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00:00Imagine our planet without its people.
00:07Imagine that every single human being has simply disappeared.
00:12This isn't the story of how that might happen.
00:16It's the story of what happens to the world we leave behind.
00:23Now, in life after people.
00:25Do strong defenses mean ultimate survival?
00:30Or do the seemingly weak stand a better chance?
00:34Great warships come under renewed attacks.
00:38Farm animals fend for themselves.
00:41And a secret nuclear warhead takes aim at new targets on the ocean floor.
00:48Join us on a journey from the Mile High City
00:51to the bottom of the sea
00:54and to a desolate and deserted site in New York City.
01:00Welcome to Earth, population zero.
01:04Nothing on Earth was built tougher than the machinery of war.
01:21fighter jets.
01:26Battleships.
01:29And fortified bunkers.
01:33But will these defenses offer any protection in a life after people?
01:36Or will they be just as vulnerable as the most defenseless structures and creatures on Earth?
01:43Are you still alive?
01:45What are you still alive?
01:45What are you still alive?
01:46What are you still alive?
01:47What are you still alive?
01:52One day after people.
01:59In the depths of the Pacific ocean is a relic of the Cold War.
02:03A ticking time bomb.
02:11In 1968, the Soviet submarine K-129 sank under mysterious circumstances.
02:20It was carrying a mini-arsenal of nuclear weapons,
02:24including two nuclear torpedoes and three SSN-5 Serb missiles,
02:29each with a one-megaton warhead.
02:33In 1974, the CIA salvaged part of the submarine,
02:38but the rest of it, including the missiles, remains on the ocean floor,
02:44almost three miles down.
02:51As well as each warhead's seven-pound plutonium trigger,
02:54the missiles are packed with lithium deuteride,
02:57a solid compound that supplies the hydrogen in a hydrogen bomb.
03:01The grey, salt-like substance will explode if it touches water.
03:11When the submarine sank,
03:12at least one of the warheads may have been damaged.
03:15One day after people, their tough metal skins are still keeping out the water,
03:21at least for now.
03:221,800 miles to the southeast, the battleship Missouri sits quietly in Pearl Harbor
03:33on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.
03:35Permanently moored here as a museum ship since 1998,
03:42this was the last American battleship ever launched,
03:45and the last to be decommissioned.
03:48It's five feet longer and 18 feet wider than the Titanic.
03:51Launched in 1944, its decks witnessed the Japanese surrender in the Second World War.
04:05Its guns fired on their last targets in 1991 during Operation Desert Storm.
04:10The Missouri is well armed for fighting off enemy planes and ships.
04:23But down below deck, in the corner of the mess hall,
04:26is its key defence in a life after people.
04:36It's one of the control units for the Missouri's cathodic corrosion protection system.
04:43It prevents rust and corrosion by sending an electrical current
04:46to zinc rods attached to the steel of the hull.
04:50The electrically charged zinc draws corrosive reactions away from the steel.
04:55But this process is only effective when the metal is submerged.
04:59Above the water line, cleaning and painting are the only defences.
05:05Defences that were breaking down even during the time of people.
05:09Let me show you some examples of some of the rust on board the USS Missouri.
05:12A lot of the surface rust will happen pretty rapidly once the paint systems failed.
05:17If you look at a lot of your brackets,
05:19your supporting members that hold your ladders,
05:22your piping systems,
05:24eventually they're going to give way,
05:26and they'll crash or they'll fall on their foundations.
05:38Two days after people.
05:42Some of the world's most defenceless creatures face a world for which they are completely unprepared.
05:51There are nine million dairy cows in the United States alone,
05:55and they're used to being milked two or three times a day.
06:04But now, the dairy is empty and the milking machines have been turned off.
06:09Milk cows are incredibly dependent upon humans.
06:14As soon as we disappeared and they were off their schedule, their regular milking schedule, they'd be confused.
06:24When is someone going to come and get me and bring me into the milking parlor?
06:29When is someone going to bring me more food?
06:30They'd be mooing, vocalizing, trying to let us know that they need some attention.
06:39While some will develop infections of the udder, the pain and discomfort most suffer will only be temporary.
06:45Surprisingly, the vast majority of them would do what we call dry up, they would stop lactating.
06:54The milk that she retains in her udder would just absorb back into the body, and her system would tell her,
07:01Hey, time to stop producing milk. That would take about two weeks.
