Etrüsklerden günümüze binlerce yıldır dünyanın her yerinde tarih yapanların tarihi
The history of those who have made history all over the world for thousands of years, from the Etruscans to the present day
L'histoire de ceux qui ont fait l'histoire du monde entier depuis des milliers d'années, des Étrusques à nos jours
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#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан
The history of those who have made history all over the world for thousands of years, from the Etruscans to the present day
L'histoire de ceux qui ont fait l'histoire du monde entier depuis des milliers d'années, des Étrusques à nos jours
Facebook: @yarinicintarih
İnstagram: : @yarinicintarih
Twitter: @yarinicintarih
Linkedin: @yarinicintarih
#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан
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ÖğrenmeDöküm
00:30The Turks, representatives of relentless valor and courage in the face of hostility, and of mercy and justice residing under the shadow of their banners,
00:50In Khorasan and Transoxiana, in Samarkand, Bukhara and Tashkent, a meeting took place that changed world history.
01:00A distinguished heritage that has taken root, stretching across Anatolia and Europe, reflected in the sounds echoing from the domes.
01:10Caravanserais, madrasas, hospitals, observatories, complexes of buildings—new and original chapters in science, thought, and art.
01:26A great civilization that left its mark on humanity's shared heritage.
01:34The World of the Turks
01:38This unique story, spread across three continents through epics, as Bilge Kağan said, stretches from sunrise to sunset in the east, and from sunset to sunset in the west.
01:53It unfolds before us with its traces in the lands, stretching from midnight in the north to midday in the south.
02:08Central Asia
02:17This region, far from the sea and with a harsh continental climate, is considered the homeland of the Turks.
02:25At its broadest extent, it is bounded by the Kingan Mountains in the east, the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains in the west, and Lake Baikal, the Yenisei and Ob River region in the north.
02:39To the south, it is surrounded by the Yellow River, the Himalayas, the Pamir Mountains, and the Hindu Kush Mountains.
02:45In addition to modern views that Turkish history began with the founding of the Great Hun Empire, that is, with Mete Han,
02:56Some theories suggest it dates back much further.
03:01We can definitively assert that the point of entry of the Turks onto the world stage was the Altai Mountains, the steppes of present-day Kazakhstan.
03:12Because there are archaeological artifacts in this region that provide concrete evidence of this.
03:19Archaeological evidence indicates that a common culture formed within the Turkic world in that region during that period.
03:27The period between the 5th and 3rd millennia BC, which is described as pre-Turkic history,
03:35The existence of a Turkic culture between the Caspian, Ural, and Altai Mountains.
03:41This is related to the present-day Caucasus, Anatolian and Iranian regions.
03:47It is even plausible to suggest that they created cultural states in these areas.
03:52One of the most important pieces of evidence for this is,
03:57Turkish culture and Turkish language, Elam,
04:00Sumerian culture shared many important commonalities with ancient Egyptian cultures.
04:07Similarities in form and content observed in important areas such as language, beliefs, and material culture strengthened this thesis.
04:16From time to time, some of these ancient civilizations have been directly identified as part of Turkish civilization.
04:27With words from Sumerian, words that appear in Sumerian texts,
04:32overlapping of words in Old Turkish,
04:37So, what does proving that they are the same show us, what does it signify?
04:42This refers to a tribe living north of the Sumerians.
04:48From the period 3000 years BC to the period ending in zero,
04:55The language spoken there, and which gave these words to the Sumerians, is the Turkish language.
05:00This is the first piece of evidence.
05:01But this evidence reveals a far more important truth.
05:06And that is this:
05:06So, the day that history can ascertain, and the day history began,
05:12Living in Northern Mesopotamia,
05:15Extending to Southeastern Anatolia,
05:17The people who own that language are the Turks.
05:20So, if we think about it from another perspective,
05:23Many different ethnic groups have lived in Anatolia.
05:27These are missing.
05:29Turks live there today.
05:30Throughout history, different peoples have lived and disappeared.
05:33But the oldest ethnic group that history has been able to identify and that is still alive today are the Turks.
05:38We can draw this conclusion from this.
05:40The similarities between languages are not limited to Sumerian and Turkish.
06:10Also, Turkish and Elamite,
06:13It is also seen among the Huti and Hurri.
06:16Furthermore, there is a complete structural similarity between the Urartian language and Turkish.
06:25Within the states in question,
06:29The existence of Turkish ethnic groups is also highly probable.
06:33Later, among the communities with which the Turks came into contact or lived intertwined,
06:41The Etruscans also attracted attention.
