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00:00What would happen if every human being on Earth disappeared?
00:10This isn't the story of how we might vanish.
00:15It's the story of what happens to the world we leave behind.
00:23In this episode of Life After People,
00:27the 1.5 billion homes that house mankind are all in a race to survive,
00:33but each faces a different enemy.
00:36No matter where you live or what you keep inside,
00:40life after people hits home.
00:43Welcome to Earth. Population Zero.
00:57One day after people.
01:09These are the places that man called home,
01:13where families were raised, meals were shared, and people grew old.
01:20In America's vast suburbs alone, 23 million homes now stand empty.
01:32Including those in the town that invented American suburbia.
01:37Levittown, New York.
01:40Built during the baby boom after the Second World War,
01:45and fueled by America's love affair with the car,
01:48Levittown pioneered a new type of suburban living that took America by storm.
01:54These mass-produced, prefabricated houses quickly multiplied into vast, sprawling areas.
02:00And by the year 2000, for the first time in history,
02:04half of all Americans lived in suburbs.
02:09Levittown really fed the imagination of Americans for clean air,
02:15places where you could raise your kids in safety.
02:19Now, this classic prototype of suburbia is devoid of people,
02:25but not of explosive danger.
02:30Because in kitchens and hot water heaters everywhere,
02:34the gas is still on.
02:39In the time of humans, most American homes were heated by natural gas.
02:45The highly flammable methane was pumped from naturally pressurized wells
02:50through 2.2 million miles of underground pipelines and compressors.
02:57But disaster sometimes erupted from this massive subterranean network.
03:03Natural gas lines typically are ruptured because mankind intervenes with them.
03:08They dig up a pipe and rupture the pipe.
03:11It causes a failure in the structural integrity.
03:14The fires can be very catastrophic because you're blowing methane gas into the air and it's mixing,
03:21and you've got a very large blowtorch going on there.
03:24Now, natural pressure from the wells is enough to keep gas flowing into kitchens
03:29that will never see another meal.
03:33In a life after people, the gas isn't going to stop flowing.
03:38It's still under pressure, it's flowing through the lines, and it's still going to come to the houses.
03:44The pilot lights are going to continue to burn.
03:47Natural gas has no smell, but a substance called mercaptan was added to give it a distinctive odor
03:53that could alert people to leaks.
03:59Even so, gas leaks cause two and a half thousand home fires and explosions each year,
04:05which killed dozens and injured hundreds.
04:08Now, people are gone, but leaks still occur.
04:13The best detector for a gas leak is your nose.
04:16But in life after people, there will be nobody around to smell it.
04:21And then all you need is a spark.
04:23The stove's pilot light provides the spark, and then this kitchen erupts in flame.
04:42One week after people, opulent homes face an entirely different enemy.
04:48On New York's Central Park, the luxurious San Remo apartments look down on a Manhattan devoid of people.
05:06In the time of humans, San Remo's apartments sold for up to $20 million.
05:13The building is a prestige building.
05:16Apartments in the San Remo are huge.
05:20Now the elite has moved out, and catastrophe is about to move in.
05:28A catastrophe that stems from a material that epitomized luxury.
05:34The danger emanates from a high-end paint with an unusual ingredient.
05:39Many of the owners in the San Remo have chosen to use paints that were made with linseed oil,
05:46rather than with a solvent that evaporates.
05:50It provides this beautiful glossy sheen, and it takes color very, very well.
05:56What happens when you're a painter?
06:00You leave the rags on the can of linseed oil paint.
06:04If it's just overnight, it doesn't matter.
06:08But after people, those rags are time bombs.
06:13As linseed oil interacts with oxygen in the air, the chemical reaction produces heat.
06:19Without adequate ventilation, spontaneous combustion can occur.
06:23In the time of humans, this was a common cause of household fires.
06:30In 1991, cotton rags soaked with linseed oil triggered a massive blaze in a Philadelphia skyscraper.
06:36Now, at the San Remo, the paint-soaked rags are smoldering.
06:43This New York icon is turning into a different kind of hot property.
06:48Over in the Bronx stands the mirror opposite of the swanky San Remo.
07:02Co-op City, one of the nation's largest apartment complexes cramped with 55,000 residents, epitomized the cheaply constructed high-rises of the 1960s.
