Türkistan'dan Avrupa'ya Türk tarihi ile ilgili videolara yer veren Yarın İçin Tarih özellikle Osmanlı tarihi, Milli Mücadele, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, inkılaplar ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihine odaklanmıştır.
Yakın dönem tarih konularına değindiğimiz kanalımıza ait web sayfası ve sosyal medya hesaplarımızı takip etmek isterseniz:
http://www.yarinicintarih.com.tr
Facebook: @yarinicintarih
İnstagram: : @yarinicintarih
Twitter: @yarinicintarih
Linkedin: @yarinicintarih
#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан #Turquie
Yakın dönem tarih konularına değindiğimiz kanalımıza ait web sayfası ve sosyal medya hesaplarımızı takip etmek isterseniz:
http://www.yarinicintarih.com.tr
Facebook: @yarinicintarih
İnstagram: : @yarinicintarih
Twitter: @yarinicintarih
Linkedin: @yarinicintarih
#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан #Turquie
Kategori
📚
ÖğrenmeDöküm
00:00MUSIC
01:00Blow, gentle wind, blow, my heart is wild.
01:05It is Tuna Sevidir who gnaws at our hearts.
01:08The year is 1814.
01:17A life-or-death struggle between Republican France and the European monarchies.
01:24For now, France is ahead.
01:27Because across the entire continent, from Paris to Moscow, the boots of Napoleon's armies are being crushed under the grip of harsh winter and famine.
01:37The frozen Russian hills and army can do what all the European armies could not.
01:46Napoleon's armies are defeated and retreat to where they came from.
01:52The monarchies of Europe breathe a sigh of relief.
01:55But everything has a price.
01:59This price was paid at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
02:04In other words, Russia rightfully claims the title of Europe's savior.
02:10Now that Russia has emerged on the historical stage as a new power in Europe and, by extension, in the world, it is inevitable that it will pursue even greater ambitions.
02:21However, for Russia to achieve these ambitions, it needs access to warm seas.
02:27But at this very point, they are faced with a formidable power: the Ottoman Empire, which, though weaker than it was in the past, had shaken Europe for the last four centuries.
02:40Russia will use all its resources to achieve its goals.
02:44On the one hand, they acted to destroy the Ottoman Empire by directly waging war, and on the other hand, by inciting Orthodox groups in the Balkans, especially the Slavs, to revolt.
02:58Other countries were uneasy about Russia's policy.
03:02Because Russia's expansion into the Mediterranean would harm the interests of both France and Britain.
03:10Therefore, they wanted to gain influence themselves in order to prevent Russia from gaining influence in the Balkans.
03:19Therefore, they also engaged in a certain kind of agitation against themselves within Balkan societies.
03:26They also engaged in provocative activities.
03:28As a result, the Balkans became a battleground for the great powers.
03:38It turned into a population struggle.
03:42And each country attempted to create independent states within its own sphere of influence.
03:50It would be wrong to see the imperialist policies of the great powers as the sole factor that led to this process.
04:01This is largely due to the French Revolution of 1789 and the Ottoman Empire's continuous military defeats.
04:11Perhaps these last two developments are the real determining factor.
04:17In particular, the repeated military defeats led to the formation of the idea and feeling among the Balkan peoples that the Ottoman Empire could also be defeated.
04:27The chaos and disorder caused by the rebellions and attacks, especially those instigated by the local notables, had driven people to despair.
04:36Such a development has particularly paved the way for the independence model, offered as a solution by gangs in Christian societies, to gain traction.
04:48From then on, wars and rebellions would begin one after another, and this would continue until the Ottoman Empire collapsed.
04:56Sultan Mahmud II was aware of the state of the country and the danger posed to the Empire by imperialist and local powers.
05:13The measure he envisioned as a solution was strengthening central administration.
05:18His first action towards this goal was to limit the powers of the Armatallos, who had abandoned banditry to become civil servants and were tasked with maintaining order in Rumelia on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
05:31But it's too late now.
05:34Because now the Armatallos have much larger forces supporting them.
05:41Naturally, they no longer need the sultan to survive.
05:46From now on, the mountains belong to the Armatallos, according to the Sultan's decree.
05:56The struggle started by the Armatals, who were bandits of yesterday, in the mountains, had transformed into a Greek revolt in the Peloponnese by 1821.
06:08This development will have far more significant political consequences than the Serbian uprising itself.
06:12Because for the first time, an uprising, even with the support of major powers, will achieve its goal and lead to the establishment of an independent state.
