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00:00History is not an exact science.
00:05It is never set in stone.
00:16As time passes, knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.
00:21But by definition, existing ideas have thick skins and are hard to shift.
00:34To understand the realities of the world, you sometimes have to shake them up and decipher
00:54the facts by looking at them another way.
01:04Posterity claims that Germany has completely paid off the debts of its Nazi past.
01:24And yet...
01:28May 8th, 1945.
01:45Germany is a body without a head.
01:48The Third Reich, which was intended to last a thousand years, is utterly devastated.
01:58After five years of war and 12 years of tyranny, Hitler commits suicide.
02:06As does Goebbels, his propaganda minister, who murders his six children before killing himself.
02:18Amidst the ruins of Berlin, the Allies celebrate their victory.
02:22The victors are the Soviets, British, French, and Americans.
02:30An entire country must now be rebuilt on new foundations.
02:37What is left of Hitler's leaders, symbols, ideology, and projects must all vanish.
02:45But getting rid of Nazism is easier said than done.
02:52In the aftermath of Germany's surrender,
03:16the Allies have a common goal,
03:18to punish the culprits.
03:22Starting with the 600,000 Waffen-SS,
03:26an army within an army,
03:29hidden away in the mass of 11 million German prisoners of war.
03:34Now, they have the same fearful look as any other soldier.
03:45One by one, they are flushed out and stripped,
03:48for under their arm is proof that they were once one of the regime's cracked troops,
03:54a tattoo of their blood group,
03:55which is revealed with one final forced Nazi salute.
04:01Some try to make the mark disappear.
04:03But not all Nazis were SS.
04:12Ordinary soldiers who committed much worse crimes are not branded with this tattoo.
04:19Just like so many civilians,
04:21who escaped justice by taking advantage of the chaos.
04:24How many Nazi criminals on the run
04:28might be found amidst the 12 million German refugees
04:31driven out of Austria,
04:33Czechoslovakia,
04:35and Poland,
04:36and who crisscrossed Europe in all directions?
04:39As a filming camera passes them by,
04:41some of them hide their faces.
04:42A few names are enough to feed the myth
04:53of the Nazis who fled Germany.
04:56They include Adolf Eichmann,
04:58the mastermind behind the Jewish genocide,
05:01who became Ricardo Clement
05:02thanks to a passport of convenience
05:04provided by the Red Cross.
05:07Josef Mengele,
05:08the Auschwitz camp doctor
05:10who carried out experiments on children,
05:12became Helmut Gregor.
05:17Or the inventor of the V-2 missiles
05:19which pounded Great Britain,
05:21Wernher von Braun,
05:23captured in a Bavarian hospital
05:24after a car crash.
05:29Commentators may raise a wry smile
05:31as they note the semi-Hitler salute
05:33formed by his arm in the cast.
05:35But the U.S. Secret Service
05:37dashed to recruit this rare talent
05:38at the expense of justice.
05:40Von Braun was only one of more than
05:432,000 members of the Nazi intellectual elite,
05:46scientists, engineers, technicians,
05:48and physicians
05:49who shamelessly exploited the inmates
05:51of the regime's concentration camps.
05:53All of them would join the world
05:55that they had recently fought against.
05:59Their talent wiped away their crimes.
06:02These men would be spared de-Nazification.
06:11Unlike the millions of others
06:12who swarmed throughout Germany.
06:14As one Allied report confirmed,
06:21it is not a case of Nazis on the one side
06:23and good Germans on the other.
06:25We are dealing with a German people
06:27who have been intoxicated
06:28by a half-century of imperialism
06:30and 15 years of heavy-handed propaganda.
06:34All of Germany was Nazified,
06:35as was each German,
06:36to a greater or lesser degree.
06:38Yet the vast majority of the German population
06:42denied responsibility for,
06:44and even the existence of,
06:46any crimes.
06:48So the inhabitants of Weimar,
06:50next door to Buchenwald,
06:52were taken into the camp
06:53to be confronted with the evidence.
06:56They would no longer be able to say
06:57that they did not know.
06:58A French soldier questions
07:11the local population.
07:12A French soldier questions the local population.
07:28At the end of the war,
07:37the victors gave no credence
07:38to the idea of limited German responsibility
07:40and aimed to impose their law
07:43without distinction.
07:46They divided Germany into four zones,
07:49like Berlin,
07:50bristling with placards, flags,
07:52and portraits of the Allied leaders.
07:58In July 1945,
08:02the city was packed with soldiers,
08:04Soviet troops to the east,
08:06Americans, French, and the British to the west.
08:09They marked out the sectors
08:10that they would occupy
08:11before the arrival of their leaders.
08:18The first to arrive
08:19is the British Prime Minister,
08:21Winston Churchill,
08:22accompanied by his daughter Mary,
08:24then 22 years old,
08:25so that she could see Germany's destruction
08:27with her own eyes.
08:29Like many other Britons,
08:31she had suffered from German bombs
08:33during the war.
08:34An eye for an eye.
