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00:00History is not an exact science. It is never set in stone.
00:17As time passes, knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.
00:30But, by definition, existing ideas have thick skins, and are hard to shift.
00:51To understand the realities of the world, you sometimes have to shake them up,
00:55and decipher the facts by looking at them another way.
00:59Posterity has made Nazism a strictly German affair. And yet...
01:27In October 1907, the sun shone brightly on the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
01:47But behind the brimming confidence was the worrying rise of nationalism
01:52and cultural isolation which had reached the streets.
01:57The mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger, made anti-Semitism key to his policies.
02:07While Georg von Schöner's first pamphlets called for a union of all Germanic peoples.
02:12A whole generation of young Austrians were indoctrinated with the ideas of the day.
02:24Among them, Adolf Hitler.
02:28He would later say,
02:29Vienna remains a true school of life.
02:31There, I learned the basics of a world vision, to which I merely added some details.
02:36Hitler left his homeland to shape his destiny in Germany.
02:41But in the country where he was born, the roots of evil continued to prosper.
02:45On November 11th 1918, World War One finally ended.
03:03The victors ceremoniously buried the last German shell.
03:17At the front, those who had survived the machine gun fire jumped for joy.
03:22After four years of deadly combat, it was a time for cheering.
03:40For the vanquished, it was a time for gravity.
03:49In Vienna, thousands of Austrians buried their imperial past in favour of a republic.
04:03Crushed in defeat, the Habsburg dynasty collapsed.
04:11The famous author, Arthur Schnitzler, was despondent.
04:14A historic day has drawn to a close.
04:17And viewed at close quarters, it is bathed in little glory.
04:23With the new European order, the vast empire was broken into pieces.
04:27Its 50 million subjects divided.
04:32Freed from their former tutelage, new independent countries rose from the ashes.
04:36And the once mighty Austria became a rump state.
04:51Deprived of its former lands and industries, the fledgling republic found it hard to feed its population.
04:55Despite their ration books, Austrians faced hunger and cold.
05:05To heat their homes, Viennese were forced to collect wood in the forests, even taking it home by tram.
05:10Member of parliament, Otto Bauer fatalistically declared,
05:17A country like ours, which has no coal of its own and has difficulties in feeding its people,
05:23has no chance of remaining independent.
05:29Humiliated and struggling for survival, the country plunged into instability.
05:36Worse, poverty and unemployment offered an ideal hunting ground for extremists on both sides.
05:46Starting with the NSDAP, the Austrian National Socialist Party, ready to cash in on its fellow citizens' frustration and distress.
05:55Founded in 1920, in the wake of its German big brother, its ranks continued to rise.
06:10Ten years later, thousands of members rallied to the swastika.
06:15Their program was based on one slogan.
06:19To unify all Germanic peoples in a single nation state.
06:23We, the Germans of the Ostmark here, we will have found home in the Holy Three, the Polish Reich!
06:42Among these exalted pan-Germanists was a young lawyer, Ernst Kaltenbrunner.
06:49The man had very firm beliefs.
06:56At university, in keeping with tradition, he joined a student fraternity.
07:01The one he chose stood out for its particularly violent rituals,
07:06like sword-fighting duels which left his face scarred.
07:08Scars that Kaltenbrunner wore with pride, as a sign of his belligerent nature and unwavering determination.
07:19As believers in the theories of Georg Ritter von Schörner, like Hitler before them,
07:28Austrian Nazis advocated racial purity.
07:31At the dawn of the 20th century, their mentor had already written,
07:35We will never consider a Jew to be one of us under the pretext that he speaks German.
07:44In an impoverished Austria, in the full throes of an identity crisis, these old ideas resurfaced.
07:50The party is Hitler! Hitler! Hitler! Hitler! Hitler! Hitler!
08:061933 marked a turning point for Austrian Nazis.
08:08In Germany, Adolf Hitler came to power.
08:16His victory, duly celebrated in Austria, gave new impetus to the Nazi movement.
08:27At the University of Vienna, Nazi brownshirts prevented Jewish students from entering.
08:32To avoid a beating, some of them escaped through the windows.
08:47Official events were opportunities for the Nazis to show their hostility towards the government.
08:56Arms raised, they defied the authorities and sparked clashes.
09:00600 arrests were made by the police, mainly of young Nazis, who desire a union of Austria with Germany.
09:10The fragile Austria was teetering.
