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00:00What would happen if every human being on Earth disappeared?
00:10This isn't the story of how that might happen.
00:14It's the story of what happens to the world we leave behind.
00:21In this episode of Life After People,
00:24invasive plants and predators are ready to strike.
00:30Pythons and alligators clash in deadly turf battles.
00:38Water weeds grow like cancers, stealing vital supplies of oxygen.
00:43And dust storms the size of mountains pummel defenceless cities.
00:49Join us on a journey to the future of cities on the edge of collapse
00:54and a village where nature has already taken over.
00:57Welcome to Earth. Population Zero.
01:02Humans have always battled invaders from nature, keeping thousands of invasive plants and animals at bay.
01:12But without people to fight them, they overrun old habitats.
01:16How long will it be until these invasive species conquer the world?
01:19Without us, the immediate change in the natural world would be, you'd have to call it explosive.
01:26It's almost difficult to imagine the scale and the magnitude at which it would take place.
01:33One day after people, the invaders are on the move.
01:36In the 2,500 square miles of marsh
02:06and swamps that make up Florida's Everglades,
02:09the ancient domain of the alligators is being attacked
02:12by other cold-blooded giants, Burmese pythons.
02:16In 2008, more than 300 pythons were captured in the Everglades,
02:21just a small fraction of the estimated 30,000
02:24believed to be slithering through the swamps.
02:27Burmese pythons were first brought to Florida as exotic pets,
02:30but many were set loose by owners
02:32who could no longer control the rapidly growing snakes.
02:36You start off feeding them mice, then rats, then rabbits,
02:40and then you have to figure out what you want to feed them,
02:42five or six rabbits, or where do you get food for your snake?
02:47The flesh-eating invaders, some as long as 25 feet,
02:51steal prey from the native alligators.
02:57In the time of humans, teams of government trappers
02:59would catch and remove them.
03:02Without people, there would be no check.
03:06With no humans to control their spread,
03:08can anything stop the pythons?
03:12There are more than 4,000 invasive species in the United States alone,
03:17killer plants as well as animals.
03:21An invasive species is an organism, whether it's a plant or an animal,
03:26that comes from another region, usually another continent,
03:29and they have no natural predators, competitors, or parasites
03:32in the new habitat that they occupy.
03:35And so they're able to expand very quickly and become invasive.
03:39Just one week after people, rivers and lakes from Florida to Texas are dying,
03:55as invasive weeds from South America multiply with no humans to clear them away.
04:00One plant, the water hyacinth, is a pretty purple flower with a dark side.
04:09It sucks the oxygen out of the water, which doesn't allow native species,
04:13especially fish, to survive and thrive.
04:15So it could double its population in any given habitat in a week to two weeks.
04:21Only people could control their spread.
04:24Now the invasive species are winning the battle by forfeit.
04:31Some of the most aggressive invaders are also the smallest.
04:37400,000 species of microscopic bacteria and mold spores attack everything that was once alive.
04:45Many of these organisms are so small, 250,000 could fit on the head of a pin,
04:51and they live everywhere, devouring everything in their path.
04:56Organic matter, food, wood, and the carcasses of animals left behind in the absence of man.
05:04Predators of the dead, large and small, are feasting.
05:08Usually the first insects that'll be attracted to the body within a matter of minutes are flies.
05:14They can smell dead body from miles away.
05:17After a few days, then you start having other insects that are more carnivorous.
05:25Other vermin attack living animals, including millions of dogs who depended on humans to keep them healthy,
05:31and who now must fend for themselves.
05:34Some breeds fare better than others.
05:44Ten days into a life after people.
05:53Some greyhounds have escaped from the more than 40 dog tracks around the United States.
06:00In Florida, one group is now roaming free.
06:05Often fed raw meat to increase their competitive instinct when chasing mechanical rabbits,
06:14the escaped greyhounds are now hunting live rabbits, as well as rats.
06:21These dogs track with their eyes, not their noses.
06:27Well, greyhounds are sighthounds, and they're used to hunting down their prey by running.
06:32They also scavenge for food.
06:37But this often requires cooperation, and greyhounds have been trained to beat their competitors at any cost.
06:49The dogs would begin to compete for that resource between each other.
06:53So there's going to be aggression, lots of fighting.
