Türkistan'dan Avrupa'ya Türk tarihi ile ilgili videolara yer veren Yarın İçin Tarih özellikle Osmanlı tarihi, Milli Mücadele, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, inkılaplar ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihine odaklanmıştır.
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#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан #Turquie
Yakın dönem tarih konularına değindiğimiz kanalımıza ait web sayfası ve sosyal medya hesaplarımızı takip etmek isterseniz:
http://www.yarinicintarih.com.tr
Facebook: @yarinicintarih
İnstagram: : @yarinicintarih
Twitter: @yarinicintarih
Linkedin: @yarinicintarih
#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан #Turquie
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ÖğrenmeDöküm
00:00MUSIC
00:30MUSIC
00:59The Turkish migration from Bulgaria to Anatolia in 1818 was one of the greatest dramas and separations in human history.
01:09But this is not the first migration from the region to Türkiye.
01:13Because the history of migrations and suffering from the Balkans to Türkiye dates back to the 17th century.
01:22The main wave of migration occurred from the beginning of the 18th century.
01:31In fact, by 1927, it had been determined that 7 million of the 11 million inhabitants of the Republic of Türkiye had migrated to Anatolia.
01:42Naturally, such intense migration movements have attracted the attention of many researchers.
01:49One of them, American historian Justin McCarthy, offers the following assessment regarding migrations from the Balkans to Türkiye and their consequences over the last 200 years.
02:02Most Muslims in the Balkans have left.
02:07They have either died or been forced to migrate.
02:12The rest live in Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and in small, islet-like settlements.
02:20During the uprisings and wars, millions of Muslims, mostly Turks, died in various parts of the empire, and millions more sought refuge in Türkiye.
02:32Between 1821 and 1922, approximately 5.5 million Muslims died, some from starvation and disease in wars, and more than 5 million were driven from their countries.
02:48Whether in the Balkans or elsewhere, every new state that has been established is founded upon the suffering of its inhabitants who have left and migrated.
03:02Kemal Karpat, a researcher known for his studies on the Ottoman population,
03:15In its demographic study covering the period up to the present day,
03:19It gives the figure of 9 million regarding the number of Turks and Muslims who were forced to migrate.
03:25Of these, 7 million are from the Balkans, including Crete and the Aegean islands.
03:32It is stated that 2 million of them are from Crimea, the Caucasus and the Arabian Peninsula.
03:40Of course, those who seek salvation and a future in Anatolia are not only Turks and Muslims.
03:47At the same time, numerous non-Muslims also flocked to this region with similar feelings and intentions.
03:55However, while the vast majority of these migrations are economic in nature and voluntary,
04:01The migration of Turks and Muslims, however, was a forced migration resulting from attacks and massacres.
04:08However, the migrations experienced by these people are rarely mentioned in textbooks or history books.
04:19In this regard, McCarthy makes the following assessment.
04:25Textbooks and history books that describe the massacres suffered by Bulgarians, Armenians, and Greeks do not mention the similar massacres suffered by Turks.
04:34Because such an approach is a disturbing approach to history.
04:41Because this approach tells the story by portraying the Turks as victims.
04:48However, in the imperialist understanding of history, this is not the role assigned to the Turks.
04:55The role that imperialism has assigned to the Turks is one of barbarism and backwardness.
05:01Perhaps the greatest obstacle to international peace today is this distorted view of the East held by the West.
05:14In fact, economic dominance is not the only goal that imperialism seeks to achieve through this policy.
05:23At the same time, it also aims to showcase its cultural distinctiveness and superiority.
05:29The West has a persistent and ongoing policy against Muslims.
05:42This policy has its roots in the fact that he had also declared himself the new Roman Emperor,
05:48It is taken from the Declaration of Harmony by Charles the Great.
05:53This declaration deems it imperative that Europe become a Christian country, and...
06:01According to this declaration, all Muslims must be expelled from Europe.
06:07The first application of this concept occurred in the Balkans after the unsuccessful Second Siege of Vienna in 1683.