09:17It was then that a small, insignificant-looking man was catapulted to the head of the country.
09:23Engelbert Dorfus.
09:24He would prove to be implacable.
09:27And to restore order, he brought an end to democracy.
09:33Austria became an authoritarian, corporatist state.
09:37Where all opposition was repressed, inspired by fascism, not Nazism.
09:41Because the dictator relied on the Catholic Church and was determined to preserve his country's independence.
09:50Austria is, despite of many difficulties and major difficulties,
09:57He has promised his position, which in his history and his geographical position,
10:03is to fulfill his independence.
10:04E aí?
10:14Em julho de 1933, o Partido Socialista foi abandonado.
10:19Overnight, os nazis foram forçados.
10:23Não importa.
10:25Eles fecharam os rancos e mostram o seu existente com os postos.
10:34A cidade de Linz, no banks da beautebol, da Danube,
10:41se tornou o epicentro de nazis underground.
10:45Hitler spent part of his youth there and still had a large number of admirers.
10:57His supporters regularly gathered at the grave of Alois and Clara,
11:01the Führer's parents.
11:10Restaurants were happy to open their doors to the movement
11:12for their secret meetings.
11:14It was at one of these that Ernst Kaltenbrunner was elected as the regional head of the Austrian Nazi Party.
11:24Having become a key informant for Berlin, he was appointed head of the Austrian SS.
11:29His background allowed him to infiltrate every milieu, including the police and the army.
11:35That way, public servants sympathetic to the cause could warn Nazi activists of imminent planned raids and arrests.
11:44Materials seized by the authorities were used to prove the Nazis' terrorist intentions.
11:51Along with Kaltenbrunner, other figures from Austrian high society would join the circle of initiates.
11:58Like Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a Viennese lawyer.
12:05And Adolf Eichmann, an accountant of German origin and the son of an industrialist.
12:11With their well-off backgrounds, these three men weren't on the fringes of society.
12:17They had embraced Nazism not out of a social frustration or naivety, but because of its ideas.
12:24At the time, almost 15,000 Austrian Nazis exiled in Germany prepared for military action.
12:39Financed and trained by their German counterparts, they formed the Austrian Legion.
12:46All of them proudly wore a cornflower on their caps, the symbol of militants forced to go underground.
13:05Their comrades still in the homeland would soon benefit from their logistical support to step up their own lightning strikes.
13:12But sabotage was only the prelude to much more dramatic action.
13:31On July 25, 1934, a Nazi commando unit entered Vienna.
13:49Their aim? To carry out a coup d'etat.
13:53Having ransacked the state radio headquarters, they turned their attention to the chancellery.
13:58At the same time, a larger troop came to the office of the chancellor's office,
14:04and they had to carry out a force of force.
14:05The reign of Dolfus came to an end, but the attempted coup ended in failure.
14:23As Austria mourned its chancellor, in Germany, Hitler distanced himself from his cumbersome compatriots.
14:42Even he judged their actions too radical.
14:45Of course, annexing Austria to build a great Germany was in his plans,
14:51but the Führer preferred a more discreet method.
14:54He knew that time was on his side.
15:01Irritated by political instability and dismayed by an unstructured economy,
15:05an increasing number of Austrians were ready to open their arms to him.
15:16Four years later, on February 12, 1938, Dolfus' successor, Kurt Schuschnigg,
15:22was summoned to Berthesgaden.
15:26The meeting with Hitler was far from amiable.
15:32As his eyes scanned the border with Austria, the Führer gave him an ultimatum.
15:38Appoint a Nazi as interior minister, otherwise he would invade Austria.
15:45An offended Schuschnigg refused.
15:47And in an attempt to whip up a storm, he addressed parliament.
15:51But support for the chancellor went no further than the doors of the Federal Assembly.
16:06On the streets, a large number of Hitler's compatriots had already yielded.
16:22Under pressure from Berlin, Schuschnigg resigned.
16:25Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a stalwart from the early days of Nazism, was appointed chancellor.
16:40The next day, March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria without firing a shot.
16:48Never had an occupying army been greeted with such fervour.
17:06The young Adolphin Jauernig wrote in her diary,
17:10After a brief moment of concern, we all realised that the Anschluss was the best solution for Austria.
17:16And even more, our salvation.
17:19After his soldiers, it was Hitler's turn to take the war.