08:38Berlin is so badly damaged
08:40that the victors' meeting
08:41takes place in a suburb.
08:45Potsdam.
08:51U.S. President Harry Truman
08:53convinces Churchill
08:54to restore Germany
08:55along democratic lines.
08:58The Soviet Supreme Leader,
09:05Joseph Stalin, however,
09:06aims to convert Germany's citizens
09:08to communism.
09:14Behind the perfunctory smiles,
09:16each of the men
09:17defends their own vision
09:18of denazification
09:19as they seek to impose
09:20their own system
09:21on this new Germany.
09:23In this new Germany,
09:30divided into four zones,
09:32two worlds are already
09:33beginning to clash,
09:35east and west.
09:42In the east,
09:43controlled by Moscow,
09:45denazification makes a clean sweep
09:47of the Nazi past,
09:48which still lingers
09:49on the walls
09:50and in the minds
09:51of the German people.
09:58The population atones
10:00for its sins
10:01in a new kind
10:01of burning at the stake,
10:03where the icons
10:04of the hated regime
10:05are torn up
10:06and burnt together
10:07with copies of Mein Kampf.
10:08A good way
10:19to publicly demonstrate
10:20a collective rejection
10:21of Nazism,
10:23to be replaced
10:23with a new ideology
10:24with generous principles.
10:30Large-scale demonstrations
10:32illustrate the newfound unity
10:33of Germans
10:34around the Communist Party,
10:36offering hope for redemption.
10:37For some,
10:43joining the party
10:43is a way
10:44to forget one's past.
10:50While the Nazis
10:51raised their arms,
10:52the new communists
10:53raised their fists.
10:56Almost 30%
10:57of the country's
10:57former Nazis
10:58would take up
10:59party membership,
11:00ensuring themselves
11:01a bright future.
11:03Like Ernst Grossman,
11:05a former member
11:06of the SS,
11:06he imposed a reign
11:07of terror
11:08on the camp
11:09at Sachsenhausen.
11:11Now an agronomist,
11:12he joins the Communist Party's
11:14central leadership.
11:18Others are not so lucky.
11:21Big bosses,
11:22landowners,
11:23and the decadent aristocracy
11:24see their factories
11:26and land confiscated,
11:28on the pretext
11:28that they have encouraged
11:29Hitler's rise to power.
11:31Nazism and capitalism
11:37are accused
11:37of having deceived
11:38the people.
11:43The accused
11:44are sentenced
11:45in their thousands
11:46in huge Stalinist trials.
11:50In the East,
11:51denazification purges
11:53proven Nazis
11:54at the same time
11:55as the regime's opponents.
11:56At the same time,
12:09in the West,
12:10under French,
12:10American,
12:11and British rule,
12:12denazification aims
12:14to lay the foundations
12:15for a liberal democracy.
12:16The task they face
12:20is immense.
12:23Across the country,
12:24which devoted itself
12:25entirely to Hitler,
12:26eight million Germans
12:28were members
12:28of the Nazi Party.
12:30Millions more
12:31were indoctrinated
12:31into its organizations.
12:34How to judge the Germans
12:35without condemning
12:36all of Germany?
12:41In 1946,
12:43a new law
12:43attempted to achieve this
12:44by classifying inhabitants
12:46by their level
12:47of participation
12:48in crimes.
12:50A difficult task,
12:51bearing in mind
12:52the wild variations
12:53in circumstances.
13:00Countless courts
13:01are set up,
13:02like the one
13:03that tried Hitler's
13:04personal photographer,
13:05Heinrich Hoffmann.
13:08Although he had
13:09no blood on his hands,
13:10he was accused
13:11of glorifying
13:12the Fuhrer
13:12in his photographs.
13:13Would these images
13:15be enough
13:16to make him a criminal?
13:17A German judge
13:18presided over the proceedings.
13:20»Ihre Werke
13:21sind meisterhaft
13:22und die Psychose,
13:24die im deutschen
13:24Volk
13:25entstanden ist,
13:27die wird sehr wesentlich
13:28auf diese Bildberichterstattung,
13:30auf diese Verherrlichung
13:31Hitlers zurückgeführt.
13:33Denn alles das,
13:35was angeblich
13:36schön und groß
13:37an diesen Menschen war,
13:39ist hier dargestellt worden.
13:41Die Wirklichkeit
13:42sah allerdings ganz anders aus.
13:44Und an dieser Täuschung
13:45des Volkes
13:47Este membro de Hitler's inner circle
13:55foi eventualmente contemned
13:56para 10 anos de trabalho
13:57enquanto milhares de outros
13:59foram sentenciados à morte.
14:09A sessão de julho,
14:11pelo menos dois-thirds
14:11do membro presentes
14:12a sentença de você à morte
14:14por hanging.
14:17In this American court,
14:22the sentences handed out
14:23are dizzying.
14:24A court-enclosed session,
14:26at least two-thirds
14:27do membro presentes
14:28a sentença de você
14:29à death by hanging.
