Türkistan'dan Avrupa'ya Türk tarihi ile ilgili videolara yer veren Yarın İçin Tarih özellikle Osmanlı tarihi, Milli Mücadele, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, inkılaplar ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihine odaklanmıştır.
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#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан
Yakın dönem tarih konularına değindiğimiz kanalımıza ait web sayfası ve sosyal medya hesaplarımızı takip etmek isterseniz:
http://www.yarinicintarih.com.tr
Facebook: @yarinicintarih
İnstagram: : @yarinicintarih
Twitter: @yarinicintarih
Linkedin: @yarinicintarih
#türk #türkiye #türkistan #yarınicintarih #турецкий #турок #турция #туркистан
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ÖğrenmeDöküm
01:00The representatives of mercy and justice, the Turks, who settled under the shadow of the banners, met in Khorasan and Transoxiana, in Samarkand, Bukhara and Tashkent, a meeting that changed world history.
01:22A distinguished heritage that has taken root, stretching across Anatolia and Europe, reflected in the sounds echoing from the domes.
01:33Caravanserais, madrasas, hospitals, observatories, complexes of buildings.
01:41New and original pages in science, thought, and art.
01:51A great civilization that left its mark on humanity's shared heritage.
01:56The world of the Turks
02:01This unique story, spread across three continents through epic tales, unfolds before us, as Bilge Kağan put it, with its traces in lands stretching from sunrise to sunset in the east, from midnight to midday in the north, and from noon to midday in the south.
02:24Material artifacts belonging to the Afanasyao cultural sphere are also spread across the regions of East Kazakhstan, West Mongolia, and East Turkestan.
02:49Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that this entire vast region formed a single cultural sphere for a long period of time.
03:02The Andronova culture flourished as a Bronze Age cultural sphere between the 17th and 9th centuries BC.
03:11Andronova culture communities lived in territories stretching from Western Siberia to Kazakhstan and the Urals.
03:27The chronology of the Andronova culture varied from region to region.
03:38Depending on the natural conditions and economic potential of the regions, cultural and socioeconomic processes sometimes progressed very slowly, and sometimes very quickly.
03:49The fact that the Andronova culture survived longer in the South Siberia and Tajikistan regions, while it was replaced by newer cultures in other regions, is related to this.
04:04The Andronova culture spread as far as Afanasyevo in the east and the Kopetdag and Tian Shan mountains in the south.
04:15On its southern borders, it was also bordered by some groups who probably spoke Dravidian languages.
04:22Its western borders extended to the Ural, Volga, and Idil regions.
04:27Numerous cultural spheres developed in the regions where these communities lived.
04:35For example, the Andronova culture has incorporated cultures such as Petrov, Fyodorov, Alaköl, Sarıgarı, Alekseyev, Kojanberdi, Begazi, Dandıbay, Dongal, Kölbay, Biye, and Yedisu within itself.
04:57These cultures were very close and similar to each other, but they all had their own unique characteristics.
05:09The Andronovites were also miners.
05:14There were copper and tin deposits.
05:17They extensively exploited copper deposits in the Altai and Kazakhstan Mountains.
05:22They discovered casting techniques and used this method to produce tools such as sickles, axes, and hoes, as well as weapons like daggers, fluted arrowheads, and spears with broad pointies.
05:37They not only produced them but also exported them to very distant regions.
05:41Today, many artifacts belonging to the Andronovo culture can be found in the Kyrgyz region.
05:56We are also interested in the fact that some artifacts belonging to the Andronovo culture have been found in the North China region.
06:02The Andronovo culture had the widest reach among the Central Asian cultures.
06:14Because of its similarity to the Afanasyevo culture, it is sometimes considered to be a more developed continuation of it.
06:22The Andronovo culture gradually gave way to the Karasuk culture in Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan.
06:29The Karasuk culture came to be known as such due to the exemplary artifacts found along the banks of the Karasuk River within the borders of the Republic of Khakassia.
06:39Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, was home to the Karasuk culture, which began around the 13th century BC and lasted until the 9th century BC.
06:50While some argue that it developed in the north, in its native habitat, others claim that it originated from the Central Asian steppes and East Turkestan.
07:01Some argue that Karasuk culture is a synthesis of these two elements.
07:09Material remains belonging to the Karasuk culture include examples such as daggers, jewelry, and buttons, as well as knives with handles shaped like the heads of rams, horses, deer, goats, and eagles.
07:24Ceramic items are unique and diverse.
07:28Tombstones in Khakassia, particularly throughout the Minusa Plain, are in the form of massive stones that are frequently seen.
07:41These communities, who raised horses, camels, and cattle, spun and wove wool and made tents from felt.
07:49They used a four-wheeled cart covered with a tent.
07:54All these remains, artifacts found in the excavations, weapons, works of art, rock paintings, and seals bear traces of the mobility, lifestyle, and advanced level of civilization of the Turkic communities living in this era.
08:14The Rock Painting Complex located in the Anrakay Mountains in the Yedisu Region of Kazakhstan was added to the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List in 2004.
08:28This place consists of thousands of rock paintings.
08:31The drawings include a variety of figures such as divine beings with sun-shaped heads, warriors with maces, married couples, and women giving birth.
08:46In addition, there are numerous scenes of human and animal groups, hunting, and the sacrifice of bulls.
08:54The use of early Turkish stamps served various purposes.
09:03First, it was used to define the borders of states.
09:09Secondly, it was used as a symbol on a tribal flag.
09:15It was used in courts as a seal representing private property, on animals, and on gravestones.
09:33When we look at the geography of the Turks, we see the letters of the alphabets used by the Turks in rock paintings and ethnographic artifacts.