07:07But not all dairy cows are safe.
07:10Probably the animals that would be under the most stress, and would have the biggest problem if humans disappeared,
07:18would be the baby calves, because they're incredibly vulnerable and dependent upon humans.
07:23Baby calves had to be hand-fed by humans twice a day, because their mothers had been conditioned to mass-produce milk,
07:34and paid little attention to their young.
07:40Now, many adult cows are just as dependent on people for food.
07:45If the cattle could not get feed, they would wander around, they would look bewildered, they'd push against the gates.
07:51If they couldn't get the gates open, which they probably wouldn't be able to,
07:56they'd eventually become weaker, they'd lie down, and eventually, without the feed, they would die.
08:11It's three days after people.
08:134,000 fighter jets, bombers, and other aircraft lie in formation in the Arizona desert.
08:26But this phantom fleet is covered in a ghostly white.
08:29And it's not pilots, but coyotes that prowl these grounds.
08:38This is the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Centre.
08:43In the time of humans, it was a graveyard and storage facility for mostly military aircraft.
08:48The planes here are better prepared for a life after people than anywhere else on Earth.
09:01The stark white latex coatings, known as spray lat, is what keeps them in near-pristine condition.
09:07They're all around the cockpit, they're on the fuel cells.
09:13In the fuel tanks, the backbone appears, every screw has got a seal in it.
09:17Inside the internal fuel systems, those are seals in there.
09:21The seals keep out dust and rainwater, while the white colour reflects heat.
09:26The interiors of protected aircraft never rise more than 10 degrees above the outside temperature, no matter how harsh the sun.
09:43For these aircraft, the end won't come from the sun, but from the ground below.
09:56Four days after people.
10:07Near Pearl Harbor, the hands on the clock of the iconic Aloha Tower have come to a stop.
10:19Installed in 1926, the famous clock is driven by heavy weights, which have now reached the bottom of their cycle.
10:26A few days after people.
10:29Ordinarily, they are reset by electricity every two days.
10:33But power is now permanently out on the entire island.
10:40This also means the defeat of the USS Missouri's electrically powered rust protection system.
10:50Sea water now begins to eat away at its hull.
10:56And from the skies above, the Missouri comes under a new kind of aerial assault.
11:01Six months after people.
11:03The birds of Hawaii are flocking to their new favourite island.
11:09Birds certainly have no trouble getting to a place like that.
11:11They would treat it like any other small island.
11:12The birds bring new life to the decks of the Missouri, dropping undigested seeds that lodge into the ship's
11:14floor.
11:15Fifty-three-thousand square feet of wooden decks of wooden decks.
11:19The birds of Hawaii are flocking to their new favourite island.
11:26Birds certainly have no trouble getting to a place like that.
11:29They would treat it like any other small island.
11:33The birds bring new life to the decks of the Missouri,
11:36dropping undigested seeds that lodge into the ship's 53,000 square feet of wooden decks.
11:44The battleship Missouri, it has teak decks and so that's an organic start.
11:49You would get a build-up of soil and leaf litter just as you would any other place on land.
11:54It's all a matter of time.
11:58As the Missouri becomes the newest Hawaiian island,
12:02out in the Pacific, the metal casing on the Russian nuclear warhead is on its way to failure.
12:20It's 15 years into a life after people.
12:28In Pearl Harbor, the USS Missouri has reached the end of her rope.
12:33The ship is held to the pier with nylon mooring lines.
12:38If you notice, sir, this line here has a chink in it.
12:41After 15 to 20 years, the mooring lines will part,
12:44the ship will break away from its moor here in Pearl Harbor.
12:46As the lines snap, the mighty ship pulls away from the dock.
12:56Now adrift, what will be its fate?
13:0020 years after people.
13:15In the Arizona desert, the mummified aircraft waiting in an eternal holding pattern are showing signs of distress.
13:22Years of high winds have scattered these aircraft about like toys on a giant playground.
13:34In the time of humans, the planes had to be periodically realigned.
13:38Because these aircraft have a vertical stabilizer on it, the rudder,
13:44and makes the aircraft behave basically like a wind vane.
13:47We've had microbursts in the neighborhood of 120 miles an hour,
13:52which is enough to make most of these aircraft move around a little bit.
14:00The protective coatings on any planes that might be pulled back into service again also had to be maintained.
14:07Those that didn't receive this care suffered the consequences.