07:13This was badly constructed in the first place.
07:18Given the history of these structures, it really only takes 10 or 15 years after people for major parts of the structure to begin failing.
07:30Co-op City's 50,000 pilings face a daunting enemy.
07:34They're sunk into reclaimed tidal marshland, which sinks a fraction of an inch each year.
07:42The ground around the columns is slowly sinking.
07:48So what you have is a pavement area where you see the curb stone isn't tied to the rest of the building at all,
07:57and it's already significantly below what the original building line was.
08:01The San Remo and Co-op City represent polar opposites in apartment engineering.
08:09One will be marred by fire in a life after people.
08:14Will the other face death by water?
08:16One month after people.
08:26Methane in its gaseous state is not the only threat to the former homes of man.
08:32Another form of fuel, and one of mankind's coldest substances, is ominously warming up.
08:38Liquified natural gas is the liquid version of methane gas.
08:45If you take methane gas and cool it down to about minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit, it becomes a liquid.
08:52The reason for using liquified natural gas is for ease of transportation.
08:56Since the volume is so much less, 600 times less, say, then you can fill a truck or a ship with liquid natural gas and carry much more of it on a smaller vessel.
09:09If the liquid heats up, it becomes a gas again.
09:13And once the concentration in the air reaches 5%, it can become one of the most explosive substances on Earth.
09:19Liquified natural gas, once it's stored in a tank, could be very explosive, much more so than other forms of fossil fuels.
09:29When it mixes with air, then you have a very volatile explosive ability, and it can destroy many city blocks with one explosion.
09:38Now, with no humans to continuously open and close valves to maintain proper pressure, these tanks have become ticking time bombs.
09:47Then the gas starts to expand, and you reach a pressure that the tanks weren't designed for, and it can be very devastating.
09:58One by one, they rupture in a catastrophic chain reaction.
10:03One year after people.
10:15Man's once-beloved suburban homes face a new set of enemies.
10:21Over the winter, pipes in each house freeze and burst.
10:24With the spring thaw, fountains of liquid destruction gush from thousands of pipes.
10:34That day would be a rough day on the structure of Levittown itself.
10:40After the flooding comes the mold and dry rot.
10:43The dampness also attracts the twin scourges of wooden homes, carpenter ants and termites.
10:52And the presence of both sets the scene for a primordial battle hidden within the rotting walls.
10:57Carpenter ants will take termites.
11:00They'll prey on them.
11:02Termites protect themselves both from water loss and from predators by kind of walling off their galleries and feeding tubes with mud.
11:14And if that was breached, yes, the ants would go to prey on them.
11:18The termite would lose.
11:19They've got no way of defending themselves.
11:28It's two years after people, and one type of home has already vanished from the earth.
11:35For centuries, igloos were built in the Arctic, made from blocks of compressed snow.
11:41But these structures are unable to withstand time.
11:44In cold Arctic climates, snow doesn't really melt. It evaporates.
11:51The ice that's in the snow goes directly from being a solid to being a gas.
11:58Now, after just two years, the very last igloo has wafted into the frigid Arctic sky, and igloos are no more.
12:06In the next few years after people, mankind's most prized accomplishments face an inevitable fate.
12:17And the world's tallest skyscraper gets a foreclosure notice from nature.
12:2410 years after people.
12:35Around the world, the places where mankind once lived now struggle against the returning force of nature.
12:43The tallest home on earth is no exception.
12:48This is the Burj Khalifa in the Desert Kingdom of Dubai.
12:51When completed in 2010, it became the world's tallest skyscraper.
12:58And it's home to over 1,000 private apartments, some as high as the 108th floor.
13:04The Burj Khalifa is over 2,700 feet tall.
13:08That's twice the height of the Empire State Building.
13:12You can see that building from over 95 kilometers away.
13:14Staring blankly over a humid, salt-drenched wasteland, the building is in desperate need of a bath.
13:24In the time of humans, huge machines weighing 13 tons were used to wash the exterior in a desperate race to prevent corrosion from Dubai's dense, salty humidity.
13:35These devices are suspended by cables.
13:42They are a potential point of failure, especially if they're already filled with fluid.
13:49Dangling hundreds of feet in the air, they haven't scrubbed the building in a decade.
13:54And it shows.
