Documentary, Walking with Dinosaurs Ep-5 The Journey North
#AncientEarth #Documentary #Dinosaurs #Prehistoric #Evolutionary
#AncientEarth #Documentary #Dinosaurs #Prehistoric #Evolutionary
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AnimalsTranscript
00:00The End
00:02The End
00:04The End
00:06The End
00:08The End
00:10The End
00:12The End
00:14The End
00:16The End
00:18Over 66 million years ago
00:24Our world
00:28was ruled
00:32by dinosaurs
00:42The largest animals
00:44that have ever walked the earth
00:46The End
00:52Today
00:54Dinosaur experts across the globe
00:56are uncovering
00:58the bones they left behind
01:04Allowing us to imagine
01:06how these extraordinary creatures
01:08may have lived
01:10so that we
01:14can tell their stories
01:20and they
01:22can walk again
01:40The End
01:54Deep in the ancient forests
01:56of Alberta, Canada
02:04A team of dinosaur hunters
02:06has come
02:08to unearth an astonishing find
02:12We've got at least three bones sticking out here
02:14Discovered
02:16on the edge of a creek
02:18are the bones
02:20of a pachyrhinosaurus
02:24a unique
02:26horned dinosaur
02:32Lying here is a toddler
02:34It's such a tiny little bone
02:36They call Albie
02:38I don't think I've seen one
02:40that small before
02:44And he's not alone
02:46He's part
02:48of one of the largest dinosaur herds
02:50ever found
02:52Numbering
02:54in the thousands
02:56We have big adults
02:58We have little babies
03:00We have every age in between
03:02This was a huge herd
03:04of animals
03:06Why so many
03:08are buried here
03:10is a mystery
03:14But by studying the bones
03:16we can begin to tell
03:18their extraordinary story
03:3273 million years ago
03:3873 million years ago
03:48What will one day be northwestern Canada
03:50is part of a landmass
03:52called Laramidia
03:54mountain ranges
04:00extend for thousands of miles
04:02Towering over a wilderness
04:06of dense forested valleys
04:08This vast terrain
04:10is roamed
04:12by gigantic groups
04:14of plant-eating animals
04:16dinosaurs
04:20that like today's caribou
04:22or elk
04:24migrate each season
04:28and by far the largest
04:30of these prehistoric herds
04:32are the Pachyrhinosaurus
04:34and by far the largest
04:36of these prehistoric herds
04:38are the Pachyrhinosaurus
04:42are the Pachyrhinosaurus
05:04A close relative of Triceratons
05:06these social dinosaurs
05:08have spent the winter
05:10in the south
05:18But with the land
05:20now almost completely there
05:22Staying here
05:26would mean starvation
05:28So the herd
05:38is setting out on an epic
05:40400 mile trek north
05:42where by summer
05:44the vegetation
05:46should be abundant
05:52It will be
05:54a grueling journey
05:56especially
05:58if you're one of the youngest
06:00like Albie
06:18At less than a year old
06:20he's only half a meter tall
06:22which makes keeping up
06:24a bit of a challenge
06:26which makes keeping up
06:28a bit of a challenge
06:38Even so
06:40he must stay close
06:42to his mother
06:44because the herd
06:46aren't the only ones
06:48that are hungry
06:50following in their wake
06:52following in their wake
06:54an Ashdarkid pterosaur
07:02With a six meter wingspan
07:04and estimated speed
07:06of 60 miles an hour
07:12a young Pachyrhinosaurus
07:14makes for an easy target
07:16a close call
07:18a close call
07:44a close call
07:48a close call
07:54But it's only the start
07:56of the challenges
07:57they will face
08:06as the search for food
08:08takes them across
08:10the prehistoric wilderness
08:12a close call
08:2673 million years later
08:28the work to understand
08:30this enormous herd
08:32is well underway
08:34there's a pretty large cluster
08:38of bones there
08:40seem to belong potentially
08:42to a large animal
08:44It's a painstaking process
08:48led by Dr. Emily Bamforth
08:50who is piecing together
08:52who is piecing together
08:54the journey
08:56that brought the herd here
09:02and in one corner
09:04of the site
09:06Is that a little vertebra?