06:23This development would determine other rebellions in the Balkans and, consequently, the end of the Ottoman Empire.
06:31One of the most important features of this uprising is that, for the first time, terrorism was systematically used as a political tool and method in rebellions against the Ottoman Empire.
06:45This method, which would later be used in all the rebellions that would occur in the Ottoman Empire, would cause great suffering to many people.
06:56Hundreds of thousands will die, and millions will be forced to migrate.
07:00What happened during the Morea revolt is no different.
07:06But this time, the number of people forced to migrate is limited to 3-4 thousand.
07:12Because this is the only number of Turks who managed to survive the rebellion.
07:16Two important political developments had a huge impact on the Greek revolt in the Peloponnese.
07:24These were the Filiki Eteria, founded in Odessa in 1814 by a group of Greek merchants, and the Republic of Algiers, established on the island of Corfu on March 21, 1800, as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
07:40The islands we now call Algeria are seven islands located west of the Peloponnese peninsula.
07:51Now these islands are in the hands of Venice.
07:54So, during the Ottoman Empire period, these islands belonged to Venice.
07:59When Napoleon put an end to the Republic of Venice in 1797, these islands also came under French control.
08:06Napoleon invaded Egypt again in 1798, launching a direct attack on the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
08:19France's imperialist policy leads to former enemies becoming friends.
08:25England, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire form an alliance.
08:29Before long, the Russian and British navies appear in the Mediterranean.
08:34The objective is to target territories held by France.
08:37The target is the seven islands in the Ionian Sea that are under the control of this country.
08:43Ultimately, these landmasses were taken from France, and the Republic of Algeria, meaning "Seven Island Republics," was established there.
08:52The structure of this republic was as follows: it was subordinate to the Ottoman Empire and would pay taxes to the Ottoman Empire.
09:02It will also be under Russia's guarantee.
09:05This process has begun.
09:09Russian soldiers have started serving there.
09:12At the same time, the expenses of the Russian soldiers were to be covered by the Ottoman Empire.
09:16The population of this island is, of course, largely composed of non-Muslim Greeks.
09:21Therefore, the Russians conducted a rehearsal here for their future actions in the Balkans aimed at inciting Orthodox Christians.
09:37They engaged in a number of activities there, in the Republic of Algeria, aimed at inciting the Greek population.
09:45These developments are very interesting in that they reveal just how friendly former enemies actually are.
09:54So much so that the only political outcome of this newly established republic has been the rise of Greek nationalism.
10:03The fact that the administration was composed mainly of Greeks led to an increase in self-confidence within the community and the spread of the idea of independence.
10:12This is a development that will later influence all independence movements in the Ottoman Empire.
10:18What happened during the Morea revolt was no different.
10:24Kopodistryo, who was appointed as the head of the Republic, would play a particularly significant role in the Morea Rebellion.
10:31Despite all the support and efforts, the Greek revolt led by the Filiki Eteria only began in 1821.
10:46Ioannina Ali Pasha, who opposed Istanbul, sided with the rebellious Greeks.
10:51With their support, they stubbornly resisted the Ottoman army, which had advanced as far as the outskirts of Ioannina, until winter arrived.
11:00While the rebellion was ongoing, bad news also began to arrive from Wallachia and Moldavia.
11:05This was because Ipsilanti, a rebel who feared the suppression of the uprising in Morea, decided to spread the resistance throughout the Balkans in order to completely destroy Ottoman rule.
11:18Ipsilanti, relying on the military support he expected from Russia, launched a bloody uprising in Wallachia and Moldavia in March 1821.
11:31The target is the Turks.
11:33Let's hear about the subsequent developments from historian George Finley.
11:40Alexandros Ypsilanti launched an attempted uprising that could spread throughout the Balkans.
11:46This person and his supporters seized power in the cities of Galati and Iași.
11:54In both places, Turks from all social strata—soldiers, sailors, merchants—were caught off guard and murdered in cold blood.
12:02In response, Sultan Mahmud II sent a significant portion of his troops from Morea to suppress the rebellion in the Danubian principalities.
12:19The plan worked, and only a few soldiers remained in Morea.
12:23Seizing this opportunity, separatist Greeks included other regions in the rebellion.
12:30Finley wrote the following about this rebellion and the events that followed in 1861.
12:37The Greek uprising against the Ottoman Empire began in March 1821.
12:45First, some officials, especially tax collectors, were killed.
12:50This was followed by a general attack on the Turks in the Peloponnese in April.
12:55In this attack, Greek gangs and villagers simply killed every Turk they found.
