Türkistan'dan Avrupa'ya Türk tarihi ile ilgili videolara yer veren Yarın İçin Tarih özellikle Osmanlı tarihi, Milli Mücadele, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, inkılaplar ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihine odaklanmıştır.
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#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан
Yakın dönem tarih konularına değindiğimiz kanalımıza ait web sayfası ve sosyal medya hesaplarımızı takip etmek isterseniz:
http://www.yarinicintarih.com.tr
Facebook: @yarinicintarih
İnstagram: : @yarinicintarih
Twitter: @yarinicintarih
Linkedin: @yarinicintarih
#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан
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ÖğrenmeDöküm
04:17M.K.
04:19M.K.
04:55M.K.
06:07They encountered no resistance from the Caucasus.
06:13Another branch of these groups descended from the Caucasus into Anatolia.
06:19They traveled from Erzurum, through Karasu, along the Euphrates Valley, all the way to Malatya and Çukurova.
06:26After briefly besieging Urfa and Antioch, they crossed into Syria and then marched on Jerusalem.
06:35Turning north again, they passed through Cappadocia and Kayseri to the Caucasus, and from there, following the western shores of the Caspian Sea, they returned to their main base via Azerbaijan-Baku.
06:53Faced with this incredibly rapid onslaught, the terrifying stories of religious leaders occupy a prominent place in both Eastern and Western sources.
07:03The activities of the European Huns in the geography and in Europe were not merely a political event.
07:13It is also the history, the era, the period of a differentiation, perhaps a separation or othering in the modern sense, a clash of cultures and civilizations.
07:29By the year 400, the Hunnic influence was becoming increasingly felt in the west, and fundamental Hunnic policies took shape during these years.
07:40The Huns posed a great threat to Rome and Byzantium.
07:47They crippled two great empires.
07:52They established undisputed dominance in a vast region of Central Asia stretching from Lake Balkhash to the Danube, and became a significant player in the world order.
08:03Attila, one of history's great commanders and statesmen, grew up in such an environment.
08:11What kind of person was Attila?
08:16This needs to be answered.
08:20Was Attila truly a bloodthirsty barbarian, the subject of fairy tales and epics, or was he a very different figure than the one perceived by his own society or felt throughout history?
08:30Is there a very different portrait of Attila as perceived by his own society or as felt throughout history?
08:41The best answer to this is found in the accounts of Priscos, who was part of the embassy sent by the Romans—who viewed Attila as a barbarian—who met with Attila, traveled through the Hunnic lands, and knew the capital well.
09:06And we can very easily say that, alongside his great power and might, there is the figure of Attila as a very humble, inseparable figure from his society, eating and drinking the same things as his ordinary soldiers, a pagan figure.
09:30During the most glorious period of the state, while grand feasts and displays of great wealth reflecting the splendor of the state were being held, and while banquet tables were being set up with golden vessels and dishes, Attila was no different from an ordinary soldier, eating from wooden spoons and wooden dishes.
09:57There are great diplomats, great soldiers, and great statesmen who are forgiving and compassionate, but who also have no tolerance for compromises or mistakes in matters of state.
10:16It is understood that, in the territory of present-day Hungary, Hungarian-centered political policies, political calculations, and political foresight,
10:32There is Attila, whose vision encompasses a world so vast that it stretches from Istanbul at one end to Italy at another, and simultaneously to the Great Wall of China and the geography of Iran.
10:50Under Attila's rule, the European Hun Empire experienced its most powerful period.
10:57By 450 AD, both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires were paying annual tribute to the Huns and were on the verge of losing their dominion over the peoples.
11:10According to the Byzantine writer Piriskos, Attila was filled with the desire to shake the world.
11:21Marcelinus writes that he devastated Europe.
11:25Thompson, however, argues that Attila was a divine scourge for Roman churchmen and those in power.
11:33And we can confidently say that the influence of the Huns and Attila, who ruled over a vast geographical area stretching from the Altai region to the most remote parts of Europe, was significant.
11:58It wasn't just political, social, and military issues related to its time.
12:06It wasn't just a matter of having victors and vanquished as a result of wars.
12:12What we call Europe today includes Germany, France, England, etc.
12:17The ethnic formation, ethnic structure, and geographical shaping of what we call Europe today.
12:25The first and second migrations of tribes, which began when the Huns were first seen,
12:36The migration of tribes through which the Huns settled, and subsequently the existence of the Huns and the Hunnic influences, were a result of these migrations.
12:50On June 20, 451, with the mixed Roman-Barbarian armies led by the Western Roman commander Ayetuyus
13:03The Hun armies, led by Attila, clashed near Paris.
13:10The two greatest powers in the world at that time were the Roman Empire and...
13:15The armies of the Great Hun Empire, the European Hun Empire, clashed on the Catalaunian Plain.
13:21And this conflict lasted 24 hours.
13:24There is no consensus in historical writing regarding the consequences of this conflict.
13:30So, who was the victorious side? Rome? Or Attila's army?