06:19The attacks by the Austrian forces, which launched a counter-offensive,
06:24More than the end of Ottoman rule,
06:27This leads to the forced displacement, or migration, of Turks and Muslims from the region.
06:33As the furthest point we have been able to reach in Europe,
06:37As a result of the Ottoman-Austrian wars between 1683 and 1699, which followed the Second Siege of Vienna,
06:49The Ottoman Empire is experiencing its first retreat in the region.
06:53And militarily, they are also failing, losing the war.
06:59And despite being a center very far from the Austrian border, like Skopje,
07:06The Austrian army was able to advance as far as the city of Skopje.
07:10And in this case, after Edirne, it is the second largest and most important center in the Balkans,
07:17The Turkish city of Skopje is being burned by General Piccolom Mini.
07:24Following this development in 1689,
07:27The city of Skopje, one of the centers of Ottoman-Turkish culture in the Balkans since the second half of the 14th century, is abandoned.
07:37Its population, which is approximately 40,000, will drop to around 10,000.
07:42Many people are forced to leave their homeland.
07:45Migrations continued throughout the 18th century, a period marked by ongoing wars and invasions.
07:58However, the first major mass migration from the Balkans to Anatolia occurred in the 19th century.
08:05This is due to the uprising started by separatist Serbs, which began in 1804 and continued intermittently.
08:16The uprising, started by the villagers, targeted the local notables and Janissaries who resisted the reforms planned in Serbia.
08:25Therefore, it was a movement supported by Sultan Selim III.
08:31But the rebellion eventually turned against the state's presence in the region.
08:37In response, the sultan sent an army against the rebellious Serbs in mid-1805.
08:44However, the war ends in an unexpected defeat for the Ottomans.
08:49Because the rebels were organized as a regular army.
08:53The first action of the rebels, who consisted of hundreds of gangs, was to burn and loot Turkish properties in the countryside and force Turks to migrate to the cities.
09:06Later, the attacks also turned towards cities.
09:12During that period, three important battles took place in Senice, Suhidol, and Novi Pazar.
09:23In June 1809, a battle took place around Novi Pazar, resulting in numerous deaths among the local population and soldiers from both armies.
09:35In fact, at the entrance to the city of Novi Pazar, there is a street where the Ras Museum archive is located.
09:47It is said that during the war, the blood of those who died from both armies and the city's inhabitants flowed profusely in this street.
09:57Therefore, in Bosnian, this street is called Masleni Street, which means "bloody street".
10:07This is the only street with such a name in the Balkans.
10:16As a result of these developments, the city's inhabitants migrated through Rogozniye to Mitrovica and from there to the center of the Ottoman Empire.
10:29These attacks and massacres, initiated by separatist Serbs, were retaliated against in Vidin and Bosnia.
10:41As a result of the retaliation, many Serbs became homeless and refugees.
10:48The gangs they form, driven by a thirst for revenge, behave far more ruthlessly against Turks and Muslims during rebellions.
10:56The rebels' demands have now been met, and the struggle has transformed into a conflict between two communities.
11:05From now on, living together is much more difficult.
11:09As a result of the events that occurred during the uprisings, which lasted intermittently for about a decade,
11:15Hundreds of thousands of Turks and Muslims are forced to leave their homeland.
11:19Studies show that approximately two hundred thousand people migrated between 1806 and 1812 alone.
11:32These migrations originating from Serbia constitute only one link in the migration chain.
11:38Because one migration ends only for another to begin.
11:42Another migration is next.
11:46But this time, the heroes of the migration are not Turks and Muslims, but Greeks.
11:53However, unlike the forced migrations of Turks and Muslims, the Greek migrations were voluntary.
11:59So it arose for economic reasons.
12:02The first Greek migrations to Anatolia occurred around the mid-18th century.
12:15The Treaty of Passarowitz, signed between Austria and the Ottoman Empire in 1718, played a major role in this.
12:24Austria's success in securing the Ottoman Empire's acceptance of free trade, particularly the freedom to purchase agricultural products, through the agreement,
12:33It increases demand for some agricultural products.