09:08something has caught her eye
09:10oh man that is so little
09:12oh man that is so little
09:14there's a lot right in this corner
09:16baby bone
09:18baby bone
09:20baby bone
09:22emerging from the rock
09:24are not just Albie's bones
09:26but those of other youngsters
09:28and comparing their size
09:34juvenile vertebra is
09:38seven centimeters
09:40that's another really young animal
09:42reveals something significant
09:44all of the juveniles here
09:46these are all about a year old
09:48wow
09:50they are all the same age
09:52born around the same time
09:56they have to have been born
09:58on the previous summer's migration
10:00that to me is interesting
10:04Emily's findings
10:06suggest the herd was making
10:08its yearly journey
10:10for more than just food
10:22they were returning
10:24to their summer nesting ground
10:34and joining them
10:36are thousands more
10:40as every pachyrhinosaurus
10:42on the continent
10:44heads north
10:46merging
10:48into one of the greatest spectacles
10:50of the prehistoric world
10:52merging
10:54into one of the greatest spectacles
10:56of the prehistoric world
10:58the world
11:02in the world
11:04the great
11:05people
11:06and
11:07in the world
11:08the people
11:09should be
11:10in the world
11:13but with such a colossal
11:14gathering
11:16tension
11:20Breeding season is upon them, so bulls in the herd must compete for their right to mate.
11:37From old veterans, to their younger rivals.
11:54And there's only one way to prove their worth.
12:02In a contest as brutal as this, Albi's mother must keep a watchful eye, making sure he isn't
12:26trampled or even killed.
12:32But as one of the youngest, curiosity gets the better of him.
12:59Using their thick armored noses, each male seeks to deliver a bone-shattering blow.
13:18And the ultimate target is behind the other's horned armor.
13:25The young rival gains the upper hand.
13:32The young rival gains the upper hand.
13:39The young rival gains the upper hand.
13:46That is weird.
13:53At the dig site, uncovering what appears to be the rib of a huge bull.
13:59It seems like the rib trends this way, but then starts back up that way.
14:06Emily and her teammate Max Scott are finding evidence of a punishing injury.
14:14This part of the rib and that part of the rib are slightly offset.
14:21So it looks as if this rib has actually been broken in the middle.
14:25Yes.
14:26It seems like it was almost shoved off to one side.
14:29The rib is twice as thick as a bear's.
14:34The fact it snapped means this bull suffered a potentially fatal blow.
14:40It would have to be a considerable impact.
14:44It's either the opponent striking it really hard, or when it fell sideways.
14:49Whatever happened, it would have been very painful.
14:52Like with an impact this size, the rib could puncture the lung.
14:55But examining the fossil reveals something curious.
15:06It's really bulgy there.
15:07I think that's a bone callus.
15:09Bone calluses form over a break as part of the healing process.
15:16The bone has broken and has actually shifted sideways while the animal was alive.
15:22And this big bony bump healed around it and set it.
15:26It would have been very painful for the animal, but they would have survived it.
15:29It's really quite an impressive feat.
15:32It really shows just how tough he really is.
15:39The healed injury is important evidence.
15:47It suggests the strongest bulls in the herd.
15:52They were capable of taking severe punishment.
16:01And getting back on their feet.
16:22An ability they need.
16:32To come out on top.
16:36With a winner firmly established.
16:55The monumental herd continues its journey to the fertile north.
17:00But though the fighting may have subsided.
17:17For Albi, the danger is only just beginning.
17:23In the chaos, he has become separated from his mother.
17:38And lost in the crowd.
17:41In a herd of this magnitude.
17:51Finding her won't be easy.
17:56Look at this.
17:57But at the dig site.
18:01Evidence is emerging that suggests every one of this enormous herd may have looked unique.
18:20It looks like it's relatively complete.
18:21And this is a big one.
18:23Buried in the rock.
18:24Is an incredibly rare find.
18:25An adult's bony headdress.
18:27Known as the frill.
18:29This might be the front.
18:30And that's the back.
18:31Yeah, that's what I was thinking too.
18:32So like that.
18:33The nose is over here somewhere.
18:34And like the body is back there.
