1714,
32:01around 27 ships
32:03are lost
32:03due to navigational errors.
32:06Losing one of these ships
32:07was a big deal.
32:08I mean,
32:09economy busting
32:10is sort of a big deal,
32:11really,
32:11when you think about it.
32:13We know of at least
32:15one cargo
32:15that probably
32:17would have been worth
32:17about a billion.
32:19One ship.
32:21Any country
32:21that can stop this
32:22by cracking
32:23the navigation problem
32:24will hold all the cards
32:26for world trade
32:27and empire building.
32:29The British government
32:30wants to win this race.
32:33So in 1714,
32:34they offer up to
32:3520,000 pounds
32:36for a solution,
32:37the equivalent
32:39of nearly 4 million pounds
32:40today.
32:42It was a huge sum
32:43and it wasn't
32:44particularly prescriptive.
32:46You know,
32:46you could come up
32:46with pretty much
32:47any sort of solution
32:48that you thought
32:49would work,
32:50but if they believed
32:51it really had,
32:51if you really solved it
32:52and they tested it
32:54and it worked,
32:55big money.
32:57Clockmaker John Harrison
32:59wants to win this prize
33:00with H1.
33:01It's jam-packed
33:03with the most
33:03sophisticated technology
33:04in the world
33:05because cracking navigation
33:07is very tough.
33:09Even though
33:10we're on a sphere,
33:11you can think about it
33:12as an X and a Y coordinate.
33:14So north-south
33:15gives you your latitude
33:17and then the east-west
33:18is your longitude.
33:19Latitude is easily
33:22ascertained
33:23from the position
33:24of the sun
33:24or stars.
33:26H1 is created
33:27to find longitude,
33:29something that has
33:30confounded sailors
33:31for thousands of years.
33:34The catchphrase
33:35discovering longitude
33:37became a sort of way
33:39of saying
33:39that something
33:40was completely impossible.
33:43Yet the basic principles
33:44don't seem
33:45all that complex.
33:46we grid out longitude
33:49by drawing circles
33:50all the way around
33:51the earth
33:51through the poles
33:52and you divide
33:53the earth up
33:54by degrees
33:54and it looks a bit
33:56like the segments
33:56of an orange.
33:58And measuring longitude
33:59is all about time.
34:02Have you ever wondered
34:03why noon in New York
34:04is five hours later
34:05than noon in London?
34:08It's because
34:08that's how long
34:09it takes the earth
34:10to rotate from the sun
34:11directly overhead
34:12in London
34:12to the sun
34:13directly overhead
34:14in New York.
34:16To make more accurate
34:17measurements
34:18longitude is divided
34:19into 360 degrees.
34:22Each one of those degrees
34:24represents 60 miles
34:25so that's the relationship
34:27between time
34:28and location.
34:30Every four minutes
34:31the earth rotates
34:33by one degree.
34:35So if you accurately
34:36know the time
34:37at a fixed place
34:38called the prime meridian
34:39and you note
34:40how much later
34:41or earlier
34:42noon is
34:42where you are
34:43you can calculate
34:45your longitude.
34:47All you need
34:48to crack longitude
34:49is to know
34:50what the time is
34:51at your prime meridian
34:52when you're away at sea.
34:54And that is
34:55H1's purpose.
34:57But Harrison
34:57is not the only one
34:58chasing the prize.
35:00There's no shortage
35:01of unusual ideas
35:02when people
35:03try to solve
35:04the longitude problem.
35:06Another idea
35:07was that you could
35:07park a load of ships
35:09in the line
35:10all the way
35:11across the Atlantic.
35:13There would be
35:13a time signal
35:14and then you'd fire cannons
35:15to be able to hear it.
35:16And that this would
35:17provide a baseline
35:18right across the Atlantic
35:20that all the other ships
35:21sailing about
35:21would be able
35:22to calibrate from.
35:25It sounds good on paper
35:26but in the real world
35:28not so much.
35:29For a start
35:30the middle of the Atlantic
35:32is deep.
35:34You can't drop an anchor.
35:35It's literally
35:36miles down.
35:38Those boats
35:39are going to be
35:40drifting off
35:40all over the place.
35:42It was a bonkers idea
35:43but it actually
35:44got quite a lot
35:44of traction
35:45at the time.
35:46But anyone
35:47who sailed
35:48knew it was crazy.