14:32The accused,
14:33tried on a conveyor belt,
14:34are immediately sent
14:35to the gallows.
14:36A court-enclosed session,
14:38at least two-thirds
14:39do membro presentes
14:40a sentença de você
14:41à death by hanging.
14:47So many people
14:55are incriminated
14:56that denazification
14:57becomes a major problem
14:58for the Western Allies.
15:00The courts are overflowing
15:06and the cases
15:07of 13 million Germans
15:08are piling up.
15:12The Allies, therefore,
15:14come up with an idea
15:14to simplify the trial procedures
15:16by handing out questionnaires
15:18to the population.
15:20It's worth the wait
15:20and some people
15:21even bring their own seats.
15:23To avoid conviction
15:32and return to employment,
15:34all you have to do
15:35is answer no
15:36to the 131 questions
15:37with the benevolent complicity
15:39of the German administration.
15:44As a result,
15:46nine million Germans
15:47are instantly cleared.
15:53A satirical review
15:56pokes fun
15:57at the masquerade
15:58of black Nazi sheep,
15:59turning pure white
16:00in only a few seconds.
16:05In the words
16:06of journalist
16:07Stig Daggemann,
16:09all of Germany
16:09is laughing or crying
16:10at denazification.
16:12These enormous paper mills
16:14which offer the spectacle
16:15of the accused
16:16presenting two dozen
16:17or so certificates
16:18of good conduct,
16:19while the truly serious cases
16:21seem to disappear
16:22through some
16:22secret trapdoor.
16:26The Germans nicknamed
16:27the papers
16:28Purcell certificates
16:29after a brand
16:30of washing powder
16:31because they wash away
16:32any suspicion.
16:33The persil is only in the packet
16:36on the persil
16:38and the handkerchief.
16:49By the summer of 1946,
16:51the limits of denazification
16:52were already beginning to show.
16:55The process was disrupting life
16:57across the country
16:58and delaying reconstruction.
17:02The former Reich,
17:04once so arrogant,
17:05was now a country
17:06of old men
17:07and lonely women.
17:09Everything needed
17:10to be rebuilt.
17:12People talked about
17:13a year zero
17:14as they cleared the rubble.
17:16East and west had in fact
17:24reached the same conclusion.
17:28If all of the Germans
17:29guilty of Nazi-era crimes
17:30were convicted,
17:32there would be no more Germany
17:33and no one to rebuild it.
17:40Denazification was coming
17:41off the rails.
17:42of the Nuremberg trials
17:45gave quite the opposite impression.
17:48Despite their differences,
17:50this was one venue
17:51where the Americans,
17:52Soviets,
17:53British and French
17:54appeared united.
17:56The Nazi Hydra
17:58was shrunk to 24 people,
18:00a number of leaders
18:01who alone embodied
18:02the responsibility
18:03of an entire people.
18:04These crimes
18:06with which we deal
18:07are unprecedented
18:09because of the large number
18:13of people
18:14who united their efforts
18:16to perpetrate them.
18:19A thousand little furors
18:21dictated.
18:23A thousand imitation
18:24Goerings strutted.
18:27A thousand shirocs
18:28incited the youth.
18:30A thousand Sockles
18:32worked slaves.
18:33A thousand strikers
18:35and Rosenbergs
18:37stirred up hate.
18:38A thousand
18:39Cottonbrunners
18:40and Franks
18:40tortured and killed.
18:46Over a period of months,
18:48evidence accumulated
18:48against the defendants
18:50as they represented
18:51many thousands more.
18:52The only one ready
18:59to accept his fate
19:00was one of Hitler's
19:01closest associates,
19:02his armaments minister,
19:04Albert Speer.
19:06In his own words,
19:07of what importance
19:08is my own state?
19:10After this trial,
19:11the German people
19:12will despise
19:13and condemn Hitler,
19:14the proven author
19:15of its misfortune.
19:16May God protect Germany.
19:19His touré did not,
19:20however,
19:20stop him pleading
19:21not guilty
19:22like the others.
19:27At the end of the trial,
19:29the verdict satisfied
19:30the world
19:30and the Germans
19:31found it fair.
19:32the public faces
19:34of Nazism
19:34exonerated
19:35the rest of Germany.
19:38Three were acquitted.
19:45For 12 of the condemned,
19:47the noose.
20:01Seven others,
20:02including Albert Speer,
20:04would serve their sentences
20:05ranging from 10 years to life
20:07in Spandau prison
20:08in the heart of Berlin.
20:25The changing of the guard
20:26at Spandau,
20:27divided between Soviets,
20:29British, French,
20:30and U.S. soldiers,
20:31gave credence
20:32to an image
20:33of joint success.
20:38An enduring ceremony
20:39which provided the origins
20:41for the myth
20:42of successful denazification.
20:45A facade
20:46which would last
20:4641 years
20:47to avoid denazifying
20:49Germany
20:49to the very end
20:50and which would
20:52write out
20:52every crisis.