18:35I don't think I've ever seen any where one of the middle horns is going the opposite direction of the other.
18:48Given this frill's highly unusual shape.
18:53Emily is keen to compare it with others found in the creek.
19:12So on this individual, the horns that stick out the side of the frill, they're straight.
19:18Whereas this one is interesting, this is an asymmetrical frill.
19:22So this horn is straight.
19:25And that one is curled.
19:31Each frill is distinct from the other.
19:36It is very striking that these frills, despite being from almost exactly the same place in the bone bed,
19:41from the same community of animals, like they're still very different from one another.
19:47Remarkably, no two frills found at the site.
19:51Have ever looked the same.
19:57Leading the team to think their variation served a crucial purpose.
20:01Based on the differences in these, in these frill horns, it would be very easy for the individuals to recognize each other.
20:07Yeah.
20:08In a herd environment like this, it's very important to be able to recognize your friends and your family easily.
20:14With every member of the herd displaying their own unique frill, it could help a youngster like Albi pick out his mother from the masses.
20:31By scanning each and every one for her familiar features.
20:52But in the sea of Pachyrhinosaurus, streaming past, she is still nowhere to be seen.
21:14Nowhere to be seen.
21:15Nowhere to be seen.
21:21Without his mother's protection, he has little chance of surviving the long journey alone.
21:39protection he has little chance of surviving the long journey alone
22:09until finally the distinctive outline of a frill he knows better than any other
22:24and a mother relieved to have found her young
22:39but though reunited there is much danger still ahead
23:09the
23:1730 miles from the main dig site
23:23you
23:26emily and paleontologist Jackson Sweden
23:30have traveled to the edge of a forest
23:34here ancient footprints follow the herds route
23:41that's a toe yeah and then that's a toe using the third one here
23:47see it again missing that yeah yeah
23:49once you get your eye in there actually all over the place there everywhere
23:53and one stands out from all the others clearly a carnivore and you can even see the claws
24:10that's a point a big animal as well
24:17what eight meters yeah
24:25to confirm the identity of this large predator
24:31emily and jackson use liquid rubber to make a cast that reveals how it moved
24:38the back of the track is shallower than these toes here
24:45toes are super deep
24:47so it's moving on the front of his feet like sort of like the fast animals today like cheetahs
24:51would do
24:52definitely wider than it is deep so it can move side to side if it has to
24:56so probably a very agile animal as well
25:01this kind of speed and agility belongs to only one predator in the region
25:09a terrifying relative of t-rex that hunted in packs
25:15those pachyonosaurus definitely would have had to worry about this animal
25:20yeah it's very efficient at moving long distances
25:23they could follow them for miles and just wait for an opportunity
25:30the gorgosaurus
25:42with exceptional hearing
25:46and a sense of smell more powerful than any other dinosaur
25:51it's thought they could track their prey
25:56from up to ten miles away
25:58allowing them to ambush
26:09at a moment of their choosing
26:12unaware of the approaching thread
26:31the herd moves deeper into the forest
26:34surrounded by its narrow pathways
26:41an attack
26:47could come from any direction
26:51but there is no sign of the danger
27:10yet
27:12cannot do
27:26but there is no force
27:31to ride
27:33The sound of intruders draws Albie away from the herd.
27:59But these aren't the stealthy footsteps of a Gorgosaurus.
28:06Something else is closing in.
28:23Take care with your footing.
28:27Journeying along the herd's migration route, Emily and her team have discovered evidence
28:34of another mysterious dinosaur, which has emerged on the edge of what is now a river.
28:42Exposed by receding water, its fossilised remains are all along the riverbank.
28:53It's huge.
28:56It's just packed with stuff.
28:58It's crazy that it's just kind of sitting out here on the surface.
29:02Man, that's big.
29:17Whatever this is.
29:23And it isn't long before the team hits the jackpot.
29:28Oh my goodness.
29:34That's a huge bone.
29:37Buried in the rock is part of its gigantic hind limb.
29:41Do you have your measuring tape?
29:43Yeah, let's just take a quick measurement.
29:46They can use this to estimate the animal's full size.
29:50It's really long.
29:52Even if it's only to there, that's still definitely over a metre.