14:10This spray lat, as we see it right now, is really not serving its function anymore.
14:19Rainwater can get in under here and it can actually seep along the spray lat underneath the layer of protection.
14:27Now, after two decades without maintenance, every plane is taking a beating.
14:32The paint is wearing thin and rust is corroding the joints.
14:37The canopies are clouding from UV damage and fighter jet engines have become homes for birds.
14:47Wings on these aircraft are not likely to fall off.
14:50The wing structure is the strongest structure in the aircraft.
14:53It supports the aircraft when it's in flight and when it's on the ground, taking all the ground loads.
14:57So, in a life after people, you're likely to see the wings still attached to these aircraft long into the future.
15:05But these planes won't stay here long enough to lose their wings.
15:10What we're seeing here is an example of some of the erosion caused by rainwater runoff.
15:15This is something that's common to all the aircraft that are stored here.
15:19And the chances are very good that this sort of erosion could have occurred in a single storm.
15:27As the desert rains sculpt out soil from below, desert winds sweep in dust from above.
15:34The Earth begins to swallow what was once a mighty fleet.
15:47It's 25 years into a life after people.
15:50Three Russian nuclear missiles still sit on the bottom of the Pacific.
15:59Each one megaton warhead contains a substance that explodes on contact with water.
16:05The substance is sealed inside a tough metal casing, coated with a heat or high-stress atmospheric re-entry shield.
16:11But with the pressure of the deep ocean, even a small crack in one of the casings can be fatal.
16:2225 years after people, the sea begins to leak into one of the bombs.
16:29The explosion is muted by the same ocean pressure that opened the crack.
16:40Pressure the equivalent of being crushed by a 1.75 million pound weight.
16:48The bomb's plutonium would be scattered over a small area,
16:51and any sea creatures that came into contact with it would die of radiation poisoning.
17:07Thirty years after people.
17:10On land, most of the world's dairy cows have died out.
17:14Even those that found enough food on the farm, or were able to escape their pens,
17:20couldn't find a way to reproduce.
17:25In order to keep producing milk, dairy cows needed to be pregnant at least once a year.
17:32In the time of humans, this was frequently achieved through artificial insemination.
17:37Many dairy cows spent their whole lives without ever laying eyes on a bull.
17:45There were exceptions, and now these small pockets of surviving cows
17:50will begin a rapid evolutionary change that will take them back to the wild.
17:57Places like the plains of Colorado will make perfect grazing ground.
18:07In Colorado's capital city of Denver,
18:09the most distinctive building in the skyline is the 50-storey Wells Fargo Center.
18:18Built in 1983, it was nicknamed the Cash Register Building,
18:22after the unique curved shape of its glass-covered roof.
18:29The distinctive design of the structure actually posed a surprising problem.
18:33In the snowy climate of the Mile High City,
18:35engineers had to install heating coils in the roof
18:38to prevent snow from piling up and then sliding down the side of the building.
18:49With the coils no longer functioning,
18:51the building now wears a crown of icy snow
18:54that drips moisture into the floors below.
18:55Every now and then, the center of Denver is witness to an urban avalanche.
19:0345 years after people.
19:18Man's footprint on Earth is getting smaller by the day.
19:23It's a future that's already here,
19:25less than a mile off the coast of one of the biggest cities in the world.
19:29While Manhattan Island has a population of one and a half million people,
19:35nearby, North Brother Island has a population of zero.
19:45The first buildings were constructed here in the 1880s.
19:49The city-owned island served many purposes over the years.
19:54Housing returning Second World War veterans.
19:59Quarantining victims of infectious diseases.
20:04And later, treating drug addicts.
20:09These former residents have all left an unusual mark on the island's life after people.
20:18Behind me is a building that was built as an infectious disease hospital in 1943.
20:27It was actually used until 1964.
20:30By that point, the place where I'm standing was actually a broad, well-maintained boulevard that cut through the island.
20:38It was the island's main street.
20:40This hydrant is right in front of the hospital.
20:42And it actually stood right on the curve at the edge of the street.
20:47Underneath the plant life is where the pavement was.
20:51There's about an inch of soil here now.
20:53Took about 45 years to accumulate.
20:58Riverside Hospital on North Brother Island was commissioned in 1881.
21:05Demolished in the mid-20th century, a handful of its original buildings still remain.
21:10It was here, in 1907, that New York quarantined its most notorious carrier of an infectious disease.