13:56The window washing machines are very heavy, and the cables would likely fail over five or ten years.
14:04One of the massive buckets breaks loose.
14:08And plummets 2,000 feet to the desert below.
14:30Fifteen years after people.
14:31High in the Hollywood Hills, an iconic house whose revolutionary engineering came to symbolize the California lifestyle of the 1960s is still intact.
14:43The Stahl House was built entirely of glass and steel on a plot so steep that many considered it to be unbuildable.
14:52The owner, Bud Stahl, disagreed.
14:55He spent two years personally constructing the concrete terraces that continue to anchor the house on its dramatic cliff-top perch.
15:05It's a region vulnerable to catastrophic mudslides.
15:11Now, untamed wildfires ravage Los Angeles, but the house refuses to burn down.
15:17The plate glass would crack in fires, but the steel framework remains in pretty good shape.
15:26But by destroying the vegetation that binds the soil, the fires have created a new avenue of destruction.
15:36200 miles north, one of America's most lavish homes has an engineering secret that may keep it standing tall in a life after people.
15:45This is Hearst Castle, built for the publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst in San Simeon, California.
15:56Hearst Castle is one of six homes that Mr. Hearst had. This was his most beloved.
16:02Begun in 1919, Hearst's Showplace was considered a masterpiece of earthquake-resistant design.
16:08Architect Julia Morgan's technique was to build ceilings that hang from hidden anchors and boxes that are separated from the rooms they cover, so they float during a quake.
16:21The outdoor pool at Hearst Castle is referred to as Neptune Pool. There's a concrete box surrounding it. The suspension of the pool is like the suspension of the ceilings in all of the rooms.
16:35They bear no weight. And so in an earthquake, the ceilings will actually float. And it's just the same as the pool. The structure around it is actually taking the brunt of whatever comes along.
16:50In 2003, a 6.5 earthquake struck the castle, putting Morgan's construction methods to the test.
16:57We had 400 visitors in the main house, Casa Grande. Not one bit of structural damage.
17:12But there is another secret about Hearst Castle. Julia Morgan produced the castle's cement on site.
17:20Hearst Castle was built of reinforced concrete. They had their own plant here on the hilltop. They imported sand, but they also used the beach sand.
17:31In the centuries after people, will the decision to use beach sand keep the castle standing?
17:39Or will it lead to the downfall of this massive 56-bedroom home?
17:44In suburban homes across America, a new breed of cat is moving in.
17:54Bobcats, looking for places to make their dens.
17:59They'll certainly move into the abandoned houses and the closets of those abandoned houses to set up a den.
18:06And so you might very well find a cat making a den in your underwear.
18:09This has happened before. In 2008, after a wave of home repossessions hit America, bobcats wasted no time in moving into the vacant houses.
18:23And now, in a life after people, bobcats and other animals who move into homes begin to feed an invisible monster.
18:30A tiny pest once fed by people and their constant supply of human skin.
18:39House dust mites are very tiny little mites. They feed on skin flakes.
18:45You replace the outer surface of your skin every couple of days, so little flakes are constantly falling off.
18:50And that's what they feed on.
18:52Now, they will feed on the dander of the bobcat and its legion of new housemates.
18:57Another human scourge, the bedbug, won't lose any sleep over humanity's disappearance.
19:05A bedbug is a small, true bug. Doesn't feed on anything else except blood.
19:11And bedbugs will go back to being parasites of birds and bats, basically.
19:15Across the deserted planet, all houses are decaying.
19:25But it was not the structures themselves, it was the treasures inside them that made these buildings into homes.
19:32Which human possessions will endure?
19:38The first to go is anything made of paper.
19:43Paper's made of cellulose or cellulose fiber.
19:48And it's absorbent. And when it absorbs moisture, you have the perfect condition for decay or decomposition.
19:54Natural fabrics are also beginning their inevitable unraveling.
20:03Wool doesn't retain moisture, so it's safe from rot.
20:08But it's hardly off the hook.
20:10It has enemies as well.
20:12It has larvae, the case-making moth. Larvae love wool.
20:16Wool's gonna ultimately go maybe 30, 40 years.
20:19Leather may seem more durable.
20:23In the time of humans, archaeologists sometimes unearthed leather shoes that were up to 2,000 years old,
20:32preserved in oxygen-deprived environments like peat and mud.