06:43The structure of the Etruscan language,
06:46The parallels between their cultural traditions and beliefs and those of the Turks,
06:51This has led researchers to the kinship hypothesis since ancient times.
06:55This network of relationships,
06:58This was made possible thanks to the continuous development and spread of the diverse cultural environments created by the Turks in Central Asia.
07:07Migrations to places far from the homeland are undertaken for various reasons.
07:18This is one of the important reasons for this interaction.
07:22Research conducted on ancient Chinese, Mesopotamian, Iranian, Indian, and Anatolian civilizations,
07:30The presence of distinct traces of Turkish culture,
07:34It gives us important clues about the fact that Turks migrated to these places a very long time ago.
07:43The Sakas, or Scythians, were also one of the migrating communities.
07:50Information about the first nomads in Central Asia,
07:54Saka is related to the Scythian tribes.
07:57Much information about the Saka people has been preserved.
08:00And written sources related to these are also available.
08:04At the beginning of the first millennium BC,
08:09Migrating westward due to drought and pressure from other tribes,
08:15the region north and west of the Caspian Sea
08:18They settled in a vast geographical area stretching from the north of the Black Sea to the Danube.
08:24We can see the Scythians in three periods in history.
08:29One of them was the Scythians, who inhabited the region from western China to the Caspian Sea.
08:34The Scythians, one group along the Danube River, the other Scythians from west of the Caspian Sea to the Danube River,
08:42The other group consisted of Scythians who settled in the geographical area we call Ömerse Scythians.
08:46The state formed by the Scythians was a steppe state.
08:52The structure of steppe states consisted of the coming together of tribes.
08:59Tribes are homogeneous groups.
09:04These steppe states, including the one founded by the Scythians, can be likened to planting a flower.
09:11The central figure is the founding element.
09:15Since the sizes are homogeneous, elements belonging to different sizes can also be grouped under the same roof.
09:26The Scythians, who raised sheep and cattle in large herds, had an economy largely based on animal husbandry.
09:35Like Turkic tribes, they lived in dome-shaped tents made of felt.
09:39And of course, we need to consider that it is a community that lives in harmony with nature.
09:45They are located in a vast geographical area and need to adapt to the climatic conditions.
09:50And besides all that, the Scythians were a community, a tribe, that observed nature very well.
09:56They wore long-legged shoes, long-skirted jackets and trousers as clothing, and pointed caps on their heads.
10:06We see that they wore particularly form-fitting clothes, trousers and jackets, and boots, which made it easier to mount and dismount horses.
10:19Herodotus's history contains information indicating that the Scythians were a very civilized people, skilled in silversmithing, dentistry, and bandaging dislocations.
10:36We know about the Scythians from ancient Roman and Greek historical sources.
10:47We know this from Strabo's memoirs and Ptolemy's works.
10:52We also find this group in Persian cuneiform texts and the Beistun inscriptions.
11:01Chinese sources also mention the Saka people frequently.
11:05The Scythian period is particularly famous for its artwork, especially that created using gold.
11:18During this period, numerous works depicting wild animals using a distinctive style have added value to the collections of museums around the world.
11:29In the artifacts of the Scythians, especially their metalwork, these are not very large-scale works; they are all small-scale artifacts.
11:38We can see these examples particularly in metal objects, such as pins and brooches.
11:50And they handled the animal fight scenes very successfully.
11:54This style is referred to as the Scythian animal style in art history and archaeology literature.
12:04These works were made from metals such as gold, silver, iron, and bronze using techniques such as forging, embossing, drawing, casting, and carving.
12:17Many archaeological findings and recent sources indicate that, starting from the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age,
12:25This shows that Saka culture and the culture of the ancient Turks exhibit continuity through common roots and similarities.
12:33Alp Ertunga is the best-known ruler of the Scythians, who are depicted as Turks in many sources.
12:47Alp Ertunga is considered the ancestor of the Turkic ruling dynasty and is a symbol of heroism in the historical epics of all Turkic peoples.
12:59Mahmud al-Kashgari stated that the rulers of all Turkic peoples descended from Afrasiab, also known as Alp Ertunga.
13:10He says that those who are not descended from Afrasiab cannot be called Khagan or Khan.
13:16Moreover, the rulers of the Karakhanids, the Koçu, the Uyghur State, and the Seljuks, among others, claimed to be descendants of Afrasiab.
13:26This can be understood from information in both domestic and foreign primary sources.
13:33All this information indicates that Alp Ertunga belonged not to a specific Turkic tribe,
13:39On the contrary, it shows that it has become a common symbol of heroism for many Turkic tribes.