35:50H1
35:50is a much
35:51neater solution.
35:54But to win
35:55the top prize
35:55from the British government
35:56it must keep
35:58phenomenally
35:59accurate time.
36:01In order to
36:01achieve that prize
36:02the clock
36:03could gain or lose
36:04no more than
36:04in three seconds per day.
36:07Accurate enough
36:08clocks do exist
36:09but they use
36:10a swinging pendulum
36:11that only works
36:12in a very stable environment
36:13which is pretty much
36:15everything a ship
36:16is not.
36:17An 18th century ship
36:19was about
36:20the worst place
36:21to try and put
36:22a precision instrument
36:24on
36:24like a precise
36:25pendulum clock.
36:27When I've sailed ships
36:28like that
36:28they get into heavy weather
36:30they roll from side to side
36:31they hitch up and down
36:33temperatures are going
36:35from tropical
36:37down to freezing
36:38back up again
36:40and if you've got
36:41a precision mechanism
36:42it simply can't handle this
36:44and that was the challenge.
36:46It seems impossible
36:47which is probably why
36:49the cash prize
36:50is so great.
36:52What makes Harrison
36:53think he's the man
36:55to finally crack a problem
36:56that has confounded humanity
36:58for thousands of years.
37:01So Harrison came into this
37:02not as an amateur
37:04he was actually
37:04an established clockmaker
37:06with a track record
37:07of building very accurate
37:08time pieces.
37:10And Harrison is more
37:11than just a skilled mechanic.
37:14The other element
37:15that Harrison brings
37:17to this problem
37:18is going beyond
37:19just the mechanics
37:19of building a clock
37:20but thinking deeply
37:22about scientific
37:23and design principles
37:24and what's required
37:25to improve the accuracy
37:26of a system.
37:28To understand
37:29Harrison's genes
37:30you have to look
37:32inside H1.
37:34So the first
37:35sort of intractable problem
37:37with putting a precision
37:38clock at sea
37:39was the pendulum
37:40because as it swings
37:42and the ship rolls
37:43that disturbs
37:44the pendulum's motion
37:45and the pendulum
37:45is the heart
37:46of making the timekeeper
37:47work.
37:49So Harrison
37:49has a brilliant idea
37:51which might seem
37:52slightly character intuitive.
37:54He puts
37:54what are essentially
37:55two pendulums
37:56on the clock
37:57and they sit
37:58next to each other
37:59and they're pivoted
38:00in the center
38:01and they've got
38:01little ball weights
38:02on the top and bottom
38:03and they move
38:04in opposition
38:05to each other.
38:07And what that does
38:08is as the ship
38:09moves back and forth
38:10and sways
38:10as it impacts
38:11one pendulum
38:12in one way
38:13that's counteracted
38:14actually in the other
38:15pendulum
38:15and so together
38:16they can cancel out
38:18a lot of the ship's motion.
38:22One of Harrison's
38:23other great enemies
38:24is friction.
38:26Friction's a real problem
38:27because friction
38:28is where two things
38:29run up against each other
38:30it slows things down
38:32they jam
38:32they stick.
38:34Clockmakers
38:34usually use oil
38:35to reduce friction
38:36by lubrication
38:37but that is a problem
38:39for H1.
38:40The issue there
38:41is that as oil
38:41cools down
38:42it's going to become thicker
38:43as it heats up
38:44it's thinner
38:44and that's going to be
38:45another error source
38:46for the clock mechanism.
38:48To solve this
38:49Harrison comes up
38:50with a counterintuitive idea.
38:52He uses wood.
38:54Wood
38:54just seems odd
38:55in a precision clock
38:56but it's the perfect material.
38:58He uses wood
38:59to actually
39:00make the clock
39:01lubricate itself
39:02without any little
39:03drops of oil
39:04all over it.
39:05He makes the places
39:06where the mechanism
39:07fit together
39:08out of a tropical hardwood
39:09called lignum vitae
39:11and lignum vitae
39:12kind of
39:12it sweats an oil
39:14out of itself
39:15all the time
39:15so it's always got
39:16a slightly oily sheen
39:17but it's actually
39:18within the wood.
39:20And what that actually did
39:21was allow
39:22for the clock
39:23to rotate around
39:24without the need
39:25for putting in
39:26external oil.
39:27The first true
39:29marine chronometer
39:30is packed
39:30with revolutionary innovations.