20:54on June 23rd,
21:021948,
21:03denazification
21:04suddenly took on
21:05secondary importance
21:06as Berlin
21:07found itself
21:08under blockade.
21:12The USSR
21:13wanted to annex
21:14the city.
21:15This now became
21:16the highest priority
21:17threat in U.S. eyes.
21:18Three years earlier,
21:24their bombers
21:24had reduced
21:25Nazi Germany
21:26to ashes.
21:27Now they delivered
21:28aid to Berliners
21:29cut off from the world.
21:31The Germans
21:32had been criminals
21:33to be punished.
21:34Now they became
21:35victims of communism
21:36to be rescued.
21:40After an 11-month
21:41tug-of-war,
21:42the disunity
21:43of the victors
21:44gave birth
21:44to two Germanys,
21:45which inherited
21:46the burden
21:47of this unfinished
21:48denazification.
21:53Western Germany
21:54and West Berlin
21:55were rebuilding
21:56thanks to Uncle Sam's
21:57dollars
21:58and the elephants
21:59in the city's
22:00zoological gardens,
22:01which had once again
22:02opened its doors
22:03to visitors.
22:06Life was returning
22:08to normal.
22:16by 1949,
22:25democracy was being
22:26rebuilt from the ruins.
22:30The newly elected
22:31chancellor,
22:32Konrad Adenauer,
22:34based part of his
22:34electoral campaign
22:35on a single slogan.
22:37Let's put the past
22:38behind us.
22:39No more denazification.
22:41The rest is history.
22:43Germany's parliament
22:46issued mass amnesties
22:48to Germans sentenced
22:49in earlier days.
22:59On the other side
23:00of the checkpoints,
23:01in eastern Germany
23:02and East Berlin,
23:03Reconstruction also
23:05ushered in a new era.
23:06officially,
23:13all Nazis
23:14had been wiped out
23:15and denazification
23:16was wound down.
23:18It remained
23:19in people's minds,
23:20however,
23:20a frightening warning
23:21against forgetting
23:22the past.
23:26It could reappear
23:27at any time
23:28to strike down
23:29opponents.
23:29On June 16, 1953,
23:38uprisings broke out
23:39across East Germany
23:40following an imposed
23:41increase in factory
23:42production.
23:44Four men were beaten
23:45up by workers
23:46in revolt.
23:54The protesters
23:55then turned on
23:56symbols of communism,
23:57which were torn down,
23:59brandished and destroyed
24:01like those of the
24:02Nazi regime
24:03eight years earlier.
24:07Violent repression
24:08was used to quell
24:09the insurgency.
24:13The USSR sent in its tanks
24:15and 25,000 Germans
24:17were arrested.
24:20The regime denounced
24:22a fascist coup,
24:24accusing the insurgents
24:25of being Nazi criminals.
24:30An unknown 42-year-old,
24:32Erna Dorn,
24:34supposedly the leader
24:35of the Putsch,
24:36was arrested
24:36and probably tortured
24:38before admitting
24:39to being a former
24:40Nazi torturer
24:41at the concentration camp
24:42at Ravensbrück.
24:44She was executed
24:45without any proof of guilt.
24:46With each purge,
24:53so-called Nazis
24:54were singled out,
24:56like the 200,000
24:57East Germans
24:57who crossed the border
24:58each year
24:59heading for the West.
25:07In West Germany,
25:08a decade after the war,
25:10no one was talking
25:11about the Nazis anymore.
25:13Life had resumed
25:14so normally
25:14that the concentration
25:15camp at Dachau
25:16had become a village
25:18like almost any other,
25:19with its 1,600 inhabitants,
25:23its bakery,
25:26and its kindergarten
25:27topped with a watchtower.
25:35Amnesia had set in.
25:37This intrigued
25:38certain journalists,
25:39who were also surprised
25:41to see the eagle's nest,
25:42once Hitler's second home,
25:43transformed into a restaurant.
25:46In the great days,
25:47we make 800
25:48to 1,000 couverts a day.
25:50To your opinion,
25:51why do Germans
25:51come here now?
25:52Because it's a beautiful
25:53landscape
25:54or because of the past?
25:56No.
25:57I can say
25:57only because of the panorama.
26:00The Germans
26:00never ask you
26:01any questions.
26:01They never ask you
26:02where the place of Hitler.
26:03Never, never, never.
26:04Actually,
26:06you had to have
26:06noticed
26:07since you came,
26:10I only saw you.
26:11by 1955,
26:14West Germans
26:15had regained
26:15their pride.
26:17They were looking
26:18to the future.
26:20In record time,
26:24their country
26:24would become
26:25the world's
26:26second largest
26:26industrial power.
26:27democratic reconstruction
26:34with its guise
26:35of respectability
26:36offered a second career
26:38to the Nazi elites
26:39who made up
26:40as much as 77%
26:41of the personnel
26:42of the ministries
26:43of defense
26:44and economics.
26:45This was the hidden face
26:53of Germany's
26:53economic miracle.