20:36But for most shoes, it's an inevitable march to oblivion.
20:40What will be left? The steel grommets that you ran your shoelaces through.
20:44The plastic tip off the cotton laces.
20:47And maybe the hard rubber sole.
20:49They'll be around for 50, 60, 100 years.
20:52But your leather's gonna be long gone.
20:55In living rooms and dens, household furniture is hardly sitting pretty.
21:01The laminate on the particle board will become unglued,
21:05either through moisture exchange or through exposure to the sun.
21:08That laminate will peel away and accelerate the decomposition or the decay of the particle board inside.
21:15Even durable trophies are losing the race against time.
21:20Trophies are primarily made of plastic, formed plastic.
21:26The thin, shiny gold or silver laminate will begin to peel or delaminate.
21:30CDs and DVDs are useless husks.
21:35The polycarbonate will delaminate from that metal base and begin to crumble.
21:41And like most metals, the metals will begin to oxidize.
21:45But of all the objects in a home, perhaps the most treasured were photographs.
21:52Photos printed on cheap commercial paper have already rotted away.
21:59Largely due to the corrosive acids present in wood pulp.
22:04More expensive, professional grade photos will last longer.
22:08Printed on paper treated with chemicals that neutralize the acids.
22:14They are more resistant to rot.
22:17But eventually succumb to water damage and mold.
22:20But some of history's most important photographs may be saved.
22:27Deep beneath western Pennsylvania,
22:31one of the world's largest photographic collections remains in sharp focus.
22:37In 2001, the Corbis archive moved its treasure trove of 11 million photographs
22:44to a refrigerated mine near Butler, Pennsylvania.
22:47There, priceless images of history are protected.
22:53The Hindenburg explosion.
22:55A playful Albert Einstein.
22:58And prize-winning photos of pop stars and politicians.
23:04The scientists and humanitarians.
23:07The wars and disasters that define the modern era.
23:10All were stored at minus four degrees Fahrenheit.
23:17At minus four degrees, pretty much all the chemical activity in a picture stops.
23:22And a picture that would fade in 30 to 70 years, be totally unreadable, could last 5,000 years.
23:28Whether it's a trailer park or a luxury tower, 30 years has taken a terrible toll on the homes of man.
23:41And the worst is yet to come.
23:43How do we know this?
23:46It's a future that's already happened at one of the most mysterious spots on Earth.
23:52This Italian hill town once bore witness
23:57to a dark and sinister history
24:01until people disappeared.
24:03It's 60 years into a life after people.
24:18Across the planet, nature's relentless invasion confronts every former home and community with catastrophic results.
24:26Like those that created the eerie ruins of Balestrino.
24:43This ancient Italian hill town survived a dark and tortured past.
24:48But could not survive the shifting earth beneath its walls.
24:52If the stones of Balestrino could talk,
25:03they'd tell a story of 700 years of the rise and fall of a community.
25:08The story of a town teetering on the brink of collapse over many centuries.
25:14But surviving because man has used its intellect and ingenuity to keep it surviving.
25:23Beneath this once picturesque village lies an ancient legacy of brutality and oppression.
25:31Here, in this decaying courtyard,
25:37the lords of Balestrino once meted out barbaric punishments to anyone who challenged their cruel dominion.
25:44The death of Balestrino was the most frequent.
25:53The most frequent was the abandonment of the victim to the toddlers behind the掌,
25:58so that they could cross their backs and that ce烈ed out of existence of the body.
26:02This prevented them to work and that they died in pain.
26:06From the 1400s onward, the town was ruled by feudal lords who treated the impoverished
26:13townspeople like slaves.
26:15Balestrino's feudal history also planted the seeds of its physical collapse.
26:42Once the feudal lords reserved the best building materials for themselves, residents had to
26:47make do with whatever they could find.
26:53This reveals a lot about the construction of these buildings.
26:56The external skin of this wall has fallen away and revealed the underlying construction.
27:02I can see different types of stone incorporated into the wall, what looks like sandstone,
27:07limestone, bits of brick, tiles, anything that was available to the builders they've incorporated
27:13in and cemented it in with a loose lime mortar.
27:19And when the area's frequent earthquakes damaged fragile homes, residents again had to make
27:24do.