06:58The streamlined greyhounds have thin skins and are easily injured.
07:05For them, the race to survive will be short-lived.
07:14While greyhounds clash in Florida, tiny invaders are attacking New York.
07:23The Asian longhorn beetle arrived in New York from China in the mid-1990s,
07:28probably stowed away in some cargo.
07:34They quickly started chomping on the trees of New York City, requiring a massive eradication effort.
07:41They've got the beetle cornered, they've got it down on its last of its six legs,
07:45but if people suddenly disappeared, that beetle would again begin to spread.
07:50And of the five million trees presently in New York City,
07:552.4 million of them are susceptible to the Asian longhorn beetle.
08:02The larvae of these inch-and-a-half long insects are miniature biofuel factories.
08:07Fungus in their gut somehow helps them convert wood into energy.
08:11This is so unique that scientists have studied them to discover how we might derive ethanol from trees.
08:20Once they get into the heart of the tree, they start boring along the length of the branches,
08:26and they create these dime-sized holes running along the length.
08:29Now, you can imagine if you've got one dime-sized hole through a 12-inch branch or trunk, it's not a big deal.
08:36You get 30 of them, and all of a sudden that trunk is a lot weaker.
08:41You get 50 or 100, and it's hanging on by a few shreds of wood,
08:45and the first snowstorm or windstorm that comes along knocks your tree down.
08:48Invasive species and extreme forces are beginning to reshape cities around the world.
08:57From India to China, from the beaches of Miami to the outer reaches of the Florida Keys,
09:04and right over the Grand Canyon.
09:07And across the desert, Phoenix, Arizona will face a cascading series of disasters.
09:18One month after people.
09:24The disaster begins as Phoenix is invaded by a heat wave set in motion by the people who once lived here.
09:31By paving the desert, the builders of Phoenix increased the area's average temperature by 15 degrees Fahrenheit.
09:39It's been as hot as 122 degrees here in Phoenix at our airport with the tarmac just blazing.
09:48Concrete absorbs about 60% of the sun's heat and light.
09:54But asphalt can absorb 95%, and because of its density, retains much of that heat even after dark.
10:02We have what we call an urban heat island.
10:06When the sun goes down, and that air is trying to lift from the pavement, it still stays really, really warm.
10:11That heat speeds up the evaporation of the area's precious supply of water.
10:19In the time of humans, people made the desert bloom with treated wastewater.
10:23This lake behind us is a man-made lake built by bulldozers coming in, laying down rubber, plastic materials,
10:34and then adding more water to keep the lake at a constant level.
10:38So this is the water that comes from your dishwashers, your shower, your sinks.
10:42It goes to the treatment plant, and then it is treated and then used for landscaping, for irrigation,
10:46and discharged also to many of the rivers.
10:51But without people, the wastewater plants have all shut down.
10:56Things are going to die, and it's going to get pretty brown around here very quickly.
11:04If the wastewater treatment plants stopped operating in a Phoenix without people,
11:08thousands of these man-made lakes would dry up within a matter of weeks.
11:24Six months after people.
11:28The Phoenix lakes have evaporated.
11:32Next will be the rivers.
11:34The riverbeds will be so dry that the sand will blow away, and the riparian vegetation, the trees, the animals, would die from lack of water.
11:46In a world without people, the desert will regain its territory.
11:51As Arizona dries up, water floods other cities and undermines great towers.
12:05While elsewhere, alligators fight to defend their territory from the invading pythons.
12:11What will happen when these monsters clash?
12:14It's one year into a life after people.
12:31Alligators still rule the Everglades.
12:35But the invasion of Burmese pythons is heating up.
12:39And pythons have the advantage of size.
12:44The pythons can get very large, 25 feet in length.
12:49They eat just about anything they can catch.
12:51Anything includes alligators.
12:54In 2005, researchers in the Everglades discovered the aftermath of a grizzly attack
13:00in which an eight-foot alligator had been devoured by a 14-foot Burmese python.
13:05That says something.
13:07If this python is so hungry that it's going to eat an eight-foot alligator, only six feet less than its length, then it's pretty hungry.
13:16But alligators don't give up without a fight.
13:19What happened in that image was the alligator was eaten.
13:23It was such a huge and uncharacteristically large meal.
13:25This python couldn't move after he ate it.