21:22Typhoid Mary.
21:26Typhoid fever is a deadly disease, usually carried by unclean water.
21:31Massive outbreaks were becoming uncommon as sanitation improved, but Typhoid Mary was a special threat to New York.
21:38Mary Mallon was a cook, a so-called healthy carrier who spread the disease, but never became ill herself.
21:47She was officially blamed for infecting 53 people, though many believed her responsible for up to 1400 cases in all.
21:56She was confined to North Brother Island on two different occasions, the first in 1907.
22:05She eventually died on the island in 1938.
22:08Isolated from the city by water, North Brother Island was entirely dependent on boats to keep its population supplied with everything from food to fuel.
22:23This coal dock served North Brother Island until around 1960.
22:34The dock actually was the unloading point for barges that would bring coal here.
22:38Most of the planks are now missing, but there are giant iron bolts that are 10, 12 inches deep, and it gives you some idea of how deep the timbers were.
22:52We're actually standing on a concrete platform that is suspended over the waterway and over the beach with wooden piers, wooden pilings.
23:05The concrete has actually sunk and cracked because the pilings have started to deteriorate.
23:11Life was seldom easy in this place, where critically ill people hoped for cures from diseases that terrified the outside world.
23:28The structures that sheltered them are now in critical condition themselves.
23:32In the oldest of the brick buildings, decades of freeze-thaw cycles are prying walls apart.
23:44Inside, the old coal boilers are rusting away from moisture.
23:51While the rest of the hospital succumbs to the unchecked growth of insidious plant life.
23:56We're here at the entrance to the hospital.
23:58This served as a drug rehab centre.
24:02Patients had to be brought here. This is an island.
24:05Many of the plants that are growing here also had to be brought here.
24:12Invasive vines like kudzu, honeysuckle and Asiatic bittersweet have taken over the island.
24:18And in doing so, have given water birds a new home.
24:23The island represents critical nesting habitat.
24:26These types of birds don't just nest anywhere.
24:31They need a certain amount of protection, distance from predators.
24:36So North Brother Island is one of the few patches in New York State where these birds are able to nest.
24:42After diseases like TB and typhoid were well contained, the hospital became a sanitarium for people who needed a respite from their difficult lives.
24:55Before it was abandoned, open lawns and well tended grounds surrounded the buildings.
25:06In 45 years of neglect, the entire hospital appears to have gone into hiding.
25:11Believe it or not, these were the tennis courts in North Brother Island, Riverside Hospital.
25:17We're seeing 40 years worth of plant succession, naturalising the site, soil accumulation.
25:23We could just kick away some of the organic matter.
25:25We've got the asphalt, former surface.
25:30A layer of soil now covers the old tennis court, where battle-hardened veterans once tried to forget the horrors of war.
25:40Now, nature has attacked the asphalt with its own weapons.
25:46This is a Norway maple.
25:49It's growing around the post that held the tennis net.
25:52The seed probably dropped in a crack around 1964.
25:56It's growing for about 44 years.
25:59Could you imagine playing in a tennis court like this now?
26:01The island's web of vine has found its way inside the buildings as well.
26:11We're in one of Riverside Hospital's large general wards, originally built to house tuberculosis patients.
26:19It was never used for that purpose.
26:21The only thing alive here now is the porcelain berry.
26:23This has grown up from the ground up to this fourth floor, through this fourth floor window.
26:31Porcelain berry has been recorded to grow as much as a foot a day.
26:36That's almost fast enough to watch.
26:39During the 1950s and 60s, drug addicts were treated in the island's newest buildings.
26:56The artwork on the walls hints at their plight.
26:59It's 1964, and if you're a heroin addict going cold turkey, this is not a pleasant room to be in.
27:10The screen to my right is very thick and keeps the addicts inside from getting out the windows.
27:20The door to this room has a very narrow eye slot and a very large deadbolt.
27:29Once you're here, you're not getting out until they say you can.
27:38One piece of graffiti says, help me, I'm being held here against my will.
27:43Many others detail names and boroughs, places, streets from all over New York.
27:49Fifty years after people, no one remembers their names.
27:57The breakdown of the building's defences is most evident here in the piles of plaster dust accumulated at the base of most of its walls.
28:05Plaster is the softest of the building materials here, and so the first to go as the broken windows expose the interior to moisture.
28:13What's revealed underneath are the thick bricks used to isolate each room from the next.