12:37This development also leads to the Greeks emerging as a commercial partner.
12:42The French Revolution of 1789 added fuel to the fire.
12:50Commercially driven consumer demand becomes a necessity.
12:55Because of the agricultural production deficit that arose as a result of the long wars in Europe,
13:02This has drastically increased demand for food on the continent.
13:05Now that there is a need for this food item, food prices, wheat prices, have risen.
13:12However, food products were not sold abroad in Ottoman foreign trade.
13:17However, according to some records from that period, grain smugglers from Europe arrived at ports in Western Anatolia with gold coins in their hands.
13:29They showed this gold to the people in Western Anatolia.
13:32The leading figures in that region said to the local administrators, "Here is the gold before you; bring the wheat and take it, pay in cash."
13:39Then, when some of the people living in Western Anatolia saw this wonderful opportunity,
13:46So, when they had the opportunity to make money, and a lot of it, they pushed the limits and started exporting.
13:52They pushed the limits, as I said.
13:53Thus, the first opportunities for earning money began for the groups that we later call "ayan," and who would become very powerful, stretching from the Çanakkale region all the way to Antalya.
14:04High food prices, persistently increasing demand, and the prospect of easy money.
14:10This also leads to vacant lands being opened up for agriculture.
14:13However, there is not enough population in Western Anatolia to cultivate such a vast area of land.
14:19Because of wars and diseases, the Turkish population in the region began to decline.
14:26More importantly, since everyone had as much land as they could cultivate,
14:31He does not want to work as a laborer for someone else.
14:34In response to this development, what the landowners did was...
14:40That would be to invite the Greeks from the islands to the region.
14:43The Greek population on the islands, which increased due to nearly five centuries of Ottoman peace and exemption from military service, and which is experiencing high unemployment,
14:53They will not hesitate to seize this opportunity that has arisen.
14:57They respond to incoming requests immediately.
14:59They arrive on the western Anatolian coast to work as laborers in the fields.
15:04And their numbers are increasing every day.
15:08After a while, they start bringing their relatives who have found these great opportunities, these great job opportunities, and so on.
15:15And so, in Western Anatolia, from the late 18th century onwards, the Greek population has been steadily increasing, stretching from Çanakkale to Antalya.
15:25This situation for the Greeks was further solidified by the 1838 Balta Limanı trade agreement.
15:31In fact, after every political and economic agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the great powers, the migration of Greeks to Anatolia always increased.
15:43These positive outcomes for the Greek Cypriots resulting from the agreements are not limited to the Greek Cypriot residents on the islands alone.
15:50Similar developments are also seen among the Anatolian Greeks.
15:56The Greek bourgeoisie, in particular, takes full advantage of this situation.
16:00With each agreement, it further consolidates its economic and political power.
16:05The migration of Greeks to Anatolia, especially to the Aegean region, reached its peak with the proclamation of the Tanzimat reforms in 1839.
16:21The Greek author Dr. Yordios Nakracas describes the impact of the edict on the migration of Greeks and their rise to a dominant position in Anatolia as follows.
16:30The promulgation of the 1839 decree marked the beginning of an era of liberation in the Ottoman Empire.
16:40Both individuals and nations have been liberated.
16:44Now Christians and Muslims have equal rights.
16:47Moreover, minorities have risen to a privileged position thanks to the influence of external support.
16:52Equality before the law and the limitation of landowning led to the liberation of the peasantry.
17:01Now every villager can freely go wherever they wish.
17:06This social reform accelerated the migration of large numbers of Orthodox Christians from the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, Macedonia, and other parts of Greece to Anatolia.
17:18These people settled as free producers, replacing the Turks who had fled the oppression of the landowners and taken refuge in the mountains.
17:37With the Land Law of 1858, the Ottoman Empire took a very important step.
17:43The law that was enacted recognized the right of private ownership of land.
17:48With the regulation of 1869, foreigners also benefit from this right.
17:54Such a development would give renewed impetus to Greek migration.