13:47The Alp Ertunga epic, belonging to the Saka people, is one of the most important epics in Turkish cultural history.
13:55The most important of these is considered to be the epic of Alp Ertunga.
14:01And there, a lament emerges.
14:04That lament shows us the love felt for a deceased ruler, and also a devotion that goes beyond mere love.
14:12It appears as an epic tale of heroism.
14:15A section of the Sagun, or lament, sung about the death of Alp Ertunga,
14:24It was also written down by Mahmud al-Kashgari.
14:27Has Alp Ertunga died? Has this wicked world remained? Has time taken its revenge? Now the heart breaks.
14:41That's the way of fate, and there are many reasons for it.
14:45If he shoots an arrow at the world, the tops of mountains will be cut off.
14:50The soldiers sobbed like wolves, tearing at their collars and shirts.
14:55She wailed bitterly, tears flowed, and her eyes dried up.
15:00Today, various archaeological cultural environments and certain state structures that immediately precede the Scythian period are considered to be part of the early Turkic period.
15:16This period, which lasted from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC,
15:22The area south of the Urals, encompassing Central Asia and Southern Siberia, is represented by cultural spheres such as Afanasyevo, Andronovo, and Karasuk.
15:38The Afanasyevo culture chronologically spans the mid-3rd millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium BC and is included in the Copper Age.
15:50It is the name of an archaeological culture.
15:57Afanasyevo culture is an early livestock culture.
16:02This culture developed in the Minusinsk basin in the Altai region.
16:09The Afanasyevo culture is characterized by livestock farming and their own pottery production.
16:17A culture formed by tribes of different races.
16:20This naming convention,
16:27It was named after a cemetery located at the foot of the Afanasyev mountain in Khakassia.
16:35Because of the close similarity of the material culture remains found here to those found in other cemeteries in the area,
16:43They were considered as products of the same cultural environment, and thus Afanasyevo culture,
16:49Terms such as the Afanasyevo era and period began to be used widely.
16:56To date, over 300 burial mounds, or kurgans, have been excavated and examined in the Yenisei basin.
17:06These archaeological excavations have unearthed invaluable artifacts that shed light on the history of Central Asia.
17:15Currently, my colleagues and I are conducting excavations in the Naryn region.
17:25These excavations are taking place in a Bronze Age cemetery.
17:30The cemetery is called Aygırcal. During the excavation, we found numerous bodies buried using cremation methods.
17:40It appears that these people left personal belongings of the deceased in the grave pit after cremation.
17:47Kurgan architecture was one of the defining elements of Turkic burial traditions until the late Middle Ages.
18:00A pyramid or mound was constructed by piling earth or stones in a large circular shape over the burial chamber.
18:08This mound could be very high or very low, depending on the importance of the deceased.
18:15The mounds were surrounded by circular or square stones to prevent the soil piled on top from washing away.
18:24In some burial mounds, instead of soil, stones of various sizes were piled on top of the burial chamber.
18:33Kurgan, among its various meanings, also meant a tomb protector.
18:39Thanks to the valuable information provided by Herodotus, we can learn how the burial mounds of the Scythian kings were constructed.
18:48When the rulers died, their bodies were transported by cart to Gerhos, the furthest country of the empire.
18:58They dig a large grave in that area, which is rectangular in shape.
19:04Grass is spread inside the tomb, the king is placed on it, and it is covered with reeds.
19:11Once the ceremony is over, everyone shovels earth onto the grave and competes with each other to build the tallest mound.
19:22Kurgans were generally built in places considered sacred by the community.
19:28Such places could include mountain peaks and slopes, plateaus, forested areas, riverbeds, and lake shores.
19:38The areas we are talking about were far from populated areas and quite difficult to access.
19:47Covering this distance could take months.
19:53The world of death is essentially the underworld.
20:01If you travel around the area, you will see that the cemeteries are marked.
20:07There are epigraphic vertical monuments surrounded by rocks.
20:13There are also mound cemeteries.
20:16This type of external marking was also done in ancient times.
20:28The burial mounds were highly revered.
20:30Herodotus mentions the sacred reverence the Scythians had for their ancestral tombs.
20:36Darius wants to fight the Scythians.
20:40The Scythians eventually sent the following message to the Persians who wanted to fight them.
20:47We have the graves of our ancestors.
20:49Find them and raise your hand.
20:52Then you will see whether we will fight for our graves or not.
20:58The excavations revealed mainly copper ornaments and stone markers in the burial mounds.