26:56Heinrich Nordhoff,
26:57who ranked amongst
26:58the leading culprits
26:59at the end of the war,
27:00became CEO
27:01of Volkswagen.
27:04Franz Six,
27:05a former SS
27:06brigadier general
27:06with the Nazi
27:07extermination commandos,
27:09found a second life
27:10as an advertiser
27:11at Porsche.
27:12Friedrich Flick
27:13exploited and killed
27:1440,000 deportees
27:16in his factories.
27:17His industrial conglomerate
27:18would make him
27:19the world's
27:19fifth richest man.
27:23Across the country,
27:24impunity reigned.
27:30Eugène Cogon,
27:31a former opponent
27:32of Nazism,
27:33wrote,
27:34Everywhere,
27:35old adversaries
27:36are strolling around
27:37like ghosts
27:38in broad daylight.
27:43West Germany,
27:48the good Germany,
27:50had regained its position
27:51in the community
27:52of nations.
28:04The Cold War
28:05also helped to achieve
28:06the early release
28:07of Europe's richest man,
28:09Alfred Krupp,
28:10whose weapons factories
28:11had once served Hitler.
28:18Krupp would play a part
28:19in the re-militarization
28:20of West Germany.
28:22The taboos surrounding
28:23a German army
28:24had been lifted.
28:28The past continued
28:30to fade away,
28:31in different ways
28:33in the two Germanies.
28:34In East Germany,
28:45the poet Wolf Biermann
28:46wrote with irony,
28:48My homeland is clean.
28:49We have scrubbed ourselves
28:50so well with Stalin's
28:52stiff broom
28:52that our once brown bottoms
28:54have become completely red.
28:59Communist Germany
29:01painted itself
29:01as anti-Nazi,
29:03a country in which
29:04former followers
29:05of Hitler
29:05were denied citizenship
29:06and where resistance
29:08to Nazism won the day.
29:12The regime's young pioneers,
29:14unfamiliar with the Führer,
29:16embraced the red flag
29:17by taking an oath
29:18in front of a portrait
29:19of Ernst Dahlmann,
29:21head of the German
29:22Communist Party
29:22who died a martyr's death
29:24at Buchenwald.
29:36Celebrated as a hero,
29:38Dahlmann became the equivalent
29:39of a Superman
29:40or Robin Hood
29:41for East Germany's children.
29:42History was reinterpreted
29:50in light of resistance
29:51to Nazism.
29:59East Germans came together
30:01for vast celebrations
30:02which identified them
30:04with the rebellious inmates
30:05of the Buchenwald camp.
30:06A large memorial
30:11was dedicated
30:12to commemorate the uprising.
30:17But anti-Nazism
30:18was also a weapon,
30:20deployed to help people
30:21forget that more than
30:223.5 million East Germans
30:24had emigrated to the West.
30:28The authorities presented
30:29this human hemorrhage
30:31as the inglorious flight
30:32of the last scraps
30:33of Nazism.
30:41Propaganda initiatives
30:42brought journalists
30:43to the underground networks
30:44used by various escapees.
30:48East German defectors
30:49were passed off
30:50as exfiltrated Nazi agents
30:52who hid their instructions
30:53in boxes of Purcell laundry powder.
30:55Propaganda also targeted
31:02the incomplete denazification
31:03of their Western neighbor.
31:05The West German Chancellor
31:06Konrad Adenauer
31:07was portrayed
31:08as the worthy heir to Hitler.
31:12This rhetoric provided
31:14a very immediate justification
31:16for action.
31:17The West was seen
31:18as Nazism's last hiding place
31:20while the East
31:21formed the ultimate bulwark
31:22against this danger.
31:25On August 13, 1961
31:30at the height of summer
31:31the passageway
31:33that West Berlin formed
31:34between the two Germanies
31:35was hermetically sealed
31:37with a wall.
31:47On the other side of the wall
31:49Konrad Adenauer
31:50was the man
31:51who initially restored
31:52his country's global standing.
31:53A former opponent of Hitler
31:56and even an inmate
31:57of his prisons
31:58he was a poor fit
31:59for the Nazi image
32:00that the communists
32:01had given him.
32:03The people around him
32:05were by no means
32:06untainted however.
32:08Accusations at the time
32:09focused on
32:10his most trusted advisor
32:11Hans Globke
32:12who in another life
32:13had co-authored
32:14Nazi Germany's
32:15anti-Semitic laws.
32:16This was a closely guarded secret
32:19that East Germany
32:20revealed at a particularly
32:21well-chosen time
32:23in the midst of another
32:24Nazi criminal trial
32:26in Jerusalem.
32:29Eichmann
32:30the mastermind
32:31behind the Jewish genocide
32:32had been captured
32:34by the Israelis
32:34in Argentina.
32:35West Germany
32:39knew full well
32:39where Eichmann
32:40had been hiding
32:41but the latter
32:42would have been
32:43in a position
32:43to reveal
32:44Hans Globke's past.
32:46West Germany
32:47therefore
32:47made no moves
32:48to capture him.
