Arabic or Indo-Arabic numerals consist of the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. They are based on the Indo-Arabic numeral system, which is the most common system used to represent numbers in the world today.
Most historians agree that this system originated in India (in fact, in Arabic, these numbers are known as "Indian numbers" or arqam hindiyyah). From there, it expanded throughout the Islamic world and later, via Al-Andalus, spread to the rest of Europe. This numeral system reached the Middle East around the year 670.
In this video (Lesson 05 of Grade 6 Math), we explore the history of the numbers we use every day!
Algarismos arábicos ou indo-arábicos são os dez dígitos: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9, criados com base no sistema numérico Indo-arábico, o sistema mais comum para a representação simbólica de números no mundo atual. A maioria dos historiadores coincide em afirmar que teve a sua origem na Índia (de fato, no árabe, este sistema de numeração é chamado de "números indianos", أرقام هندية, arqam hindiyyah), e expandiu-se pelo mundo islâmico e daí, via Alandalus, pelo resto da Europa. Este sistema de numeração chegou ao Oriente Médio por volta de 670.
00:14Hindu civilization developed in the Indus River Valley, which is now part of Pakistan.
00:24Hindu mathematicians and astronomers created over time a numbering system whose oldest document is a book published approximately 1,500 years ago.
00:39Over the years, the shape of Hindu symbols has changed, as we can see in this image now.
00:47These symbols created by the Hindus are called Indo-Arabic Numerals, because they were adopted by the Arabs, who transmitted them to the Europeans.
01:03Now, take a look around you and observe books, house numbers, posters, TV, and many other places.
01:14You will notice that, despite varying in style, the shape of the numbers still remains the same.
01:22Decimal Number System
01:24Indo-Arabic numerals are used according to the rules that allow writing all numbers.
01:32The numerical symbols and writing rules constitute the decimal number system.
01:39The main characteristic of our numbering system is that it is decimal.
01:46In other words, we group quantities in groups of 10.
01:50For those who have any questions about grouping, you can go to the card or the link in the description and we have a class on groupings.
01:59So go ahead and check it out if you have any questions about groupings.
02:04In many schools or educational institutions, there is a set of wooden pieces, often called golden material.
02:14It is used to represent numbers in the decimal number system.
02:20The golden material is made up of four types of pieces.
02:25The small cube, the bar, the plate and the large cube.
02:30As you can see in this image, the pieces are equivalent to each other.
02:37First we have the little cube, just one.
02:40Now we have the bar, which is made up of several small cubes.
02:43We have the board, which is several bars.
02:47And we have the large cube, which is several plates.
02:50So, in this relationship, we can see the following equivalence.
02:55One bar equals 10 cubes.
02:58One plate equals 10 bars.
03:02And a large cube equals 10 plates.
03:06And so, based on this information, we can now do some challenges here.
03:12So, I'm going to put on the screen some quantities of small cubes, bars, plates and large cubes,
03:21so you can tell what number I'm forming.
03:24I'll give you an example of one, and then I'll continue with the challenge for you to tell me what numbers I put here.
03:31So, let's go to the first exercise here, so you understand.
03:35In this first exercise, I place here a large cube, three plates, four bars and seven small cubes.
03:48What number would that be?
03:51This number is precisely the value we want to express here.
03:55This number, following the table, is as follows.
04:00Seven cubes equals unit 7.
04:03Four bars equals four tens, therefore it is equal to 40.
04:10Three plates equals 300 cubes.
04:14And a large cube equals 10 plates.
04:18So, we have a thousand.
04:20So, the number of cubes we have here is 1,347.
04:26And now, I leave the challenges.
04:29We have here, seven small cubes, one bar and two large cubes.
04:40And in the other, we have seven small cubes, two plates and three large cubes.
04:49Take advantage, go to the comments and post your answer to this challenge.
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