13:34However, according to the information gathered from the sources, Rome's losses were even greater.
13:38Attila must have managed to protect his army without suffering too many casualties,
13:44Less than a year later, he embarked on his trip to Italy.
13:49In Rome, however, there was no army to oppose him.
13:54This time, as a result, Pope Leo came to Attila's doorstep.
13:58He surrendered and requested that Rome not be harmed.
14:03Attila was convinced that the surrender was sincere, and
14:07He took Rome, which he believed was loyal to him, under his protection.
14:13After Attila's death, the Hunnic Empire began to weaken rapidly.
14:20After this date, the Hunnic state gradually disintegrated and
14:25The tribes that formed the state were assimilated among the new Turkic tribes that came from the east.
14:31After the Huns were divided and dispersed, for a long time...
14:36There has never been a powerful state that united the Turkic lands.
14:43Some tribes fought, but the rule of the victors was short-lived.
14:49During this period of turmoil, the Avars gained dominance in the region and established the Avar state.
15:01The Ashayi clan, descended from the Hunnic ruling family, also maintained its presence within this state for a considerable period.
15:10Chinese sources tell us that in the Turkic Empire, the chief dynasty, or the Kaan, belonged to a familiar lineage.
15:22And we could even call it a familiar dynasty.
15:27The Ashina tribe had settled in the southern parts of the Altai Mountains.
15:32And they mined and processed minerals for the Avars.
15:35In any case, we can clearly link the etymology of the word "familiar" to the concept of the sky, or "blue Turk."
15:51Aşina means blue sky color in Arabic.
15:55This dynasty maintained its dominance over all Turkic peoples between 551 and 682 or 744.
16:11This dynasty enabled the creation of this vast nomadic empire.
16:17Appearing at the right time and with great force, the familiar tribe defeated the Avars, and their leader, Bumin, took the title of Ilkhan and became the head of the newly formed state.
16:31According to Chinese sources, Bumin Khan became the ruler of the Turks in 542.
16:44He united the Turks into a single state, and most of this state,
16:50Xi and other Chinese officials are known to have successfully begun conducting diplomatic relations.
17:01Thus, in 552, the foundations of the Gokturk State, centered in Ötüken, were laid.
17:12The early period of the Göktürks is also described in mythological sources.
17:17But when we look at historical information, we can very clearly trace the origins of the Göktürks back to the Huns.
17:23During this period, we know that the dynasty that founded the Göktürks actually lived in the Alter Mountains and formed the northern branch of the Huns.
17:32The term "Turk" appears in various written sources from that time, including Sogdian, Turkish, Roman and Byzantine languages, and even Greek sources.
17:51The Göktürks identified themselves as Turks and referred to other tribes or clans by their own names.
18:02For example, Oghuz Turks, Tatars, Kimeks, Onoks, or Turkic peoples.
18:08Did other tribes or clans speak a language other than Turkish?
18:14No, they spoke Turkish too.
18:17At most, they were speaking Turkish accents or regional dialects.
18:23So why is the Turk at the center of this issue?
18:26Here, we can solve this problem through the Göktürks.
18:30While identifying themselves as Turks, the Göktürks also established authority and a central government.
18:37Ötüken was the sacred capital in Central Asian mythology.
18:42It is considered to be the place where Turks first appeared on Earth and from where they spread to the rest of the world.
18:50And it was believed that Mount Ötüken had a protective spirit.
18:56The sources that fed the Orkhon River were also located in this region.
19:04The Gokturks were now the sole rulers of the steppes stretching eastward from the lower regions.
19:12Bumin Khan and his brother Istemi expanded the borders of the state.
19:18Generally, it starts from the Great Manchuria region in eastern Central Asia,
19:24They established a large state in the west, stretching as far as the Caspian Sea.
19:28Without wasting any time, the Göktürks, under the command of Istemi Khan, turned westward and reached the Aral Sea.
19:38The epics of the emergence and rise of the Göktürks have survived to this day with various interpretations.
19:44The Ashina dynasty's flag featured a wolf's head on a blue background.
19:54The Gokturks built a vast empire within a few years.
19:59Its borders stretched from the Kingan Mountains in the east to the Volga River in the west.
20:05There was a risk of dispersal over a wide geographical area.
20:10For this newly emerging state, a policy of keeping the people together was more rational.
20:16One possible reason for this was the Silk Road, which stretched from China to Byzantium.
20:22By remaining east of the Volga, a process began in which they would struggle to gain control of the Silk Road trade with China, Iran, and Byzantium.
20:35When the Göktürks began to expand towards China, they were noticed by the Chinese, thus attracting their attention and initiating relations between the Chinese and the Turks.
20:52The horse-silk trade first began in markets in northern China.
20:57So they sold horses and received silk in return.
21:00This was an important development.
21:01Meanwhile, in 545, the Chinese officially recognized the Göktürks by sending a Sogdian, or Iranian, envoy who was well-acquainted with the Turks.
21:14When the Chinese envoy arrived, he was actually from Côte and his name was Anno Panto.