17:47After his soldiers, it was Hitler's turn to take the pulse of the Austrian population.
17:55The first stop on his tour, Linz, the city of his youth.
18:06Encouraged by his enthusiastic welcome, he continued his conquest of the masses.
18:17In Vienna, hundreds of thousands turned out to acclaim their new Führer.
18:23They were in a hurry to become Germans.
18:26They were in a hurry.
18:27They were in a hurry.
18:28They were in a hurry.
18:29They were in a hurry.
18:34On March 15, 1938, on the Heldenplatz, Heroes Square, Hitler appeared before a crowd that obeyed him unconditionally.
18:43Deutsche Männer und Frauen, ich proclamere nunmehr für dieses Land seine neue Mission.
19:01Die älteste Ostpark des deutschen Volkes soll von jetzt ab das jüngste Volk der deutschen Nation und damit des Deutschen Reisern sein.
19:11This mission would be taken up by the majority of Austrians.
19:23As part of the Reich, they had finally rediscovered an identity.
19:27And to prove it, they proudly raised their new colours.
19:30Conrad Lorenz, a young Viennese biologist, wrote to a German colleague,
19:42You have no idea of the enthusiasm that reigns here.
19:46I believe that we Austrians are the most fervent and most convinced national socialists of all.
19:52A referendum was held amid great pomp to legalize the annexation.
19:59All the inhabitants of the Great Reich were invited to vote on their new unification.
20:07With more than 99%, the yes vote won.
20:17Austria vanished.
20:19Now, as a simple province of the Reich, it was given the new name of Ostmark, Eastern March.
20:30Its public officials henceforth swore an oath to Adolf Hitler.
20:35Overnight, they deployed the measures that Nazi Germany had taken five years to adopt.
20:42The priority? To reduce opponents to silence with terror.
20:46And the first targets were social democrats, communists and trade unionists.
20:53Followed by conservatives and Catholics.
20:57As head of the Austrian SS, Ernst Kaltenbrunner led the dance.
21:04Rewarded for his loyalty, he rapidly became the head of all of the security agencies.
21:10After years of underground action, he could finally give free reign to his designs.
21:20In Vienna alone, the Gestapo arrested 20,000 people in less than 10 months.
21:29Some of them were placed on the deportation list.
21:32Direction? The concentration camps of the Reich.
21:35The first shipment of Austrian prisoners to Dachau, near Munich, took place just two weeks after annexation.
21:42By August 1938, Austrian Nazis had their own concentration camp.
21:58Constructed in a granite quarry not far from Linz, Mauthausen met the demands of the SS to eliminate undesirables through hard labour.
22:11One camp survivor testified,
22:18I was in hell.
22:21There were those who quarried the rock and those who had to carry 50 kilo blocks of it up 186 steps, known as the Stairs of Death.
22:31In Mauthausen, prisoners were killed by exhaustion, disease or torture.
22:43They were also executed by firing squad, hanging or gassing.
22:50The Austrian camp was certainly no poor second to its German equivalence.
22:57But Mauthausen gave life too, to the local economy.
23:03Bakers, butchers and grocers supplied SS mess halls.
23:08Craftsmen were called on for building work.
23:11So people kept quiet.
23:16One tradesman admitted,
23:20We knew the camp was there.
23:22We saw lines of prisoners crossing the village from the station to get there.
23:27But what were we to do about it?
23:30As zealous pupils, Austrians not only supported the deadly methods of the regime, they actively took part in it.
23:45Especially in applying the hygienist policy set by Berlin.
23:50It aimed, quite simply, to eliminate all those that the Nazis judged as racially impure.
23:57Propaganda films denounced the costs of the care given to the physically and mentally handicapped.
24:22Disguised as euthanasia, they were systematically murdered behind closed doors.
24:27In Austria, the picturesque Harteim Castle near Linz was turned into a so-called euthanasia centre.
24:39Here, executioners used carbon monoxide in the first gas chambers in history.
24:45From doctors and nurses to cooks, most of the personnel was local, and they went about their work amid a spirit of open camaraderie.
25:01Like the bus driver, Walter Milch, who delivered the victims.
25:05We drove into Harteim through the gates.
25:10The buses were unloaded, and then we drivers could go to the cafeteria for lunch.
25:15Eager to please, Austrians went even further than Nazi demands.
25:31In Vienna, the personnel of the Amsteinhof Psychiatric Hospital extended racial hygiene methods to handicapped children.