13:28And another alligator came along and bit a hole in the python.
13:34A year after people, the half a million native alligators still outnumber the 30,000 invasive pythons.
13:41But they will not do so forever.
13:43Eventually the pythons will outgrow the alligator and become our top predator.
13:52All around the world, invasive predators and extreme forces are transforming our cities.
13:59In Shanghai, the Oriental Pearl Tower rises 1,535 feet into the sky along the Huangpu River.
14:09The third tallest TV and radio tower in the world, it also housed a hotel, a shopping mall and a revolving restaurant.
14:17In the time of humans, more than 3,000 high-rises were built in Shanghai in less than 20 years.
14:24By 2003, the weight of the buildings was making Shanghai sink by more than half an inch a year.
14:30In a life after people, an invasion of water from the river may be the tower's greatest threat.
14:47Five years after people.
14:49Like Shanghai, Miami's fate is tied to an invasion of water.
14:54Beneath the waves that are eating away at Miami's coastline, dolphins that once swam among humans
15:02will learn to use remnants of human civilization in their new lives.
15:07Dolphins have used human debris that they find to go fishing through the bottom mud looking for crustaceans.
15:16They may use our debris as tools, but will their experience with humans live on in other ways?
15:28The center of Miami has a lot of new tenants.
15:32Birds have taken over apartment buildings, seeking secure places to lay their eggs.
15:36Chimpanzees have escaped from a local zoo, and have followed the birds into the tower, where they feast on their eggs.
15:51Setting the stage for a startling evolutionary breakthrough.
15:56While most chimpanzees greedily eat every egg, a few take a more long-term approach.
16:02All you need is one little breakthrough.
16:06A brilliant chimp, who said, let's let the birds keep one set of eggs.
16:19By doing this, the chimps ensure that new generations of birds will hatch to continue supplying them with eggs.
16:26The chimps also protect their birds from the feral cats that hunt in the buildings' hallways.
16:32If they passed on that trait of defending the towers, and protecting the birds, and only taking as much as they needed while letting the birds thrive,
16:41then this tribe might start down a road that could rapidly evolve.
16:48And so apes take the first steps towards animal husbandry, one of the basic aspects of human civilization, and a keystone to the development of higher intelligence.
17:00Ten years after people.
17:17Phoenix is bone dry, and the surrounding desert threatens to wipe it off the map.
17:22This may have happened before, leading to the end of another civilization.
17:34Modern Phoenix was built on a 600-mile complex of irrigation ditches left by Native Americans called the Hohokam, who disappeared around the year 1400.
17:44The disappearance of the Hohokam people still remains a mystery.
17:51What is believed is that there was either a drought, a massive flood, or a famine that happened, and completely wiped these people off the face of the planet.
17:59A population that may have been as high as 50,000 completely disappeared.
18:06Now, the remnants left by Phoenix's 1.5 million inhabitants are vulnerable to the same devastating forces.
18:19Phoenix faces recurrent invasions from summertime torrents of soil, sand, and dust called habub, meaning sandstorm in Arabic.
18:27A huge dust storm, like what you only see in the movies, but it happens here in Phoenix.
18:39A habub can be as wide as 60 miles and as tall as 3,500 feet.
18:46Imagine clear skies, looking off in the distance and seeing a wall of brown.
18:51And then all of a sudden you find yourself in the midst of darkness, you have dust, rocks, sand, what looks like a brown cloud.
19:02Man-made rivers and irrigation canals have long vanished.
19:13Topsoil is dry and loose, adding more dust to the wind and making dust storms in a life after people more lethal than before.
19:21Imagine Phoenix without people when one of these dust storms come through.
19:28We have these massive buildings in central Phoenix.
19:31They stand hundreds of feet tall.
19:33The buildings would be blown out by rocks.
19:35Acres of dust invade the broken buildings.
19:40Office floors become deserts.
19:45But they're only dry for a while.
19:50Because after the dust storms come the monsoon rains, triggered by the heat rising from the Phoenix pavement.
20:04When the monsoons come in the summer, it's very dramatic.
20:08There's many tornadoes, downdrafts from all these big storms that can rip out all of these trees in a matter of moments.
20:18The driving rains, sand and dust fill derelict buildings with mud.
20:26In the time of humans, emergency services would have cleared the debris.