17:59Another significant development that triggered the migration was the construction of a railway in Western Anatolia, connecting Izmir and Aydın, which took place around the same time.
18:08However, Turks were not given a role in either the construction or operation of the railway.
18:14Priority is given to European Christians.
18:17Where they are insufficient, local Christians, especially Greeks, are given a chance.
18:25Following this development, a large number of Greeks migrated from the islands to Anatolia.
18:30The construction of the Aydın-İzmir railway will also affect the agricultural development of the region.
18:38British citizens will benefit most from this situation.
18:41They established large agricultural farms in many parts of Western Anatolia.
18:45However, these newly established businesses need a large number of employees to become operational.
18:53However, in Anatolia, the lack of mechanization in agriculture, the small population, and the abundance of land make it difficult to find workers.
19:03At such times, it is once again the Greeks on the islands who come to the aid of the British farms.
19:08Many unemployed Greeks migrate to Western Anatolia to work on farms.
19:15The last of the farms established during this period ceased operations in Çanakkale in 1938.
19:29As a result of these migrations, the demographic structure of the region's provinces changes significantly.
19:35In Aydın province, the Christian population, which was approximately 1% in 1535, reached 18% in 1912.
19:46The same is true for other towns in Western Anatolia.
19:51Greeks began to appear in the Urla district from the beginning of the 18th century.
19:56Evliya Çelebi, in his 17th-century account of Urla, describes it as a region inhabited entirely by Turks.
20:06Later, this district became one of the important centers of the Greek Orthodox community.
20:12The situation in Çeşme is not much different.
20:20According to Evliya Çelebi, in 1670 Çeşme was a purely Turkish village.
20:27However, due to migrations throughout the 19th century, by 1912 it was almost entirely a Greek town.
20:38The migration of Greeks was not limited only to coastal cities.
20:41They also settle in inland cities such as Manisa, Akşehir, and Aydın, as well as many economically developed cities.
20:49Greeks who migrated from the interior to port cities like Trabzon and Giresun carried out a small economic revolution in these cities, based on free enterprise and foreign trade.
21:02The replacement of Muslim merchants by Greek immigrants within a few years led to a change in the ethnic composition of all the villages and towns.
21:11Another settlement that holds a very special place and importance in the Greek migrations is Ayvalık.
21:23In just 30 years, this place became an important Greek cultural and industrial center, home to 40,000 people, with hospitals and schools established, and a port accommodating 2,000 ships.
21:41In 1773, the city's position was further solidified by a decree from the sultan granting it significant privileges.
21:49In reality, the decree stipulating that the Muslim population should not be located within the boundaries inhabited by the Greek community is nothing more than an act of autocracy.
21:59However, this special status would come to an end with the Greek rebellion of 1821.
22:07However, prior to the uprising, Greeks enjoyed a special privilege that wasn't even granted to Turks.
22:13Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, a large influx of Greeks migrated from the Balkans to Anatolia, particularly from regions experiencing rebellions and wars.
22:32But this time, the reason for migration is not economic, but primarily security concerns.
22:37According to some, however, the main reason for this migration is political.
22:44According to proponents of this view, the Ionian State, established in Izmir in March 1922 during the Greek occupation, is proof of this.
22:54The bottom line is that, whatever the reason, the only thing that is certain is that a large number of Greeks migrated to Anatolia during both the 1893 Ottoman-Russian War and the Balkan Wars.
23:04The last Greek migration, which also included Armenians, took place in 1919.
23:11According to official records, until the end of January 1920, the Ottoman administration, under pressure from the great powers,
23:20They are forced to allow 335,883 Armenians and Greeks to settle in Anatolia.
23:27In fact, what is happening is neither the end of one era nor the beginning of a new one.
23:42It is merely a small part of the play called "The Eastern Affair" that was staged.
23:48On the horizon, yet another rebellion, another war is looming.
23:55Of course, it also means new massacres, new suffering, and new migrations.
24:02But where is it?
24:03Until the next episode where we'll find the answer to this question, goodbye.
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