28:23This building says to me that it was built for solitude, built for quiet.
28:28When the building was originally built, it was meant to be a tuberculosis sanatorium.
28:40Time has subverted the building's original purpose.
28:44What was originally a building meant for isolation and solitude is now a building that's a part of a cacophony of nature.
28:54And that's what happens after people.
28:56The open air is not the only place on earth where nature's tentacles are strangling what the humans have left behind.
29:07In shallow seas, once great warships are fighting a battle with ocean life.
29:13A battle they cannot win.
29:14It's 50 years after people.
29:31On the Hawaiian island of Oahu, the jungle has overtaken the roads leading into Pearl Harbor from nearby Honolulu.
29:37If you want to imagine what the roads of Honolulu would look like after people, all you have to do is come here to the old Pali Road.
29:45This one was closed in 1960, and here is the vestige of the center line.
29:50And the vegetation from the mountain has encroached all the way to that point.
29:55And further on down the road, it encroaches from both sides until just a narrow winding path remains between them.
30:0165 years after people.
30:14Even the toughest built relics of war have started to decay.
30:21Along the coast of France, silent guns, barbed wire and iron beach obstacles are succumbing to rust.
30:28In the time of humans, this could already be seen at the imposing artillery emplacements of Pont du Hoc, which overlooks the Normandy beaches.
30:45These emplacements are part of the Atlantic wall built by the Germans during the Second World War to keep the Allies out of Northern Europe.
30:52On the 6th of June, 1944, Pont du Hoc was pummeled by American forces during the massive D-Day invasion.
31:05The emplacement at Point du Hoc can be considered a military failure in terms of its ability to withstand the invasion from the sea.
31:13From a construction standpoint, it is a success.
31:15The structures are extremely durable, but they are starting to undergo some deterioration.
31:23Bunkers and gun emplacements all along the Normandy coast were built of concrete with steel reinforcing rods.
31:30Constructed during wartime with the threat of imminent invasion, corners were inevitably cut.
31:35Seashells were often added to the concrete mix, and in some cases, the concrete was not given enough time to cure before the bombs began to fall.
31:50These weaknesses left the bunkers vulnerable not just to bombs, but to future corrosion.
31:55Concrete typically deteriorates for a number of reasons.
32:00It can be reactive aggregates, reactive soil.
32:03It can be freeze-thaw cycles.
32:05And really none of those factors are present at Point du Hoc.
32:08The main problem in those structures has to do with the steel reinforcing itself.
32:15Moisture and salt in the air has entered the bunkers through pores and cracks in the concrete.
32:20This causes the steel reinforcing bars to corrode.
32:25They expand and crack the surrounding concrete.
32:30There's a wonderful example of what happens when steel corrodes.
32:34Right up here, you can see the concrete is cracked and the resulting deterioration of this steel reinforcing.
32:41You can see the expansive rust on the steel that causes the deterioration.
32:44That's very repairable, but in a life after people, that corrosion would continue causing failure of that structure.
32:55The Romans used concrete to build some of their monumental structures long before the invention of steel reinforcing rods.
33:03This seeming weakness actually gives them an advantage in a life after people.
33:09In a life after people, concrete, if it's unreinforced, may actually survive longer.
33:17For instance, the Pantheon in Rome, 20-foot-thick lower walls.
33:21But it's an unreinforced structure and has survived for nearly 2,000 years.
33:26Whereas the structures at Point du Hoc have the reinforcing and the potential for steel corrosion
33:31that will probably progress in a life after people at a faster rate than a structure that's even 2,000 years old.
33:46It's 70 years after people.
33:48In Pearl Harbor, the ship that was once the pride of the US fleet is now under a cover of green.
33:58A blanket of shrubs and grasses consumes the decks of the USS Missouri.
34:03Vines creep up the topside structures and over the massive 16-inch guns.
34:07Although its mooring line snapped long ago, the Missouri hasn't drifted far from its crumbling dock.
34:18The mud of the shallow harbor bottom has kept the 45,000-ton Colossus close to shore.
34:26Surprisingly, the Missouri is deteriorating faster above the water line than below.
34:32We know this because of diving explorations to the nearby ruin of the battleship USS Arizona,
34:4170 years after it sank during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
34:51After decades under water, the exposed parts of the Arizona have become heavily rusted.
34:56But below the water line, the hull has been preserved by an army of multicolored sponges, featherworms and corals.