32:50There was a touch
32:50of irony
32:51to the situation.
32:52Eichmann
32:53had lived in exile
32:53for almost 15 years
32:55while many others
32:56like Globke
32:56had continued
32:57their lives
32:58in complete freedom
32:59in a so-called
33:00denazified Germany.
33:01In response
33:07East Germany
33:08organized the remote
33:09denazification
33:10of Hans Globke.
33:11The evidence
33:12for the prosecution
33:13was provided
33:14by the chief prosecutor
33:15Albert Norden
33:16author of a thick
33:18brown book
33:18on West German
33:19Nazi criminals
33:20a list which did
33:21not only include Globke.
33:23This book
33:24contains the names
33:25of over 1,800
33:28schwer-belasteten
33:29leading Nazi
33:30Funktionärin
33:31und Kriegsverbrechern
33:3221 Minister
33:34und Staatssekretäre
33:36der Bundesrepublik
33:37100 Generale
33:39und Admirale
33:41der Bundeswehr
33:41828
33:44hohe Justizbeamte
33:46Staatsanwälte
33:47und Richter
33:48Ich betone
33:51alle diese Mörder
33:53und Helfer
33:54von Mördern
33:55üben heute
33:56in der Bundesrepublik
33:58entscheidende Funktionen aus.
34:00Caught between
34:05East German lies
34:06and the cover-ups
34:07of its Western counterpart
34:08the truth
34:09was becoming
34:10hard to find.
34:15Tainted by the scandal
34:17Adenauer
34:18forced Globke
34:19to step down
34:20before handing over
34:21the reins of power
34:22himself.
34:22The failures
34:33of denazification
34:34were suddenly
34:35exposed in broad
34:36daylight.
34:37This included
34:38Spandau prison
34:38where only three
34:40out of every seven
34:41detainees now remained.
34:43Almost all of the others
34:44had been released
34:44before the end
34:45of their sentences
34:46like quite a few
34:47of those sentenced.
34:48The world's attention
34:57was increasingly
34:58shifting to these
34:59easily reconverted
35:00Nazis.
35:06In West Germany
35:08evil had become
35:09boring.
35:09You were an SS-officier.
35:16You were an SS-officier.
35:16When Sie heute
35:19darüber nachdenken
35:19sind Sie dann
35:20zufrieden
35:21oder sind Sie
35:21nicht sehr zufrieden
35:22dass Sie
35:22SS-Mann waren?
35:25Ich lehne es ab.
35:28No, you never
35:28was right.
35:29Not very happy.
35:31Why?
35:31Warum denn?
35:32Weil ich
35:33verlassen worden bin.
35:35Weil Sie?
35:35Weil ich verlassen bin.
35:37Verlassen?
35:38Ja, weil man
35:38mich im Stich gelassen hat.
35:40Inwiefern
35:41im Stich gelassen hat?
35:41No.
35:42Wissen Sie doch
35:43unser Führer
35:44hat sich das Leben genommen
35:46und so
35:48wir standen
35:50die breite Masse
35:52schon alleine.
35:58In 1963
36:00in Göppingen
36:01Dr. Victor Kapisius
36:02a humble pharmacist
36:03found himself
36:04swept up
36:05in a media storm.
36:07His neighbors
36:08and customers
36:09are barely surprised
36:10to find out
36:10that at Auschwitz
36:11he had dealt
36:12with the chemical
36:13products used
36:13in the gas chambers.
36:14I used to go
36:17to his chemist shop
36:18to buy medicine
36:19there and
36:20I remember him
36:21as a very polite man
36:22and I think
36:23he was a very clever
36:24businessman.
36:25How did you spend
36:25your time
36:26with Dr. Kapisius?
36:28We used to go
36:30hunting and fishing
36:31together.
36:32I've got a hunting
36:33lodge in Austria
36:34and I got to know
36:35Dr. Kapisius
36:36well there.
36:37He was a great
36:38nature lover.
36:39in Frankfurt
36:43the venue
36:44for the Auschwitz
36:45trial
36:45denazification
36:46finally returned
36:48to the front pages.
36:52Dr. Kapisius
36:54wore dark glasses
36:55while the 21
36:56other defendants
36:57shunned the cameras.
36:58after Nuremberg
37:06were they worried
37:08about becoming
37:08the new faces
37:09of Nazism?
37:16For the first time
37:17a German court
37:18distinguished
37:19between genocide
37:20and other Nazi crimes
37:21by associating it
37:23with a place
37:23in which all of this
37:24barbarism
37:25was concentrated
37:26Auschwitz.
37:29The defendants
37:30former camp
37:31auxiliaries
37:32had spent
37:33almost 20 years
37:34in comfortable
37:35anonymity.
37:36They might well
37:37be the last
37:37Nazi criminals
37:38tried in Germany.
37:41In another two years
37:42the statue
37:43of limitations
37:43would apply
37:44and justice
37:45could no longer
37:46be served.