29:58Yeah, so I would say with legs like this, it's probably about the size of a school bus.
30:03About nine metres long or so.
30:05That's huge.
30:07There's not much that gets bigger than this.
30:10Even larger than a Gorgosaurus, its nine metre length means it could be only one dinosaur.
30:25And the forest is the ideal place for it to find its next meal.
30:46But this isn't a killer.
30:54There's an Edmontosaurus, which along with its herd is on the same migration north.
31:07As plant eaters, they pose no threat.
31:13But these six-ton giants make a lot of noise.
31:23And it's drawing the pack of hungry Gorgosaurus straight towards them.
31:43So look, nope, that's really good.
31:45I'm gonna think of a big issue in a fair case.
31:47How can we make it look like a small-scale group that will once you get built?
31:49Maybe, isn't it?
31:51Maybe, is there more, no matter the animal?
31:52But even, isn't it?
31:53Do you want to hit the ground full size?
31:55Maybe, is there more, no matter what?
31:57Maybe.
31:58Maybe, is there more.
31:59Maybe, is there more, too?
32:00Maybe, is there a job like this?
32:02Maybe, is there more for one or more, too?
32:03Don't go anywhere, too.
32:06I don't know.
32:36For Albi, it's another narrow escape.
32:53And as the herd pushes on, the aurora lighting up the skies above is a sign that journey north is almost over.
33:06Do you have a chisel?
33:23Yep.
33:23Not far from the main dig site.
33:29Emily and Jackson are finding evidence of exactly what the herd was looking for.
33:36That's huge.
33:37Yeah.
33:38An abundance of food just waiting to be discovered.
33:42There's so many different plants here.
33:44Just on this one slab, not just big leaves like this.
33:49Also, lots of flowering plants as well.
33:52All of these things would be really great food for pecoranosaurs.
33:55The plants in these rocks would have flourished in the summer, in time for the herd's nesting season.
34:06Looking at all of these plants, there's enough food for the adults and the juveniles.
34:12More than enough to draw the pecoranosaurs up here.
34:14And when the babies hatch, there's food for the babies as well.
34:20This place would mark the end of the herd's long migration.
34:25A haven where they could settle and begin to nest.
34:36A haven where they could settle and begin to nest.
34:55But while the exhausting 400-mile walk may finally be over,
35:15there is one problem they haven't left behind.
35:25And with the pachyrhinosaurus backed up, against the river,
35:44it gives these ferocious predators the perfect opportunity
35:48to pick off one of the herd's more vulnerable members.
35:55But Albi is not alone.
36:21His mother's instinct is to fight.
36:25But their confrontation is about to pale into insignificance.
36:46Both predator and prey face a far greater threat.
36:55Investigating what happened at the end of the herd's journey.
36:57Investigating what happened at the end of the herd's journey.
37:02Okay, move to the next point.
37:03And why so many are buried here.
37:04And why so many are buried here.
37:05Emily's team is mapping the bones.
37:09We've obviously got a pretty large cluster in that corner.
37:10Those two are so close together.
37:11Those two are so close together.
37:12They're so, so close together.
37:13Yeah.
37:14They're so, so close together.
37:15Yeah.
37:16Pretty much like right up against it.
37:17Yeah.
37:18All right.
37:19Let's go.
37:20They can then scan them.
37:21To create a full 3D image.
37:22To create a full 3D image.
37:23To create a full 3D image.
37:24To the next point.
37:25To the next point.
37:26And why so many are buried here.
37:29Emily's team is mapping the bones.
37:31The bones.
37:32They've obviously got a pretty large cluster in that corner.
37:34Those two are so close together.
37:35They're so, so close together.
37:36Yeah.
37:37Pretty much like right up against it.
37:38Yeah.
37:39All right.
37:40Let's go.
37:41They can then scan them.
37:46To create a full 3D model of the site.
37:51It's coming through really well.
37:56Yeah.
37:57You can see the patterning on the surface of the site.
38:00The imaging allows them to see exactly how the fossils are laid out.
38:07You can see how the bones are stacked on top of each other.
38:14Everything here is bone.
38:17There's actually very little rock in between there.
38:19It's just a solid mass of bone material.
