Algarismos arábicos ou indo-arábicos são os dez dígitos: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9, criados com base no sistema numérico Indo-arábico, o sistema mais comum para a representação simbólica de números no mundo atual. A maioria dos historiadores coincide em afirmar que teve a sua origem na Índia (de fato, no árabe, este sistema de numeração é chamado de "números indianos", أرقام هندية, arqam hindiyyah), e expandiu-se pelo mundo islâmico e daí, via Alandalus, pelo resto da Europa. Este sistema de numeração chegou ao Oriente Médio por volta de 670.
00:14Hindu civilization developed in the Indus River Valley, which is now part of Pakistan.
00:24Hindu mathematicians and astronomers created over time a numbering system whose oldest document is a book published approximately 1,500 years ago.
00:39Over the years, the shape of Hindu symbols has changed, as we can see in this image now.
00:47These symbols created by the Hindus are called Indo-Arabic Numerals, because they were adopted by the Arabs, who transmitted them to the Europeans.
01:03Now, take a look around you and observe books, house numbers, posters, TV, and many other places.
01:14You will notice that, despite varying in style, the shape of the numbers still remains the same.
01:22Decimal Number System
01:24Indo-Arabic numerals are used according to the rules that allow writing all numbers.
01:32The numerical symbols and writing rules constitute the decimal number system.
01:39The main characteristic of our numbering system is that it is decimal.
01:46In other words, we group quantities in groups of 10.
01:50For those who have any questions about grouping, you can go to the card or the link in the description and we have a class on groupings.
01:59So go ahead and check it out if you have any questions about groupings.
02:04In many schools or educational institutions, there is a set of wooden pieces, often called golden material.
02:14It is used to represent numbers in the decimal number system.
02:20The golden material is made up of four types of pieces.
02:25The small cube, the bar, the plate and the large cube.
02:30As you can see in this image, the pieces are equivalent to each other.
02:37First we have the little cube, just one.
02:40Now we have the bar, which is made up of several small cubes.
02:43We have the board, which is several bars.
02:47And we have the large cube, which is several plates.
02:50So, in this relationship, we can see the following equivalence.
02:55One bar equals 10 cubes.
02:58One plate equals 10 bars.
03:02And a large cube equals 10 plates.
03:06And so, based on this information, we can now do some challenges here.
03:12So, I'm going to put on the screen some quantities of small cubes, bars, plates and large cubes,
03:21so you can tell what number I'm forming.
03:24I'll give you an example of one, and then I'll continue with the challenge for you to tell me what numbers I put here.
03:31So, let's go to the first exercise here, so you understand.
03:35In this first exercise, I place here a large cube, three plates, four bars and seven small cubes.
03:48What number would that be?
03:51This number is precisely the value we want to express here.
03:55This number, following the table, is as follows.
04:00Seven cubes equals unit 7.
04:03Four bars equals four tens, therefore it is equal to 40.
04:10Three plates equals 300 cubes.
04:14And a large cube equals 10 plates.
04:18So, we have a thousand.
04:20So, the number of cubes we have here is 1,347.
04:26And now, I leave the challenges.
04:29We have here, seven small cubes, one bar and two large cubes.
04:40And in the other, we have seven small cubes, two plates and three large cubes.
04:49Take advantage, go to the comments and post your answer to this challenge.
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