13:03In Türkiye, there were attacks and consequent killings of Ottoman soldiers by Albanians.
13:09Some Muslims, such as those in Kalavrite and Kalamata, surrendered after being promised they would not be killed.
13:18But they were killed.
13:20Many of those who fled, such as the Turks in the Lakaziye region, were massacred along the way.
13:36The reasons for the intense use of violence in the Balkans and the transformation of the region into a bloodbath should actually be sought in the decisions of the 1815 Vienna Congress.
13:47Because the solution to the nationalities question was sought in numerical majority at the congress, that is, compartmental nationalism, is the main cause of bloody conflicts.
14:00In a region where different communities live together and intertwine, seeking dominance through numerical superiority is nothing more than an invitation to conflict.
14:11Especially if such a movement does not have a broad social base.
14:16Now look, nation-states emerge as a result, but the underlying cause of the Balkan uprisings is not a national movement.
14:32These could be described as nation-building projects that were entirely top-down.
14:40So, a small group of people have a program in mind.
14:45We can call this program a nationalist, national program.
14:48But among the people, neither Serbs nor Greeks, nor peasants, there is no sense of nationalism.
14:56Indeed, the greatest heroes of the Greek uprising were of Albanian origin.
15:01So they don't know Greek.
15:02Or they are of Wallachian origin.
15:06The project currently on everyone's minds is the nation-building project.
15:17It has a German philosophy at its core.
15:20There's a political romanticism phenomenon.
15:23In other words, to create a homogenous, ethnic nation.
15:26This is a project, a process, an organization that began after the state was established.
15:36In this incident as well, they first take a stance directed towards the Muslims, whom they had previously called the ruling class.
15:47These people are neither Muslim nor Turkish.
15:50These are Muslim Slavs in Bosnia.
15:53There are many people of Turkish origin, of Yörük descent, in Greece, but there are also Muslim Albanians.
16:03It's the same in Macedonia.
16:05For example, there are both Turks and Islamized Pomaks.
16:09There are other peoples like this as well.
16:11There is a certain behavior directed towards these things.
16:13For example, in Serbia, they even add a clause to the agreements they make.
16:18They say that from now on, no Muslim will be able to reside within these lands.
16:25The Greek Church bears a significant share of the blame for all the suffering, all the crimes against humanity, and the resurgence of racism.
16:37In particular, the slogan uttered by Archbishop Yermanos—"Peace to Christians, respect to consuls, death to Turks"—
16:47It has a huge impact on the mass participation in the actions and the killing of tens of thousands of people.
16:54Now even those who were innocent until yesterday are sinners.
16:59Only a very small number of people who managed to take refuge in the fortresses survived the attacks and massacres created by this racist rhetoric.
17:13As the Greek uprising continued, new territories were attacked, and the massacres of Turks were repeated.
17:19Finnish researcher notes that during the attacks, Jews, whom the Greeks considered infidels, were massacred with as much enthusiasm as Muslims.
17:30The racist and bloody methods adopted in the Greek uprising would serve as a defining model for all subsequent rebellions.
17:40From now on, in every uprising, terror and massacres will be used by the insurgents as a tool to make it impossible for people to live together in harmony and to ensure the success of the uprising.
18:00The killing of Turks in Greece is not a common concern in wartime.
18:05All the Turks, including women and children, are being taken away and killed by Greek gangs.
18:14The only exception is the enslavement of a small number of women and children.
18:18Turks are sometimes killed in the fervor of the uprising, but more often the murders are the result of premeditation and are committed with cold blood.
18:30The entire Turkish population of the towns is gathered up, taken to a suitable place, and massacred there.
18:38Woodhouse clearly expressed the scale and gravity of the massacre with these words.
18:50Similarly, Philips' account of what happened in Tripolis is thought-provoking in that it shows what racism and hatred can do to people.
19:00For three days, the poor Turks were subjected to the lust and cruelty of a savage horde.
19:11No discrimination was made based on either gender or age.
19:16Even women and children were tortured before being killed.
19:19The massacre was on such a large scale that even the gang leader Kolokotronis himself said that when he entered the town, starting from the upper citadel gate, his horse's hooves never touched the ground.
19:33The ceremonial path he was following was paved with a shroud of corpses.
19:35Two days later, the surviving Muslims, in a desperate state, numbered about two thousand people of all ages and genders, mostly women and children,
19:47They were brutally rounded up and taken to a stream bed in the neighboring mountains, where they were slaughtered like sheep.
19:55The attacks and massacres that took place in Morea caused great outrage within the Ottoman administration and among the Turkish people.