27:30What we have here is a room with a double vaulted roof, but at some time in its history, it's
27:35developed a crack right along the center.
27:39And they've tried to repair and stabilize that crack by putting in this tie from side to side
27:45and tighten it up.
27:47Originally, this was an arched opening.
27:51You can see the arched stones here, but at a later date, it's been plastered over and
27:57a simple rectangular framing put in.
27:59But look at the crack.
28:01In time, that's going to get worse and worse.
28:03And already, you can see the framing is close to failure.
28:11The modern age brought Balestrino freedom from the cruel grasp of tyranny, but not the iron
28:18grasp of nature.
28:21The buildings are built on the slopes.
28:23Now, if those slopes are susceptible to landslips and movements, then so will the buildings be.
28:29Unstable soil and Italy's susceptibility to devastating earthquakes compounded the problems of the
28:35town's makeshift construction.
28:41In 1997, an earthquake in Assisi, 200 miles away, provided a stark reminder of the threat
28:48lurking beneath Italy's sun-drenched landscape.
28:54Even the famed Basilica of St. Francis provided no sanctuary.
28:58Fearful that even worse could happen on Balestrino's failing hillsides, the town was abandoned in
29:08the 1950s.
29:10The Italian government evacuated all homes and built a newer, safer village nearby.
29:18Since then, Balestrino's slow slide into ruin bears testimony to the impermanence of mankind's
29:24constructions.
29:26If armies of the past failed to conquer Balestrino, nature's now winning the battle.
29:40In the mere 60 years since people were banished from Balestrino, catastrophic failure radiates
29:46in every direction.
29:51This used to be a street, a thoroughfare through the town.
29:55And what's happened here is this entire gable wall has collapsed, creating the rubble.
30:01But even the tie bars that are a common feature of the stabilisation measures for these buildings
30:08haven't been strong enough to prevent the whole wall collapsing into the street.
30:15Today streets that echoed with children's laughter now echo only with the bleating of stray goats.
30:26Baldo Pastorino grew up in Balestrino.
30:31These are the most beautiful memories of my life.
30:33I remember my father made the beard, putting the window attached to the window, and made it
30:40from the terrace.
30:41It's a shame, because everything is reduced to a rudder.
30:45This is ridiculous.
30:47Even today there are signs that the hillside is still on the move.
30:55And in the long run, it'll be nature that wins the battle, and the hillside will overcome
31:02once again the town of Balestrino, leaving little sign of what has been there for centuries.
31:08The decline and fall of Balestrino bears mute testimony to the impermanence of every home
31:15on the planet.
31:22Seventy-five years after people.
31:26California's style house, built entirely of glass and steel, teeters precariously on its fire-blasted, rain-eroded hillside.
31:36I think a house like that could potentially sit in a tilted position for some time, but not for a great length of time.
31:46Because you're going to have all sorts of things shifting, and as things shift, forces are changed.
31:53Now, a particularly heavy downpour washes out a final section of sediment beneath the house.
32:03And one of the 20th century's most iconic homes slides down the hill, crashing into the once fabled sunset strip below.
32:14One hundred years after people, water has attacked New York's co-op city from above and below.
32:33These flat roofs drain to the inside, to internal drains, so the water has no place else to go.
32:40It's going to drain through those leaks.
32:42Once it starts doing that, it invades the insulation underneath.
32:46Meanwhile, the sinking land has reverted to tidal mudflats, and co-op city resembles an apocalyptic Venice.
32:55The area of the building that is in the splash zone, where waves are hitting it,
33:00or the water level is rising and lowering with the tide.
33:04That splash zone is where it's going to fail.
33:12A massive winter storm blows in from the northeast.
33:17It's the nor'easter that would really do you in.
33:20You would get a fair amount of wave pounding against the building itself.
33:25That would begin to displace the building.
33:28The weakened splash zone buckles under the nor'easter's assault.
33:34And the former homes of 55,000 New Yorkers are swallowed by the shifting tides.
33:40Two hundred years after people.
33:58The landscape around Hurst Castle looks surprisingly unchanged from the time of humans.
34:04But strange intruders graze on the hills.
34:12Here at Hurst Castle, Mr. Hurst had the largest private zoo in the world.
34:16On 2,000 acres, the guests would come through a 2,000 acre, you'd call it a paddock, and he had every animal you could imagine.