20:30With people gone, the mud fills the offices of Phoenix's business district, creating another problem.
20:40Mud is heavier than soil, and if there's too much mud, the buildings won't survive for much longer.
20:4620 years after people.
21:04Giant swathes of Miami are being buried by aggressively growing invasive plants.
21:09Brazilian pepper was brought in because it's red and green for Christmas time.
21:14So it was brought in as an ornamental plant.
21:17Unfortunately, the birds like to eat its seeds and disperse it.
21:21With no one to stop its spread, the Christmas decoration is a year-round threat to cities.
21:27In life without humans, in 20 years, you may not even be able to see the houses behind the Brazilian pepper,
21:33which grow tall enough to overtop houses.
21:36The Miami area would really look like a jungle.
21:38The Brazilian pepper is joined in its attack by invading waves of ligodium, a climbing vine from Australia that can grow to 100 feet.
21:51In the absence of people, with time, weathering would make cracks in all kinds of human structures, and just a teeny little spore of the climbing fern could seed in there and then grow up an entire building, for example, or across a bridge.
22:08Perhaps 50 years, in the absence of humans, you would get entire structures covered by vines.
22:16Over time, they'd be pulling buildings and bridges and other human structures down.
22:22In a life after people, the invaders are on the march.
22:31One village on earth was abandoned 65 years ago, because of an invasion of a different kind.
22:4065 years into a life after people, nature continues to invade man's structures, pulling down roofs and tearing apart walls.
23:00Nestling in a Dorset Valley is the lost village of Tynum, where time has stood still.
23:15People lived and farmed here for more than 5,000 years.
23:20In 1939, war broke out.
23:23In December 1943, when the war office needed more land for firing practice, the 252 residents were asked to leave, albeit temporarily, and were told they could return at the end of the war.
23:45The farmers basically sold everything, and they left, so it was actually really sad.
23:50The very, very last person to go out was the lady of the manor, and she pinned a notice onto the church door as she left.
24:00We have given up our homes, where many of us have lived for generations, to help win the war to keep men free.
24:06We will return one day, and thank you for treating the village kindly.
24:14It was thought that people would be allowed back, but with the onset of the Cold War in the late 40s,
24:19and 50s, the armies decided to retain the land.
24:27In 1948, the war office took out a compulsory purchase order on the land.
24:32The village has been empty ever since, invaded by the natural world.
24:38Stone farmhouses built in the early 19th century show how time and the seasons can destroy what humans have built.
24:46This is a typical English farmhouse that's been abandoned for about six decades or so, and the processes of neglect have been allowed to happen.
24:59You can see here how the timber lintel has been attacked by woodworm, dry rot.
25:10It's split at a critical point near to the support, and already the stone above is leaning precariously on the point of collapse.
25:19Within a few years or so, that'll have collapsed to the floor.
25:26And you can see from the condition of the loose bricks and stones on the ground, that that process has already taken place in other parts of the building.
25:35The walls have fallen in as they've lost their support.
25:38In another few hundred years, this will just be a mound of brick and stone.
25:46Tynum bears the scars of an aggressive invader.
25:50The building behind me is severely damaged, as you can see.
25:54Now this is not rotting wood or high winds, the normal agents of decay causing this.
25:59It's the work of a creature that can claw through three feet of earth in less than a minute, the European badger.
26:09What the badgers have done is burrow underneath the very walls of the building to such an extent that there has been a significant collapse in a number of parts of the building.
26:20Badgers are among the world's fastest diggers and have been known to create tunnel systems as much as a thousand feet long.
26:30Now this gable wall is about three feet thick.
26:35The original builders must have thought it would last forever.
26:38And if the badgers continue to extend their property, they will eventually destroy the property erected by the previous occupants, the humans.
26:50It could last for another 50 years, 60 years before the badgers finally cause the building to collapse.
26:59Creatures more rare than badgers also call Tynum home.
27:04In the absence of humans and their poisons and pesticides, animals are thriving.
27:11It has become a sanctuary for many, many species of birds and animals, and also butterflies.
27:16There's one animal that actually protects Tynum from complete conquest.
27:23The army allows grazing sheep from nearby farms to keep the grass short.
27:29Without the sheep, the valley would begin to return to its ancient condition.
27:34Nature would take over.