25:43They were eliminated with strong sedatives.
25:47Some of the young patients were used as guinea pigs in ignominious medical experiments.
25:53On the programme, the testing of vaccines against deadly diseases.
25:59But it was in the treatment of the Jewish population that Austrians really stood out.
26:18On the day of the Anschluss itself, antisemitism unleashed its ugly head, without the slightest order from Berlin.
26:25Reiter Stefan Schweik described the exactions endured by his community.
26:36They gave free reign to all desires for private revenge.
26:42University professors were made to scrub cobblestones with their bare hands.
26:47Pious old Jews were dragged to churches by rowdy youths, and forced to kneel before the cross and shout, Heil Hitler!
26:59But for the new masters, humiliating Jews wasn't enough.
27:06Brown shirts, law enforcement agencies, and ordinary citizens engaged in the pillaging of their assets.
27:21Jewelry, money, clothes, furniture, everything for the taking.
27:27One young Austrian woman wrote with satisfaction, those who were at the top are now at the bottom.
27:40Not even Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was spared.
27:45A gang of Nazis burst into his home, confiscated his family's passports, and emptied his safe.
27:55His daughter, Anna, was arrested by the Gestapo and interrogated throughout the night.
28:00The family finally managed to go into exile in London, where Sigmund Freud died one year later, his heart broken.
28:13Like him, thousands of Viennese Jews saw their assets confiscated and redistributed among good Austrians.
28:25This systematic and later legalized theft was given the name of Aryanization.
28:32Employees thus took over businesses from their former Jewish bosses for a pittance.
28:42New owners moved into their apartments.
28:45They simply needed to redecorate.
28:48In Vienna alone, 60,000 homes changed hands.
28:59The irony of history is such that Berlin would wait nine months before following the example of Austria.
29:10This unprecedented unleashing of violence did not go unnoticed.
29:13The American press reported,
29:19The Jews of Austria are in a worse plight than German Jews.
29:32Austrian fanaticism inspired Berlin.
29:34In March of 1938, an intervention squad was dispatched to Vienna, led by no other than Adolf Eichmann, another Austrian Nazi stalwart from the early days.
29:47His task? To rid the city of its Jewish population. An obsession of the Führer since his youth.
29:53He wrote in Mein Kampf.
29:57I detested the conglomerate of races that the capital of the empire manifested.
30:04To me, the big city appeared as the personification of incest.
30:08The population of the capital of the former Austria was 10% Jewish, the highest percentage in any city within the Reich.
30:26The method established by Eichmann was forced emigration.
30:29He set up his headquarters in the sumptuous Palais Albert-Rostschild, yet another dispossession.
30:40His system was both ingenious and cruel.
30:43Jews were obliged to buy extremely expensive emigration permits.
30:48The wealthiest among them were forced to pay for the less well-off.
30:51And the height of cynicism, Eichmann ordered Jewish community leaders to collaborate with his lieutenants.
31:16And they followed these orders.
31:17Compared to the pillaging, torture and murders their people were facing, exile seemed like the lesser of two evils.
31:28The uprooted arrived in their host countries dispossessed of everything.
31:34The belongings they had forwarded never arrived.
31:37Stored in Austrian warehouses, they had already been auctioned off by the Gestapo.
31:41The money made from the sale of their clothes, furniture and artworks filled the coffers of the Reich.
31:53Nazi and proud to be so, Austria became the testbed for the regime's anti-Jewish policies.
31:58Eichmann's central agency for Jewish emigration would be duplicated several months later in Prague and Berlin.
32:07WRACE沒有 warnigkeit
32:23All levels of society adopted the new regime's anti-Semitic policies without raising an eyebrow.
32:28E, embora há algumas tentativas para ajudar os víctimas,
32:33eram por personagens que se atingirem apenas.
32:40Júlios estudantes foram escondidos de universidades,
32:43e a professora de ensinamento foi sacked,
32:45often com a complicidade de seus colegas australianos,
32:47que declararam alhegantes a seus novos mestres.
32:53O biólogo, Conrad Lorenz,
32:55displayed his fervor with much enthusiasm.
32:58He wrote,
32:59I will say loud and clear that my scientific work
33:03has always been in the service of national socialist thought.
33:09Two years later, his loyalty was rewarded
33:11when he was appointed professor
33:13at the highly esteemed Königsberg University.