39:32It takes Harrison
39:35five years
39:36to combine all
39:36this brilliance
39:37into one clock.
39:39H1
39:40The finished clock
39:41has four dials.
39:43The bottom one
39:44shows the day.
39:45On the right
39:46is the hour hand.
39:47Its double-ended pointer
39:48goes around once
39:49every 24 hours.
39:51The dial on the left
39:53shows minutes.
39:54It is also double-ended
39:56and rotates once
39:57every two hours.
39:58At the top
39:59the second hand
40:00completes one revolution
40:01every two minutes.
40:04H1
40:04is unlike
40:05any clock
40:06seen before
40:07but is it enough
40:08to secure the prize?
40:14In 1736
40:16Harrison takes H1
40:18on a test voyage
40:19to Lisbon
40:19and back.
40:21They set off
40:21down the channel
40:23turn left
40:24head down to Lisbon
40:25and
40:26by all accounts
40:28it goes appallingly.
40:30The weather
40:30is really bad
40:31Harrison gets
40:33appallingly sick
40:34he's completely
40:35unable to look
40:36after his clock
40:37and when they
40:38get to Lisbon
40:39the clock
40:40hasn't performed
40:40particularly well.
40:43Harrison's baby
40:43has not done
40:44its job.
40:45But after a little
40:46R&R in Lisbon
40:47things improve
40:48enormously
40:49on the voyage home.
40:52Harrison's got
40:53his sea legs
40:53or the weather's
40:54not quite as bad
40:55and he looks
40:56after his beautiful
40:58H1
40:58and it seems
41:00to perform
41:00brilliantly.
41:02And when they
41:02make landfall
41:03which is when you
41:04sight land
41:04as they reach Britain
41:06the captain
41:07is absolutely
41:07convinced
41:08he's seeing the
41:09start
41:09which is
41:10start point.
41:11Start point
41:12is near Plymouth
41:13on the south coast
41:13of England
41:14but according
41:15to H1
41:16they are actually
41:17seeing the lizard
41:18the most southerly
41:19point in the country
41:20over 100 kilometres
41:22to the west.
41:24And sure enough
41:25Harrison's right
41:26because his clock
41:26is absolutely
41:27bang on.
41:29The impossible
41:30longitude problem
41:31has been cracked.
41:33H1
41:33is the first
41:35clock
41:36that proves
41:37that you can
41:38navigate at sea
41:38that you can
41:39calculate
41:40and measure
41:40longitude
41:41using a clock.
41:44Having proven
41:45H1 works
41:46Harrison is in line
41:48to win the fortune
41:49offered by the government.
41:50All H1 must do
41:52is complete a voyage
41:53to the West Indies
41:55to demonstrate
41:55its long distance prowess.
41:58But it never happens
42:00because there is
42:01a problem
42:02not with the clock
42:04but with its
42:05perfectionist creator.
42:08It was actually
42:08Harrison himself
42:09who stepped back
42:10and said
42:11no no
42:11I'd actually like
42:12to perfect this clock
42:13I can do better
42:14and he's the one
42:15who actually
42:16said that the H1
42:17clock was not good enough.
42:18Harrison spends
42:20five years
42:21refining H1
42:22into H2
42:23but he abandons
42:25that untested
42:26to make an even
42:26more perfect version
42:27H3.
42:29H3 takes a further
42:3119 years
42:32to design
42:33and build
42:33but H3
42:35isn't to his liking
42:36either.
42:38H4 is finally
42:39ready in 1761
42:4131 years
42:42after Harrison
42:43started on H1.
42:44So Harrison's son
42:48takes the H4
42:49and goes on
42:50an 81 day voyage
42:51and at the end
42:53of it
42:53they end up
42:54only five seconds
42:56off
42:56which is almost
42:5730 times better
42:58than what was required
42:59for the longitude price.
43:01By the time Harrison
43:02finally receives
43:03his money
43:03he is 80 years old.
43:06He dies
43:06three years later.
43:07He doesn't live
43:11to see
43:11marine chronometers
43:12become the gold standard
43:14for navigation
43:15at sea.
43:17It all began
43:18with this clock
43:19the quite remarkable
43:21H1
43:22and although
43:24it is no longer run
43:25nearly three centuries
43:27after it was created
43:28H1
43:29still works.
43:31H1
43:33Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
44:03Υπότιτλοι AUTHORWAVE
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