37:51At each recess
37:53half of the defendants
37:54would quietly
37:55return home
37:55provided there
37:56were no journalists.
38:06After an investigation
38:07lasting two years
38:09the real success
38:10of the trial
38:11was not the conviction
38:12of 17 of the defendants
38:13but the change
38:14in the laws
38:15stripping the statute
38:16of limitations
38:17for crimes
38:18such as genocide.
38:21This victory
38:22can be attributed
38:23to the tireless
38:23Attorney General
38:24Fritz Bauer.
38:26He had had to face
38:28resistance
38:28from a judicial
38:29administration
38:30packed with former
38:31Nazis.
38:31Germany is
38:34proud of his
38:36Wirtschaftswunder.
38:38It is also
38:38proud of the
38:39home of Goethes
38:41and Beethovens
38:42to be in Germany.
38:42But in Germany
38:44is also the land
38:46Hitler's,
38:46Eichmann's
38:47and their
38:49many
38:49supporters
38:49and supporters.
38:51How the day
38:53of the day
38:53and night
38:55exists,
38:57has also the
38:58history
38:58of every
38:59Volk
38:59its light
39:01and
39:01Schatten
39:02and Schatten
39:02have been.
39:02Eu acredito que a jovem da classe na Alemanha
39:08é capaz de aprender a toda a história, a toda a verdade,
39:15que os pais são mais importantes.
39:23Se Nuremberg fosse um trial que fez história,
39:26o Auschwitz-Trial fez uma memória alemã.
39:28A lei do silêncio, um ponto de mudança que forçou as jovens
39:35a enfrentar a descanso da Alemanha no fim de descanso de nazismo
39:39no lugar de uma nova frenzinha.
39:42Nós, jovens, precisamos do processo para descobrir o que aconteceu
39:50na guerra na época da Nazi, de 1933 até 1945.
39:54Em discutindo com meus pais, que eram nazis e que não mudaram de opinião,
40:01que não mudaram de opinião,
40:05eu vejo que o nazismo é realmente inúmero e terrível.
40:10É muito difícil de discutir com meus pais, por exemplo, dos juifes.
40:21Eu sou elevada em antisémitismo e não posso persuadir meus pais
40:29que eles não têm razão e que eles não têm razão.
40:33Você também tem a mesma impressão?
40:34Sim, claro, porque nós somos alemães.
40:36Nós não participamos, mas nós somos alemães.
40:40Mas, sim, nós somos alemães.
40:41Nós traímos o passado por trás.
40:44É um baldezinha.
40:45É o lugar que estão nas ruas.
40:46É o lugar que está ficando.
40:47É o lugar que está ficando.
40:48É um março.
40:49Em 1 de octubre, 1966, as portas de Spandau abriu para libertar Albert Speer
40:56depois de 20 anos de detenção.
41:04Como os outros presos de Nuremberg, que foram lançados discreitamente,
41:07Speer emergiu quase como um filme,
41:10assalado por jornalistas, até mesmo em seu hotel,
41:13certo ou errado,
41:14ele se tornou o encarnamento de West-Germany's contradicções.
41:18O único que foi repensado,
41:21e o único que foi feito o seu sentimento em full.
41:292 anos depois,
41:31a Alemanha se tornou um escandal,
41:33que se tornou a presença de West-Germany, Heinrich Lübcke,
41:36a former arquitet,
41:38que agora se tornou a construção de concentração.
41:43Os trabalhadores aplicam o seu trabalho para provar a presença envolvente.
41:48A acústia foi falsa, mas Lübcke's defensa foi feita.
41:51No TV, ele declarou,
41:54A Alemanha se tornou,
41:56A Alemanha se tornou,
41:57A Alemanha se tornou,
41:58A Alemanha se tornou,
41:59A Alemanha se tornou,
42:00A Alemanha se tornou,
42:01A Alemanha se tornou,
42:03A Alemanha se tornou,
42:04A Alemanha se tornou.
42:05No TV, ele declarou,
42:06mas não sabia que os planos que eu tinha feito ser usado para construir campos.
42:13Lutke acabou resigindo com a pressão de 1968 de estudos revolts,
42:18que curtaiu a liberdade de falar.
42:36O que é o que é o que é o que é?
43:06Out with the Nazis of West-Berlin,
43:08and attacked essentially fascist capitalism.
43:18Students directly denounced the criminal pasts of their teachers using another slogan.
43:24Under the gowns, the nauseating scent of a thousand years.
43:27Hitler had promised that Nazism would last a thousand years.
43:31Twenty years after the fall of the Third Reich,
43:33the Nazis were still there,
43:35especially in the universities,
43:37as a young German explained on French television.
43:39Les étudiants n'ont plus, comment dire,
43:45un respect profond envers leurs professeurs.
43:48Ils ont perdu cette foi en les grandeurs du professora.
43:54Le masque est tombé complètement.
43:57L'Est a eu un rôle promoteur là-dedans.
44:00Il a formulé le premier et avec le plus d'acuité les thèses sur l'université.