34:24In the 21st century, zebras could still be seen grazing in the pastures below the castle.
34:30Some will survive in a life after people.
34:34The African plains are very similar.
34:38So zebras might proliferate because there's lots of grassy areas for them to eat and to actually have proper nutrition.
34:44But boy, the cats are going to come right in and be wanting some of those zebras.
34:58The castle itself has survived numerous earthquakes, thanks to its architect Julia Morgan's innovative design.
35:06But now, her decision to use beach sand in the concrete has become a dagger at the heart of Hurst Castle.
35:14The salt from the sand that was used to mix and make the concrete is probably going to be the major cause of its downfall because the salts are continually being pushed deeper and deeper into the foundations of the castle through the moisture.
35:35And as that dries and it crystallizes, it just continues to grow and grow and that just pushes things apart.
35:41In the time of humans, this was barely noticeable.
35:46But over centuries, salt crystals slowly crack the cement.
35:51The area's relentless fog rusts the rebar and major earthquakes periodically shake the foundations.
36:00All you need, once you've got those crystals building up in there and you get those spaces in pockets, a major jolt from an earthquake and that's all it is.
36:09That's it. The building's gone.
36:12Now, the former haunt of Hollywood's rich and famous has reached the end of the road.
36:17A 7.2 earthquake rumbles through, several rusted girders fail and the huge towers fold into the building below.
36:28But this pales in comparison to what is coming.
36:35Earth is about to be visited by the most massive building collapse in its history.
36:41Two hundred and fifty years after people.
36:56In Dubai, the world's tallest building with its 1,000 empty apartments still towers 2,217 feet above the desert floor.
37:08Sandstorms and ocean humidity have shredded the Burj Khalifa's exterior, revealing a towering skeleton quaking in the wind.
37:17In a life after people, larger wind gusts would stress the building a little bit more, cracks would open up a little bit more.
37:25Now, one question becomes critical. Which will fail first, the columns of the building's top or bottom?
37:34There's a lot of stresses in that lower area that are subjected to the corrosive environment next to that salt water.
37:41And as concrete cracks and becomes stressed, one potential for the collapse is its connection at the base.
37:50A huge sandstorm blows in from the desert.
37:55The tallest tower mankind ever built keels over in the largest building collapse the planet has ever seen.
38:05Three hundred years after people.
38:19In a mine deep beneath Pennsylvania, the prized Corbis Photographic Archive has also succumbed to humanity's destruction.
38:27Its priceless historic photographs were meant to last thousands of years at sub-freezing temperatures.
38:34But conditions long ago warmed up.
38:37Once the generators run out of fuel, the refrigeration stops.
38:45The pictures that are lovingly stored there, carefully stored there, would begin to deteriorate.
38:55Instead of lasting 5,000 years, they might only last a few hundred.
39:09Ten thousand years after people.
39:12Across most of the world, the descendants of house cats have remained small,
39:18trapped in their ecological niche by the presence of larger cats like mountain lions.
39:26But under certain conditions, evolution is taking a dramatic turn.
39:33If domestic cats were isolated on an island where other cat species couldn't move in,
39:37couldn't move in the domestic cats would actually evolve to a bobcat size
39:42according to what actual prey is there for them to eat so if there's larger
39:48prey such as small deer the cats are going to rule they already are the top
39:53predator in most of the ecosystems that they inhabit so there's no reason why
39:57they're not going to take control once all the people are gone
40:0750 million years after people what has become of everything that made a house a home
40:17the answer is found compressed into a thin geologic strata buried a quarter of a mile
40:24deep in many places this human layer or strata of the geologic record is unique the strata that
40:32represents human existence would indeed look very different because it would be
40:38enriched with materials that are refined from the earth and concentrated by humans
40:44among these materials are the remnants of a common household substance plastic it won't dissolve the
40:55plastic will begin to lose hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and become more carbon rich it'll turn the
41:02from being clear it'll turn yellowish first and then brownish but no one really knows how long
41:08certain plastics can last especially when buried away from oxygen water and ultraviolet light
41:15could some future species excavating the human layer stumble upon a frayed toothbrush or the eerie
41:24figure of a plastic toy
41:27reminders of the lives once lived and the homes once cherished now buried in a narrow slice of earth's geologic record
41:37in a life after people
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