27:35All the short grass would revert to very coarse grasses.
27:40That would be succeeded by gorse, bramble, scrub.
27:45And that, eventually, would be succeeded by trees.
27:48So we would become a woodland.
27:50And much of Britain, of course, a thousand years ago, was woodland.
27:53The timber posts will rot and fall.
27:59The barbed wire will take hundreds of years to corrode,
28:02but eventually the iron and carbon will be reabsorbed into the earth,
28:07from where they originally came.
28:09In several thousand years, geological processes will complete the invasion of Tynum.
28:14Eventually, soil will be blown in. Trees will take root.
28:23And the only evidence of a former community would be capable of being gained by excavating down
28:29to find the remnants of these stone buildings.
28:33But otherwise, it will look like native countryside.
28:35Around the world, the forces of destruction are gaining the upper hand,
28:45as man's works are overthrown by hurricanes and invasive species.
29:00Seventy years into a life after people.
29:03These are the last days of Shanghai's Oriental Pearl Tower.
29:12In the time of humans, it dominated the skyline of China's largest city.
29:17A skyline that has sunk 35 inches under its own weight since man disappeared.
29:22Now the waters of the Huangpu River have flooded the streets,
29:34and even though the Pearl's three concrete and composite support columns
29:37are thrust more than 100 feet into the ground,
29:41that foundation is rotting away.
29:43The columns lean one way, the spire another.
29:48Under the unbearable strain, the former pride of Shanghai cracks and falls.
29:53And falls.
30:07100 years after people.
30:08The seven-mile bridge once connected Miami and the Florida Keys.
30:16But 100 years of storms and hurricanes have weakened some of the 440 concrete sections.
30:22Sending parts falling into the ocean until the span looks like a row of broken teeth.
30:35In Phoenix, the 90 square block business district, once the financial center of Arizona, is a chaos of mud and debris.
30:48Think about the dust that comes through with our sandstorms and then the rain that comes through to form mud.
30:55That would build year after year.
30:58Then this place would certainly look a lot different than it does today.
31:05Mud-filled floors crash and tumble, and the piled-up debris collapses the towers from within.
31:19The tower's shattered glass will be taken up by the next great sandstorm and sliced through other structures.
31:27Until Phoenix is desolate.
31:31While some of man's structures fall from above, others are eaten from below.
31:37In the time of humans, more than 1,000 miles of man-made earthen barriers controlled flooding in the Everglades.
31:49But thousands of sailfin catfish, descendants of pets brought from South America in the 1970s,
31:55have invaded the dikes and levees, digging three-foot deep burrows to lay their eggs.
32:03So you have a dike, and you have the catfish down here.
32:07This is this year, that's the next year, that's the next year, and eventually, obviously, the dike can fail.
32:12As the barriers break, dry areas become swampland.
32:16Even an outpost as seemingly permanent as the Kennedy Space Center teeters on the edge of a marshy swamp.
32:31Even in the time of humans, alligators were always at its gates,
32:35and launchpads from the dawn of space exploration were already abandoned and rusting.
32:39Now, the remaining structures and rockets are the victims of repeated South Florida hurricanes.
32:50And the only creatures waiting to launch from here are hungry vultures.
32:55One hundred and ninety-six miles up the coast, Miami has run out of beach.
33:05It's a reversal of fortune for a place that began life around 1914,
33:11when developers began filling in over two and a half thousand acres of mangrove swamp
33:15around a narrow coastal sandbar to create a high-class beach resort.
33:21But the creation of Miami Beach contained the seeds of its destruction.
33:26As coastal structures are constructed, it interrupts the natural flow of sand along the coastline of South Florida.
33:33And it produces a deficit of sand, and that requires extensive replenishment.
33:41By the late 20th century, so much of the coast had been eaten away that some hotels lost 80% of their beachfront.
33:48In a battle against time and the Atlantic, in the early 1970s, engineers brought in millions of tons of new sand.
33:59One century after people, the invading ocean is unopposed, as it swallows the foundations of once luxurious hotels.
34:09You expect that after a hundred years or longer, those buildings would start to collapse.
34:14The former hotels fall into each other, before finally toppling into the waiting grasp of the Atlantic.
34:32Even greater changes are in store.
34:35What does the future hold for man's most gravity-defying and supposedly eternal structures?
