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The Roman numeral system (or simply Roman numerals) originated in Ancient Rome and was used throughout the Roman Empire. It consists of seven uppercase letters from the Latin alphabet: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.

To represent other numbers, we combine these symbols starting with the one of highest value, following these rules:

Addition: Symbols of lower or equal value placed to the right are added to the higher value.

Subtraction: Symbols of lower value placed to the left are subtracted from the higher value.

For example, XI represents 10 + 1 = 11, while XC represents 100 - 10 = 90.

There is also an additional rule: a symbol cannot be repeated side-by-side more than three times. So, to represent 300, we can use CCC; however, to represent 400, we need to write CD.
O sistema de numeração romana, algarismos romanos ou números romanos desenvolveu-se na Roma Antiga, e foi utilizado em todo o Império Romano. É composto por sete letras maiúsculas do alfabeto latino: I, V, X, L, C, D e M.
Para representar outros números, são escritos alguns algarismos, começando do algarismo de maior valor e seguindo a seguinte regra:
Algarismos de menor ou igual valor à direita são somados ao algarismo de maior valor;
Algarismos de menor valor à esquerda são subtraídos do algarismo de maior valor.
Assim, XI representa 10 + 1 = 11, enquanto XC representa 100-10 = 90. Há ainda a regra adicional de que um algarismo não pode ser repetido lado a lado por mais de três vezes. Assim, para representar 300, podemos usar CCC; para representar 400, entretanto, precisamos escrever CD.
Transcrição
00:00The Colosseum is an amphitheater built during Ancient Rome and is a historical landmark.
00:12The city of Rome, now the capital of Italy, was the seat of a great empire.
00:19which extended from Europe, Asia and Africa.
00:24And if you're watching this video and thinking it's a history lesson about Rome,
00:30You are mistaken, because here we will be talking about the Roman numeral system.
00:37which is also, in a way, a history lesson about Rome,
00:41but from the perspective of the number system, addressing a mathematical concept.
00:47So, you can subscribe to the channel, leave a like, and share our videos.
00:53and not miss any classes here on the channel.
00:56During this empire, under the influence of Greek culture,
01:01The Romans developed a numbering system that is still used today to indicate, for example,
01:08book chapters, centuries, titles of kings and popes, and other things.
01:15This system uses seven well-known symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.
01:28As you can see, let's take a look at this chart and see the correspondence relationship.
01:35between the Roman and Indo-Arabic numeral systems.
01:39At first glance, Roman numeral symbols appear to have been inspired by capital letters of the Latin alphabet.
01:52But the symbols we know today do not represent their initial forms.
01:57which had nothing to do with the letters of the alphabet.
02:01For example, observe.
02:05The number 1 was represented by a raised finger.
02:09The number 2 was represented by two raised fingers.
02:13The number 3 is represented by three raised fingers.
02:17The four by four fingers.
02:19The 5 for a full hand.
02:22The drawing of the fingers began to be done with separate lines.
02:25The drawing of the complete hand, which represented the number 5, was simplified.
02:31And it resembled the shape of the letter V.
02:35For example, 10 is equal to 5 plus 5.
02:39It was represented by two hands.
02:43One facing upwards and the other facing downwards.
02:47In other words, observe.
02:49It ended up looking like the letter X.
02:51Let's look at the chart I'm about to show you to see how to write numbers in Roman numerals.
03:03Number 1 is I.
03:06The number 2 is the two I's.
03:09The number 3 is 3 I.
03:11Now look at number 4.
03:12We have the letter V, which is the 5, and we have the letter I before the V.
03:17In other words, it's as if you were subtracting 1 from 5, which equals 4.
03:23As you can see, the 5 is V itself.
03:27As we saw earlier.
03:296 would be 5 plus 1.
03:31So what do we have then?
03:32The V plus the I.
03:34For the number 7, we have V plus 2 I's.
03:38The 8, the V plus 3 I.
03:41Number 9, how do we do it?
03:43Use 10 minus 1.
03:46In other words, the I comes before the X.
03:48So, we have the number 9.
03:5010 minus 1 equals 9.
03:53And 10 is the number X.
03:55And so, notice that this logic will apply to the other numbers as well.
04:01As you can see, for example, here, the number 60.
04:06Here we have L, which is 50.
04:09And here we have L plus X, which would be 50 plus 10.
04:14Therefore, it equals 60.
04:17As you can also see, 90.
04:19We have the letter C, which represents 100.
04:22And X, the 10.
04:23Since the X comes before the letter C, it becomes 100 minus 10.
04:28The number 90 is represented by this number.
04:32And this also happens with the other numbers.
04:34As you can see here at 900.
04:36We have M minus C, which is 1000 minus 100, equals 900.
04:42And since we have 400 here now, which is D, and D is 500.
04:48And C, which is 100.
04:51So, 500 minus 100 equals 400.
04:54And before we finish this lesson, I'm going to put here 3 challenges written in the Roman numeral system.
05:05And I want you to go to the comments and tell me what these numbers are that I put here in the challenge.
05:11To see if you understood the logic of the Roman numeral system.
05:15Okay guys, this lesson is going to end here.
05:19So I ask that you subscribe to the channel, leave your like, activate the bell and share our videos.
05:25Until next time.
05:27Here's the challenge.
05:27And there
05:40And there
05:41And there
05:42And there
05:43And there
05:43And there
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