21:22The Gokturks rejoiced greatly and congratulated each other.
21:25According to the source, they said that the ambassador of a great country has arrived, and from now on our country will rise.
21:32This should be considered as the first foreign contact or the first international interaction.
21:36The Silk Road passed from Kashgar through Shapurgan and southern Turkestan, then into Khorasan, and from there through Reyve and Hamadan to the Byzantine-Iranian border.
21:50From the border, he was heading to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium.
21:57The Silk Road was a trade bridge between China and Byzantium.
22:02This long journey required walking for 150 days from China to the Iranian border.
22:09The distance from Iran's eastern border to its western border was 80 days.
22:14During this period, China purchased indigo, carpets, and precious stones from Iran.
22:22Iran, in turn, sold silk fabrics it received from China to the West, and Byzantine gold flowed into Iran.
22:32The Göktürks successfully managed political and military relations in Central Asia.
22:39They began to make huge profits from trade along the Silk Road.
22:43The routes along the Silk Road were extremely valuable.
22:49The states in the region either wanted to possess it or didn't want to let go of it.
22:55That's why the wars never ended.
22:58Occasionally, peace agreements were signed that did not have long-lasting effects.
23:03Istemi Khan, one of the great commanders who united the Gokturks under a victorious state, died in 576.
23:17When Istemi Khan died, Byzantine envoys were in Gokturk territory.
23:22Meanwhile, there were some negative attitudes from Byzantium.
23:28Also, being harassed during the summer months must have been somewhat irritating because of the name "Turk,"
23:35His reproaches to the Byzantine envoys have been recorded in historical records.
23:40The Byzantine reference to the Apostles, or as they were also called, the Uğar Huni, was not well received.
23:50That's what it means.
23:52And he doesn't neglect to send some messages to Byzantium either.
23:59Meanwhile, after Uğar mentioned that the Huniler family was being targeted, he said, "We know those places very well, we are very familiar with them."
24:07So we can come and we have things to do on the spot.
24:10I believe he is conveying the location of Dnipro and the Maritsa River by sending a message.
24:19They say they know Rome.
24:23You even see the areas that defy us, the Onogurs.
24:28The Onogurs and Alans also came to the West during that period.
24:31But they had arrived in a desperate state, having escaped from the Cöytürs.
24:34He delivers all of them together to the Byzantine envoy.
24:38We can draw several conclusions from this.
24:39Firstly, during the Demetço period, the Göktürk Empire was powerful enough to challenge Byzantium.
24:45This is one of the things it reveals.
24:46The second aspect is that civilizations possessed knowledge as extensive as, or even beyond, Celsius's writing system, which suggests they had a more substantial written culture.
24:55Because we know that during the same period, Latin and Western sources did not have reliable information about Central Asia.
25:03They even decorate them with fantastical animals and plants.
25:07When he was describing Asia at that time.
25:09However, we understand from these sentences that Türk Şat possessed very sound information, including geographical knowledge and strategic understanding.
25:19The third, and perhaps most important, conclusion we can draw from this is that Byzantium, or Constantinople, began to feature in Turkish conquest strategies even during those early periods.
25:33Because we'll be coming there ourselves, he says.
25:38Before long, the Göktürk army had reached the Caucasus.
25:42It had come all the way to our Posov-Erzurum line.
25:49The Göktürk State possessed immense power and confidence.
25:53They held sway over a vast territory stretching from Manchuria in northeastern China, encompassing Mongolia, the Altai Mountains, East and West Turkestan, Kazakhstan, and the northern Caucasus.
26:09The Göktürks are a model state in Turkish history.
26:13In the social structure, state organization, administrative mechanisms, and religion of the Göktürks, we can find the essence of all Turks.
26:23We can create a template.
26:25We can understand it through that template, through the Ottomans.
26:27Because the Ottoman Empire is a refined version of the Göktürks.
26:30We understand the Republic of Türkiye as well.
26:32From the very beginning, and including the horse as a symbol, the most important state throughout Turkish history, and indeed throughout Turkish identity, is the Göktürk State.
26:40It is a model state.
26:42Furthermore, by examining the Göktürks, we can also unravel the history that preceded them.
26:46For example, we can understand the Huns better by looking at the Göktürk Organization.
26:49Or, when we talk about the European Huns, we can also understand the Pechenegs, Kichkars, and Avars in Europe.
26:56We can think of it as a kind of mirror.
26:58We can also consider it as a strategic cornerstone.
27:03The Gokturks are the middle ground, the touchstone, even the beginning of this.
27:08It's a model, in modern terms.
27:10The Göktürk economy was complex.
27:17They grow grain in regions where natural conditions are favorable.
27:22They practiced semi-nomadic pastoralism in the steppes and highlands.
27:27They also went on organized hunts, which involved large numbers of people.
27:32Their most common livestock were horses and sheep.
27:38A small number of camels were also kept, usually for transportation purposes.
27:44Cattle were only seen among certain tribes living in the forested areas.
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