38:21You can kind of see ribs of just about every size.
38:23Just even in this one pocket here.
38:25And they're clearly all from different individuals.
38:27They're all different sizes.
38:29The bones of young and old are jumbled together.
38:36And there's even more in the ground than the team first realized.
38:42You think of the sheer density of bones in just this little area that we've scanned.
38:48And then put that together with the grid mapping.
38:51Perfect.
38:52There's something like 100 to 300 bones per square meter.
38:56And then we know the bone bed goes back into the hill for another kilometer.
38:59Good for now.
39:03Their findings bring the estimate of Pachyrhinosaurus preserved at the site.
39:09Into the tens of thousands.
39:14To have died in such large numbers.
39:17They must have faced a catastrophic event.
39:20Looking for answers.
39:33Emily and Max cut deep into the rock that encases the herd.
39:39Tilt it up.
39:40I just want to take a look at the cross section.
39:49It reveals a vital clue.
39:53Look at this piece.
39:54All of that black, it's plant material that's been shredded.
39:58Something has picked up the mud and has like twisted it.
40:02With enough energy to move the amount of material and to shred the plants up like that.
40:07And that's right in with the bones.
40:12And all these swirls in here.
40:14Something dramatic has happened that's involved water.
40:18You can see where it's actually cut down into the rock underneath it.
40:21Like a fossilized wave.
40:23So this was a huge energy event.
40:28The evidence all points to one thing.
40:40A devastating flash flood.
40:49Triggered by huge storms.
40:52Raging over the mountains.
40:58Water cascades into the valley.
41:03Swelling into an unstoppable torrent.
41:08That destroys everything in its path.
41:13I don't promise.
41:14It doesn't mean nothing.
41:15Water snail is going anywhere.
41:16It's difficult to destroy-
41:29Rating поряд with the south of its pinestag.
41:32You can't see a pesticide as its path.
41:36It doesn't break through this force as kaikish.
41:38As the flood waters near, the herd begins to panic, mother and child waiting by each
42:06other's side.
42:36Little could have withstood a flood on this scale.
43:04And for Albi and much of his herd, it marks a tragic end.
43:32But despite the devastation, this was perhaps not the end for them all.
43:39Just under 30 miles north of the main dig site…
43:55Emily and Jackson have travelled out into the hills of Canada's Grand Prairie to investigate
44:08an incredible find.
44:10So there's three sites that have been identified.
44:17Right.
44:18I think that's one of them.
44:21And the other two…
44:24I think there's one over there.
44:26And there's one behind us as well.
44:28Across the area, a series of fossils has been unearthed that point to an extraordinary possibility.
44:43It looks like a toe bone, but absolutely tiny.
44:50That also is from a very, very small animal.
44:53Like that to me looks like it's from an animal that has either just hatched, like a hatchling, or is actually still in the egg.
45:01It's an embryonic dinosaur.
45:03An animal this size has to have been born here.
45:06The young belong to both Pachyrhinosaurus and Edmontosaurus.
45:16Dinosaurs that were heading for the same destination.
45:19To me, it's not a coincidence that they're both here.
45:23We're only 30 or 40 kilometers away from the site of the flood.
45:27So surviving animals could eventually have made their way here.
45:31This might have been the nesting ground for both of these megaherbivores after the flood.
45:39Emily and Jackson are continuing to look for more evidence.
45:47But this remarkable discovery means that maybe…
45:57Despite all the odds, some of the herd did survive.
46:09Continuing on to find another place to nest.
46:27Survivors…
46:28…with a chance to pave the way…
46:41…for the next generation…
46:46…with a chance to pave the way…
46:51…for the next generation…
46:56…to thrive.
47:12So that one day…
47:19…their herd can rise again.
47:22Next time…
47:23…one of the largest dinosaurs ever to walk the earth…
47:26…goes looking…
47:28…for love.
47:29A quest…
47:30…that will become a life-and-death struggle.
47:32…
47:42…a life-and-death struggle.
47:44A quest…
47:45…a quest…
47:46…that will become a life-and-death struggle.
47:51…is it.
47:52Go away.
47:54Go away.
47:55And come on.
47:56…
48:10Transcription by CastingWords
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