44:10East Germany's chief prosecutor, Albert Norton,
44:14continued to play his leading role.
44:18Following his success against the West-German president,
44:21this time he took on the new chancellor,
44:23Kurt Georg Kissinger, armed with evidence.
44:26Under Hitler, Kissinger had been the Reich's deputy chief of radio propaganda.
44:38In the midst of the annual Congress of the Christian Democrat Party,
44:42a young 29-year-old German, Beate Klassfeld,
44:45distracted the bodyguards
44:47and in the center of the podium gave him a well-aimed slap.
44:50The exploit, replayed for the photographers,
45:01resonated with a younger generation who had not known Hitler.
45:13Only six years old at the end of the war,
45:15Beate Klassfeld, too, had grown up ignorant of Nazism.
45:20But the reverberations of the Eichmann trial,
45:23the Auschwitz trial and meeting her husband Serge,
45:26a French Jew who had lost his father in the camps,
45:29changed everything.
45:32Amen!
45:41The belated return of thousands of Jews to their homelands
45:45had never allowed them to achieve justice.
45:47Furthermore, the Allies' denazification
45:51had never made genocide a central theme.
46:03Within a few years, in West Germany,
46:06anti-Semitism had reappeared as before,
46:09on the walls of the Cologne Synagogue,
46:12hand-in-hand with neo-Nazism.
46:16A faulty memory is maybe to blame.
46:20Hidden for decades,
46:22the Shoah suddenly took on special importance in Nazi crimes.
46:25In 1970, two years after the slap,
46:35Chancellor Willy Brandt,
46:37Kiesinger's successor,
46:38knelt as a sign of repentance in Warsaw,
46:42before the memorial to the dead of the Jewish ghetto.
46:44Year after year,
46:54West Germany continued to find the skeletons hidden in its cupboards.
47:04Tirelessly,
47:06camp survivor Simon Wiesenthal drew up lists of criminals.
47:09Some of them ended up under arrest.
47:18People like Hermine Braunsteiner,
47:21camp guard at Madiannec,
47:23or Kurt Lischka,
47:28hunted down by the Klarsfelds
47:29for organizing the Veldiv Roundup,
47:32the arrest and deportation
47:33of more than 13,000 Jews in France.
47:35A new form of denazification appeared,
47:45the hunt for the Nazis.
47:46But this hunt continued to face
47:51cumbersome legal procedures
47:53and the passive nature of power.
47:55In 1977,
48:03the Baden-Meinhaf Gang,
48:04a tiny far-left group,
48:06kidnapped Hans-Martin Schleyer,
48:08a former SS member
48:09turned Daimler-Benz CEO,
48:12judged doubly guilty
48:13as a Nazi and capitalist.
48:16He was assassinated.
48:17Ten years later,
48:33the last occupant of Spandau prison,
48:35Rudolf Hess,
48:37sentenced to life in prison at Nuremberg,
48:40killed himself in his cell.
48:42For 21 years,
48:50Soviet, British, French,
48:52and American guards
48:53had continued to watch
48:54over a single man.
49:08For fear that the prison
49:09would become a neo-Nazi gathering place,
49:12Spandau was bulldozed
49:13and immediately replaced
49:15with a supermarket.
49:18The last vestige
49:20of a victor's incomplete justice
49:22was now gone.
49:28November 9, 1989,
49:30saw the fall of an entirely different symbol,
49:33the Berlin Wall.
49:35Finally reunited,
49:37the two Germanys are rediscovering
49:40two different memories of Nazism.
49:44The all-pervading vow of silence
49:46among West Germans
49:47and the anti-Nazi mythos
49:49of East Germans
49:49have never allowed them
49:51to understand the whole truth
49:52about their history.
49:54In West Germany,
50:00despite the Nazi hunt,
50:02only half the number of criminals
50:03have been sentenced
50:04compared to East Germany,
50:06where a real confrontation
50:07with the past
50:08has yet to take place.
50:09at the end of the Second World War,
50:19the linguist
50:20Victor Klemperer wrote,
50:21Germany almost died of Nazism.
50:26The effort that we are making
50:27to cure it
50:28is called denazification.
50:30This word will only disappear
50:32once its mission
50:33has been accomplished.
50:36Three-quarters of a century later,
50:38Germany continues
50:39to count its criminals.
50:41A story without end.
50:43A story without end.
51:13A story without end.
51:43A story without end.
51:44A story without end.
51:45A story without end.
51:46A story without end.
51:47A story without end.
51:48A story without end.
51:49A story without end.
51:50A story without end.
51:51A story without end.
51:52A story without end.
51:53A story without end.
51:54A story without end.
51:55A story without end.
51:56A story without end.
51:57A story without end.
51:58A story without end.
51:59A story without end.
52:00A story without end.
52:01A story without end.
52:02A story without end.
52:03A story without end.
52:04A story without end.
52:05A story without end.
52:06A story without end.
52:07A story without end.
52:08A story without end.
52:09A story without end.
52:10A story without end.
52:11A story without end.
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