20:02The Ottoman government responded immediately and forcefully to the atrocities committed in Morea.
20:10The Patriarch and some individuals, who were found to have indirectly supported the Filiki Eteria uprising against Greek independence by having representatives in its leadership and who did not condemn the massacre,
20:23They are executed at the gates of the Patriarchate.
20:25One reason for the death penalty is especially against minorities who cooperate with, or are considering cooperating with, major powers.
20:33The aim is to intimidate imperialist powers who want to use these things politically.
20:40The Greek population in the Aydın province and on Chios Island also felt the effects of the harsh measures that were implemented.
20:47Furthermore, some individuals from Turkish society also attack the Greeks here because of the massacres that took place in the Peloponnese.
20:55The rebels are pleased with the developments.
20:59The seeds of hatred they sowed between communities have finally borne fruit.
21:04Hate begets hate, and massacre begets massacre.
21:08It is estimated that approximately 25-30 thousand Turks and Muslims lived in Morea before the rebellion.
21:17The vast majority of them live scattered and engage in agriculture.
21:22Therefore, they don't even have the means to defend themselves.
21:26Furthermore, ensuring the safety of people living in such a scattered manner is a difficult task.
21:32Most importantly, it could never have crossed anyone's mind that people who lived side by side until yesterday could inflict such terror on each other.
21:44But what is not thought, not believed, becomes reality.
21:49There are approximately 25,000 Turks living in the Peloponnese peninsula, according to these European sources.
21:56The settled population there was completely massacred as a result of the Greek rebellion, the uprising of the Greeks, in the process leading to independence.
22:07In Morea, in Serbia, and in the Danubian principalities, uprisings and rebellions were constant.
22:13One ends and the other begins.
22:16The Ottoman Empire, exhausted by wars and rebellions, wholeheartedly embraced reforms as a solution.
22:22One of the biggest and most important reforms is carried out in the military field.
22:29In 1826, the Janissary Corps was abolished and replaced by a modern army.
22:35Such a development would mean standardization in uniforms, or clothing, and a need for very large quantities of fabric.
22:43However, at that time, Istanbul and its immediate surroundings had neither tailors nor fabric production capable of meeting such a large demand in a short period of time.
22:52Following this, Sultan Mahmud II invited many Bulgarian tailors from the Danube and Rumelia provinces, which had easy access to Istanbul, to work in the capital.
23:03And from the 1820s and 30s onwards, there was a large-scale emigration of Bulgarians.
23:13They mainly gathered at Bal Kapanhan, which still exists today in Eminönü.
23:18They find a home for themselves here, they live together as one, and it's even said they've opened a school.
23:26These developments led to intense trade between the Danube and Rumelia provinces and Istanbul.
23:34As a result, products such as coarse woolen cloth and serge from Gabrovo and other cities famous for their textiles began to be sent to Istanbul.
23:46It's not just goods that are arriving.
23:48At the same time, besides the Bulgarians previously invited by the Sultan, there were also many Bulgarians from various professions.
23:56He comes to the city to take advantage of the opportunities Istanbul has to offer.
23:59In Bulgaria, people from cities like Kotel, Kalofer, and Sliven were primarily involved in the hunting business.
24:11Apart from that, many Bulgarians from various regions of Bulgaria also came to work as stablehands.
24:19All of the sultan's grooms are of Bulgarian origin.
24:22Apart from these, gardeners and milkmen, especially those from Macedonia and other cities, practiced these professions in Istanbul.
24:35As for businessmen, the big merchants of flour, grain, and fish also came from Bulgaria.
24:42Among them, for example, are the Leshtov brothers, physicians who are still very famous in Bulgaria for the donations they made here.
24:49Besides them, many Bulgarians also worked here in the past, especially in agricultural jobs.
25:05The next major Bulgarian migration occurred from Macedonia at the beginning of the 20th century.
25:12This is due to the 1903 uprising in the province, carried out by Bulgarian komitaji (guerrilla fighters).
25:20There is neither safety for people in the region nor are the economic conditions suitable for living.
25:26Even after all these migrations, it is still difficult to give precise information about the Bulgarian population living in Istanbul.
25:34Because some of them have come to Istanbul temporarily just to work.
25:38However, their numbers are thought to vary between 20,000 and 60,000 from year to year, and even from season to season.
25:49One of the uprisings that occurred during the empire's longest century and had severe consequences was the Bulgarian revolt of April 1876.
25:59See you in the next episode to discuss this.
26:03Goodbye.
Yorumlar