34:40Which invaders prevail, and what will be man's ultimate legacy?
34:59150 years after people, Burmese pythons dominate the Everglades, and they've invaded fresh territories.
35:06Capable of living in more varied climates than alligators, and even able to climb trees, the pythons now dominate the lower 40% of what was once the United States.
35:18200 years after people, cities like Phoenix barely exist.
35:37Elsewhere in Arizona, some desert structures still stand, but not for long.
35:42The Skywalk, unveiled in 2007, is a 4-inch-thick, 70-foot-long glass plate set 4,000 feet above the Grand Canyon, anchored with 500 tons of steel beams, 2 1⁄2 inches thick.
35:58It used to be checked every day for cracks and floors, but in a life after people, 200 years of corrosion have rotted away the steel supports.
36:15This bridge is beautifully built, but one would expect that without constant maintenance, it would come apart from its moorings.
36:28It takes the Skywalk only 15 seconds to plummet to the canyon floor.
36:46In Miami, the skyline is gone. Only a few rusted girders still point skywards.
36:52Now living in Florida's subtropical jungle, these chimpanzees are the descendants of those that for 20 generations occupied one of the city's man-made towers,
37:07where they learned how to farm eggs, eating what they needed and allowing the rest to hatch to produce more birds and more eggs.
37:15It was once thought that humans were the only species that could pass on learned behavior and traditions to subsequent generations.
37:25But research in the late 20th and early 21st centuries showed that chimpanzees share this ability, setting the stage for the possibility that these chimps may forge a civilization of their own.
37:37One could envision a scenario in which chimps who ran out of these buildings started building their own towers as a way to protect and farm the birds, building platforms high in trees to attract the birds.
37:55You'd have the beginnings of construction in a new species.
38:02If they used what was left of our culture, our buildings, our roads, our bridges, to develop a trick that gave just one smart tribe a leg up toward a somewhat civilized way of life, it could be our last gift, our sort of payback.
38:21Whether or not this chimpanzee tribe completes the multi-million year evolutionary journey that led to the first humans, the use of tools and domesticated animals could make these apes the dominant life forms in Florida's future.
38:37Long after skyscrapers in cities like Shanghai have crumbled, other sites remain.
38:53Although it appears eternal, time is running out for the Taj Mahal.
38:58This world-famous building in the city of Agra was built in the 17th century by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.
39:07Although it has marble walls 15 feet thick in places, it stands on clay over India's most dangerous seismic zone.
39:17As a giant quake liquefies the clay soil, the minarets fall away and the stone and marble collapse.
39:302,000 years after people.
39:51The desert that has buried Phoenix has itself been transformed.
39:582,000 years of rain and snow have recharged the water table, bringing the underground aquifer to the surface and feeding the rivers again.
40:07With no humans using the water, Phoenix is a vast savannah, just as it was after the last ice age.
40:16It would be a beautiful, lush paradise of wild creatures.
40:25They will return and thrive in the desert.
40:35Beasts that once avoided people hunt as though they never existed.
40:40The animals have forgotten humans.
40:43Or have they?
40:47Would anybody talk about us after we're gone?
40:54In the waters of Florida, the descendants of dolphins that once shared these waters with humans now frolic.
41:02Is it possible that they have legends and stories of the times when strange mammals swam with their ancestors?
41:08Dolphins certainly communicate using sound.
41:13If they tell stories about us, it's more in the sense of sonar images.
41:17An impression that these people on land used to give me a lot of fish.
41:22I imagine that we would fill the niche that in a lot of our tales are filled by the gods.
41:30The legendary creatures who could bridge the chasms.
41:34It's an interesting notion.
41:39While dolphins were native to these waters, many of the creatures that thrive in the absence of humans will be invaders from other lands.
41:47So while buildings and infrastructure might degrade over time or the footprint of humanity may disappear,
41:54I believe the introduction of exotic species is forever.
41:57And it will permanently change the landscape.
42:00I believe this is man's legacy.
42:02Old habitats have new rulers.
42:09Familiar landscapes have been transformed.
42:14Man's works have fallen.
42:17When the invasions are complete, there will be no thanks from the victors or blame from the defeated.
42:23Every species that remains will fight.
42:27For land.
42:29For survival.
42:31For life.
42:32After people.
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