35:06Basically, the incrustation is like a scab that covers the ship.
35:11It actually protects the ship from corrosion, slows the corrosion rates down.
35:16So when the incrustation is present, the corrosion rates are much lower.
35:19And while marine life forms a protective layer on the Arizona's steel hull,
35:26the ship's wooden deck is covered with a layer of silt and sediment that offers its own protection.
35:32The wood-boring organisms, which would normally have deteriorated the deck, have been kept out.
35:38And so the teak decks are very well preserved.
35:41If you brush away the silt just a little bit, they're smooth and hard and look like they did on December 7, 1941,
35:46when the sailors were walking the decks.
35:5270 years after it sank, it was estimated that the Arizona still held 500,000 gallons of oil,
35:59much of it trapped in the ship's fuel tanks and submerged compartments.
36:06Two gallons of oil leak from the ship every day, drifting to the surface like a slowly bleeding wound.
36:16Will this be the fate of the USS Missouri?
36:21Or will it chart its own course of destruction in a life after people?
36:26And back in Denver, the biggest avalanche is yet to come.
36:30It's now 200 years after people.
36:43Stripped of its defences, Denver's cash register building has repeatedly unleashed great avalanches onto the streets below.
36:52The next avalanche will not be of snow, but steel.
37:01In the time of humans, engineers at Colorado State University studied the many different ways skyscrapers can collapse.
37:10In this model, the heavy steel plates represent the floors of the building.
37:20The comparatively weak, thin wooden dowels represent the weakened state of a corroded frame.
37:26If an upper storey collapses, it can cause a violent cascade.
37:30When the top floor of the building releases from the columns, its total weight is moving due to gravity.
37:46But by the time it hits the floor just directly below it, it has a force twice its own weight.
37:55And that effect would just increase and increase as the floors go down.
38:00The building, as tall as the Wells Fargo building in downtown Denver, could have this cascading effect perhaps 200 years in time.
38:09Outside Denver, on the Colorado Prairie, the descendants of domestic cattle have carved out a new way of life.
38:30The future cattle would be a very, very different kind of animal than we see on the pastures and hillsides right now.
38:41It would be smaller, more fleet, more agile, able to escape from predators quite a bit more effectively.
38:49It would take on a lot of characteristics like deer.
38:51Even more striking are the herds of bison on the prairie.
38:59Before man hunted them to near extinction, there were as many as 60 million of these massive beasts roaming America.
39:06By the 21st century, that population had dwindled to 350,000.
39:10Supremely fit for this terrain, 200 years without people has allowed their numbers to explode.
39:22Once again, the buffalo can roam.
39:31250 years after people.
39:33In Pearl Harbor, the decks of the battleship USS Missouri still rise above the waterline.
39:43But water is penetrating the hull.
39:46If you look on the waterline, you'll see a series of rivet heads.
39:50And the rivets are the weakest link in the ship.
39:53As they rust, they'll fail, and water will start entering inside of the tanks, and it'll start flooding the ship.
39:59As it takes on water, the ship sinks deeper into the mud.
40:08The ship's deck will remain ten feet above water, allowing the elements to continue to wear away her superstructure.
40:15How long will the Missouri's hull remain intact?
40:18Tests conducted on the USS Arizona in 2008 and 2009 determined that its hull will take another 300 years to fully deteriorate.
40:37Built nearly 30 years later, the Missouri is a far more advanced warship.
40:41With an outer hull 17 inches thick in places, engineers estimate the ship could hold together for an astonishing 20,000 years.
40:56Becoming a new home for generations of tropical fish.
41:00A wrecked warship serving as an artificial reef is not a new concept.
41:05In 2006, the U.S. Navy intentionally sank the retired aircraft carrier, the USS Oriskany, off the coast of Florida.
41:17It took less than 45 minutes to slip beneath the waves, and at roughly 900 feet long, it became one of the largest artificial reefs in the world.
41:26Within a matter of months, it was teeming with ocean creatures, including 38 species of fish.
41:39The Oriskany became known as the Great Carrier Reef.
41:48Around the world, the armed and the defenceless soldier on.
41:52Some have shown surprising resilience.
41:56Others have suffered from hidden weaknesses that have brought them to their knees.
42:01On the bottom of the sea, along coastal bluffs and on desert flats, the battle quietly continues.
42:09In a life after people.
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