33:25The cultural world was no exception.
33:31At the prestigious Vienna Opera House
33:33where the Jew Gustav Mahler was once resident,
33:36the Viennese elite now washed beneath the swastika.
33:39and the loyal supporters of the Nazis rose quickly.
33:52Like the conductor, Herbert von Karrigan,
33:55who joined the party in 1933.
34:00A pan-Germanist since his youth,
34:02he denounced the Jewification of the Volksoper,
34:05the Vienna People's Opera.
34:07Hermann Göring invited him to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic.
34:27On September 1st, 1939,
34:30Germany invaded Poland.
34:32Hitler began toying with the idea
34:40of establishing a reserve for Jews
34:42chased out of the Third Reich.
34:46Once again, the task was entrusted
34:49to Adolf Eichmann and his Vienna team.
34:52One of his acolytes, Alois Brunner,
34:55a former Austrian legionnaire,
34:57organised and signed the first order
34:59for the deportation of Jews from Ostmark.
35:12Their destination, Nisko,
35:14a small Polish town chosen by Eichmann
35:17as the location of the reserve.
35:18The first deportation of Jews in history
35:24was from Austria and not Germany.
35:32Berlin wouldn't send its first convoys
35:35until two years later.
35:38The student had outdone his master.
35:41Conquest by conquest,
35:49the Nazi regime would rely more and more
35:51on its top Austrian officers,
35:54especially to rein in countries
35:56which were now under its yoke.
35:59These faithful Nazis were promoted
36:01to export their know-how all over the Reich.
36:04In May of 1940, the governor of Annex, Austria,
36:11the Viennese lawyer Arthur Seyss-Inquart,
36:13became the Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands.
36:16The arrival of the Reich Commissioner
36:18Dr. Seyss-Inquart.
36:19Niederländische Nationalsozialisten,
36:29vor allem für mich selbst,
36:31ist es eine große Freude und Genugtuung,
36:34dass die niederländischen Nationalsozialisten
36:37entscheidende Bedeutung gewonnen haben.
36:39Applaus
36:41After collaborating with the Dutch Nazis,
36:53Seyss-Inquart would set about
36:54eliminating the Jewish population of Holland,
36:57one of the largest in Western Europe.
37:04In his wake,
37:05followed other Austrian officials.
37:10Anne Frank
37:11and her family
37:12were arrested by one of them,
37:14the Viennese police officer
37:15Karl Silberbauer.
37:21As for Alois Brunner,
37:23the pioneer of deportation,
37:25he too would export his skills.
37:30Dispatched to France
37:31to run Drancy camp near Paris,
37:34his job was to round up Jews
37:36and deport them to Auschwitz.
37:37His terrifying efficiency
37:42earned him the nickname
37:43the Butcher of Drancy.
37:48But it was in Eastern Europe
37:50that the Austrians would truly excel
37:52in the art of killing.
37:55Odilo Globoknik
37:56was tasked with creating
37:58the first ever death camp.
37:59Belzec in Poland,
38:04where almost 600,000 people
38:06were murdered.
38:17Obedient and ruthless,
38:19Globoknik also took on the job
38:21of emptying the Jewish ghettos
38:22of Poland.
38:23To gain efficiency,
38:33he employed the methods
38:34invented by Eichmann in Vienna.
38:38Forced into helping the SS,
38:40Jewish community leaders
38:42once again had to provide lists
38:43of those to be deported.
38:46A treacherous system
38:47that forced victims
38:48to participate
38:49in the extermination
38:50of their own kind.
38:58In the death camps,
38:59Austrian guards
39:00also clamped down
39:01on prisoners.
39:03The Nazi regime
39:04banked on their knowledge
39:05of the Slavic peoples
39:06acquired during the days
39:07of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
39:10but especially
39:10on the hatred they showed
39:12to those they considered
39:13subhuman.
39:16At Treblinka and Sobibor,
39:18Commandants Imfried Ebel
39:20and Franz Stengel
39:21respectively sent hundreds
39:23of thousands of people
39:24to the gas chambers.
39:33At Plasau camp near Krakow,
39:35another Austrian struck terror
39:37among the prisoners.
39:40Amon Goethe played a game
39:41of life or death with them.
39:44One camp survivor recalls,
39:45he was capable of the worst abominations.
39:50Always armed with his machine gun,
39:52he regularly shot at prisoners
39:54from the roof of his quarters,
39:56just for the fun of it.