21:11Among the items recovered were saddles, harnesses, cauldrons, arrows, knives, swords, furniture, jewelry, a wide variety of ornaments such as bracelets and earrings, carpets, and rugs.
21:29These items are being recovered from the opened burial mounds.
21:33And we need to consider that most of them are gifts given to the deceased.
21:38Because they believe in life after death.
21:41The Scythians, like the Huns who came after them, believed in a sky god.
21:46In this culture, the eagle was sacred.
21:50They would carve the shape of this bird onto gravestones.
21:54They would sometimes leave eagle claws inside the graves.
21:59And when we look at the artifacts of the Scythians, we see that they are mostly metal-based.
22:06We see that his works are predominantly woven.
22:09But the examples that are most reflected in our time and that have made the most impact are especially seen in the steppes of Central Asia.
22:15and the artifacts that Westerners unearthed and admired as a result of their excavations,
22:22We see that the metal artifacts belonged to the Scythians, and most of them were made of gold.
22:27We can see that it is made of gold.
22:29In the establishment and expansion of the steppe states, the strength of iron was as influential as the speed of the horse.
22:44Mining, especially blacksmithing, was a sacred profession.
22:50Like any geographical region, Central Asia naturally shapes the living things that inhabit it.
22:57Asia is a vast and flat region.
23:02It consists of vast grasslands, barren plains, and sandy deserts.
23:09A continental climate prevails.
23:12Temperatures dropping to minus fifty degrees in winter freeze rivers and lakes.
23:17The ground is covered in snow.
23:20Water resources are quite limited in these steppes.
23:25There are two types of water in the steppe.
23:29One is white water, the other is black water.
23:33The clear waters that feed the rivers in early spring dry up in summer.
23:41It is a continuous type of water, that is, groundwater.
23:46Therefore, dark waters were of vital importance in steppe life.
23:53The tribes living in the Central Asian region were driven to a nomadic lifestyle in order to find grass and water for their herds.
24:02Movement was essential in this culture.
24:07In pastoralism and nomadic lifestyles, horses were one of the most valuable assets.
24:13In herding livestock, transportation, feeding, and warfare, the horse was invaluable.
24:21The Turks are a community that has gifted humanity and the world with the horse and equestrian culture.
24:34The Turks were the first in the world to domesticate the horse.
24:39Thanks to his horse, he conquered vast territories and continents.
24:45Mahmud al-Kashgari said, "The horse is the wings of the Turk."
24:55The ancient Turkic Khagan Alper Tunga said, "Just as the moon is an ornament in the sky, so is the horse an ornament among the Turks."
25:04The horse was so important to the Turks that the Central Asian steppe culture was known as the equestrian steppe culture.
25:17The largest known steppe tribe is the Scythians, or Sakas.
25:23Just as the Sumerians were significant in Mesopotamia, the Scythians can be considered equally important in the steppe geography.
25:32The Scythians were a large community that established and promoted many steppe customs.
25:42First and foremost, the Scythians were the first steppe tribe to spread across a vast geographical area, thanks to the speed of the horse and the striking power of iron.
25:56With one foot in Asia and one foot in Europe, the Scythians are found in a geographical area encompassing North Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe.
26:12In other words, if the Scythians were unknown, tracking later equestrian tribes would be much more difficult.
26:22Because the greatest dominant power in the region is the greatest and earliest representatives of the steppe empire.
26:32Even epic records show that during this Scythian period, they spread from east to west, moving south from west of the Caspian Sea.
26:47Horse harnesses occupy an important place among the finds unearthed from burial mounds in archaeological excavations.
26:58Cultural artifacts found in Botay indicate that horse culture suggests that Turkic peoples domesticated horses and used them as mounts in Kazakh lands 5500-6000 years ago.
27:14Domesticated horses migrated from Botay to Altay.
27:20Altay was a center for breeding noble horses called Argımak.
27:26We can point to the Berel horses as proof of this.
27:30We can say that those horses belonged to the Scythians and Sakas.
27:35The most distinctive features of nomadic art are seen in horse harnesses.
27:45In the burial mounds where the horses were found, very finely crafted buckles with various carvings, saddles decorated with tassels, and small plaques were discovered.
27:57It was not possible to breed large numbers of horses in unsuitable places such as deserts, forests, agricultural areas, and cities.
28:07While the Gobi, Taklamakan, and Akkum deserts weren't ideal, the vast plains surrounding them were far more suitable for horse breeding.
28:19This situation would give the Turks a great advantage, especially in warfare.
28:26Cavalry units would make it possible to conquer and control vast territories with challenging natural conditions.
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