40:05On May the 29th, 1942,
40:07in Prague,
40:08an attack by the Czech resistance
40:10targeted Reynard Heydrich,
40:13one of the orchestrators
40:14of the final solution.
40:17A few days later,
40:18he died from his wounds.
40:19Himmler, the great architect
40:40of the Holocaust,
40:41chose a new right-hand man
40:43who had proved himself,
40:44another devout Austrian,
40:46Ernst Kaltenbrunner.
40:47In Berlin,
40:54the choice of a provincial
40:55for such a sensitive post
40:57surprised many,
40:58but Hitler approved.
41:01Not only did he trust his compatriot,
41:04he knew his service record.
41:08At his second-in-command's
41:10induction ceremony,
41:12Himmler said,
41:13it's always good training
41:14to have worked unlawfully.
41:17The time when you entered
41:18into service
41:18was the best school
41:20of your life.
41:29The new SS chief
41:30proved himself to be
41:32as ruthless
41:32as his predecessor.
41:41In the Netherlands,
41:43he contested the decision
41:44to exclude Sephardic Jews
41:46from deportation.
41:52He wrote in a telegram,
41:54There is no doubting the fact
41:58that Sephardic Jews
41:59are also Jews
42:00from a racial viewpoint.
42:12He made regular trips
42:13to his homeland,
42:14and in particular
42:15to Mauthausen
42:16to attend gas chamber executions
42:18organised just for him.
42:20Kautenbrunner had reached
42:30the peak of his career.
42:32After Himmler,
42:33the most powerful
42:34in Nazi repression
42:35and extermination
42:36was an Austrian.
42:46Moscow.
42:47Mr. Molotov waits
42:48at the airfield
42:49to welcome the American
42:50and British delegates.
42:51In the autumn of 1943,
42:54the Americans,
42:55British and Soviets
42:56met for talks.
43:01As the Germans
43:02were being forced back
43:03on all fronts,
43:04it was time to discuss
43:05the post-war European order.
43:10The first objective,
43:12to weaken Germany
43:13by breaking up its territory.
43:17Paradoxically,
43:18Austria was declared
43:19the first victim
43:20of Hitler's expansionist policy.
43:24The massive adhesion
43:26of its population
43:26to Nazism
43:27had not, however,
43:29escaped the Allies' attention.
43:31Stalin and Churchill
43:32were aware
43:33of the ferocious repression
43:34of the Austrian opposition
43:35and hoped
43:36that this declaration
43:38would encourage citizens
43:39to resist.
43:41They would soon
43:42be disappointed.
43:43six months later,
43:49nothing had changed.
43:51The Führer's birthday
43:52was celebrated
43:53with fervour.
43:56The British Foreign Office
43:57noted,
43:58the great majority
44:00of Austrians
44:00are not prepared
44:01to take the risk
44:02of engaging
44:03in the resistance.
44:03on June the 6th,
44:281944,
44:29the Allies
44:30landed in Normandy.
44:31The fall of the Third Reich
44:37was only a matter of time.
44:41Over the coming weeks,
44:42German troops
44:43would retreat
44:43further and further,
44:45east and west.
44:47Even the most loyal Nazis
44:48realised the situation
44:50was hopeless.
44:52Save for a few indomitable men,
44:55like Alois Brunner.
44:59The Butcher of Drancy
45:00was determined
45:01to complete his mission.
45:07Despite the shortage
45:08of trains,
45:09which had been requisition
45:10for the withdrawal
45:11of troops,
45:12he desperately tried
45:13to organise
45:14a final convoy
45:15to the death camps.
45:17In late July 1944,
45:20more than 1,300 French Jews
45:22were sent to Auschwitz.
45:27Among them,
45:28324 children
45:30and babies,
45:31rounded up
45:31at the last minute
45:32from orphanages.
45:43Part of the Austrian population
45:45shared this
45:46never-say-die attitude.
45:52In February 1945,
45:54at Mauthausen,
45:55as Austrians
45:56were enjoying the snow,
45:58500 Soviet prisoners
45:59managed to escape
46:00from the concentration camp.
46:05The next day,
46:06SS men swept the area
46:08and asked locals
46:09to help them
46:10track the fugitives.
46:13Without hesitating,
46:14the locals began
46:15a manhunt,
46:16cynically nicknamed
46:17the Rabbit Hunt.
46:25One local woman
46:26remembered this
46:27macabre spectacle.
46:29The fugitives
46:30were shot
46:30or stabbed to death.
46:32It was winter.
46:33There was fresh snow
46:35and the roads
46:36were covered in blood.
46:39The shameful thing is
46:41civilians took part in it.
46:46Of the 500 Soviet escapees,
46:48only 11 survived.
46:55Meanwhile,
46:56in Berlin,
46:57Ernst Kaltenbrunner
46:58persisted in hunting down
46:59all those
47:00who doubted
47:01the final victory.
47:02starting with his own boss,
47:04Heinrich Himmler,
47:05who was caught
47:06red-handed
47:07committing treason.
47:10To save his own skin,
47:12Hitler's second-in-command
47:13had tried to negotiate
47:14a secret agreement
47:15with the British.
47:18Denounced by his
47:19right-hand man,
47:20Himmler was immediately
47:21stripped of his post
47:22and party membership
47:23by the Fuhrer.
47:24A month later,
47:32Red Army troops
47:33entered Vienna.
47:35The waltz was once again
47:37back on the capital streets.
47:45The waltz was once again
47:49back on the capital streets.
47:50At the Nuremberg trials,
48:03only two Austrians
48:05sat among the accused.
48:08Ernst Kaltenbrunner
48:10and Arthur Seysingquart
48:12kept a low profile,
48:14playing the victims
48:15and denying
48:15the crimes
48:16they had committed.
48:20They were both
48:27sentenced to death
48:28and were executed
48:29in October 1946.
48:36As for their compatriots,
48:38collaborators,
48:39followers and opportunists,
48:41all hurriedly sought
48:42to cover up
48:43their far-from-glorious past.
48:45Having been awarded
48:54the status of
48:55first victim
48:56of Hitler's aggression,
48:57Austria began
48:58to construct
48:59the image
48:59of a friendly,
49:00fun,
49:01and most importantly,
49:02innocent country.
49:09Collective amnesia
49:10set in,
49:11allowing former Nazis
49:13to develop
49:13new careers.
49:15Goering's former
49:20protégé,
49:21Herbert von Karajan,
49:22continued his
49:23meteoric career.
49:29In 1973,
49:32the biologist
49:32Konrad Lorenz
49:33received the Nobel Prize
49:35in Medicine
49:35for research he had
49:37begun under the Nazis.
49:38In 1986,
49:49Kurt Waldheim
49:49ran in the Austrian
49:51presidential election.
49:53As a former
49:54secretary-general
49:55of the United Nations,
49:56he had a proven
49:57international track record.
49:59But his career
50:00as a German army officer
50:01had been covered up
50:02when he had taken part
50:04in the murder
50:04of Yugoslav partisans
50:06during World War II,
50:08a detail that
50:09didn't bother voters.
50:11This is a gross
50:12Friday that I said
50:13where I'm
50:14super-fitting
50:15Bundespresidenten
50:16for history.
50:17Now I was hoping,
50:18yeah.
50:19Despite the scandal,
50:20Austrians voted
50:21massively for him,
50:23a victory made possible
50:24by the myth
50:25of Austria
50:26being a victim
50:27of Nazism.
50:28No wonder the country
50:29decided not to refute it.
50:41It wasn't until 1993
50:44that an Austrian chancellor
50:46made a first official
50:47visit to Israel.
50:48The reason
50:55Franz Wranitzki
50:56was received
50:57with full honors
50:57by Yitzhak Rabin
50:59was due to a speech
51:00he had given
51:01in Parliament
51:01two years earlier.
51:06Viele Österreicher
51:07waren an den
51:07Unterdrückungsmaßnahmen
51:09und Verfolgungen
51:10des Dritten Reichs
51:11beteiligt,
51:12zum Teil
51:12an prominenter Stelle.
51:14Wir bekennen uns
51:15zu allen Daten
51:16unserer Geschichte
51:17und so wie wir
51:18die Guten
51:18für uns in Anspruch nehmen,
51:20haben wir uns
51:21für die Bösen
51:21zu entschuldigen
51:22bei den Überlebenden
51:24und bei den
51:25Nachkommen der Toten.
51:30Belated but necessary
51:31apologies
51:32after half a century
51:33of denial.
51:47an
51:57noch nie.
52:00Weekend
52:00A CIDADE NO BRASIL
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