09:43However, it is worth explaining the following here.
09:49Or's alphabet is the first Turkic alphabet that we know of.
09:58However, when we look at Or's alphabet carefully, when we read it carefully,
10:04We see that Or's alphabet represents a very advanced philosophy and language.
10:10Therefore, such an advanced philosophy and language should be found in older examples of writing.
10:20So this is just a guess.
10:23But if we cannot find or do not know of any written records that predate Or's alphabet,
10:31This does not mean that the Turks did not use an alphabet before, or that there were no written forms.
10:38Counting Stones
10:42A famous complex of rock paintings located in the eastern part of Jalal-Abad province, Kyrgyzstan.
10:48As a result of examining the artifacts found here,
10:58The majority of the rock paintings appear to date back to the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age.
11:07These predictions were later confirmed.
11:14We currently know that the earliest paintings at Saymalı Taş are Eneolithic, or Copper Age, artifacts.
11:28Saymalı Taş means "embroidered stone" or "decorated stone" in Kyrgyz Turkish.
11:44This is home to the richest treasure trove of rock paintings carved into basalt cliffs in Central Asia.
11:51There are approximately 90,000 paintings dating from the 3rd millennium BC to the 8th century BC.
12:01This wealth is unparalleled.
12:04The Huns established dominance over the vast steppe around the 3rd century BC.
12:18And it is a Turkish community that has long been influential in determining the fate of the world.
12:24Ethnic and cultural history, however, dates back even further.
12:29The Hunnic period is a well-known period in historical studies.
12:36And the Huns are one of the most well-known nomads in Central Asia.
12:40They established a nomadic empire.
12:44The southeastern regions of the Altai and Tian Shan Mountains were the main settlement areas of the Hun tribes.
12:53Starting in the 13th century BC, they began migrating to the lands north of the Gobi Desert.
13:01They had the necessary experience and technical tools.
13:06Of course, if we were to draw a line around the Huns, it would be from Manchuria, that is, west of China,
13:16China views its territory as stretching from the Manchuria region to the west of the Caspian Sea.
13:22Such a person would live in the area inhabited by the Huns. And that's a very vast geographical area.
13:25In the centuries that followed their migrations north, the Huns' population and economic power increased.
13:34Hunnic culture developed and became established in Mongolia, Tuva, and the Lake Baikal region.
13:42The areas where the Huns lived in Central Asia are located in what is now Mongolia.
13:49On the banks of the Orkhon River in the Hangay Mountains was the headquarters of the Hun Shanyu, or commander.
13:56Starting from Shanyu's headquarters, they conquered many countries in both east and west of Asia.
14:06Thus, systematic information about the Huns began to appear in Chinese sources from the 4th century BC onwards.
14:16The word Hun means "people" or "human race".
14:20The Hunnic words we know today are very limited.
14:23Unfortunately, no texts in the Hunnic Turkic language have survived to this day.
14:28A few sentences are known.
14:31In addition, some words found in Chinese sources have survived to this day.
14:36These words include words like God, Divine Fate, Wolf, Sword, and Banner.
14:43In 206 BC, the Han dynasty seized power in China, establishing a strong centralized rule.
14:54Around the same time, Mete Han, the son of ruler Teuma, became the leader of the Huns.
15:02It is known that the first Hunnic state was founded at the end of the 3rd century BC under the command of Shanyu Umanli Mete.
15:11The Huns conquered many areas that are now part of Central Asia and ruled there for many centuries.
15:19The Huns held this political dominance until the 3rd and 4th centuries BC.
15:28There is a belief that the state was bestowed by God and given to the Turkish ruler.
15:37We see the most striking example of this in the title of Mete, the ruler of the Asian Huns.
15:44This dates back to BC.
15:47God has a title there called Tanhu.
15:52So, the person whom God blessed is referred to as Mete.
15:58Mete Han was a leader loved by the people.
16:01And like him, his soldiers were also good fighters.
16:06Mete Han not only imposed strict rules while training the troops under his command.
16:12He set an example by following these rules himself.
16:16He built an army with an iron will and discipline.
16:22During the Hunnic period, bows and arrows were used for long-range warfare.
16:25Whistling arrows were invented during the reign of Mete Han.
16:30In addition, there are quivers that, according to many claims, can hold 90 arrows.
16:37These quivers are even mentioned in the Dede Korkut stories, so we can be almost certain they held 90 arrows.
16:43In addition, swords, daggers, and spears were used in close combat.
16:49The warriors wore armor made of light, small plates, or perhaps we could call them sheets.
16:59When we put all these factors together, we can determine that the striking force of the Hunnic army was composed of light cavalry.
17:05Then there's the matter of spoils of war.
17:11The spoils of war were divided into five places, and one-fifth, or rather the highest level, was given to a significant portion.
17:18The remaining portion is known to belong to the looted goods.
17:22This system continued until the rise of the center-right.
17:25I believe a system called "pençlik" existed in the early Ottoman period.
17:31The weapons used by the Huns were far more sophisticated, with problems resolved and durability significantly improved.
17:41And they are very important because they are lightweight materials in terms of usability.
17:49Hunnic military techniques and tactics were more advanced than those of China and were adapted to regional conditions.
17:57The Chinese army did not have cavalry archers.
18:01This was a serious weakness against the Hun cavalry, who could shoot arrows while on the move.
18:09In addition, war chariots formed the main fighting force of the Chinese army,
18:15They were unable to withstand the faster and more agile cavalry units.
18:21The Chinese Emperor found a solution to prevent Hun raids by fortifying his northern borders with walls.
18:35To this end, he had the walls surrounding the settlements demolished, leaving only the northern sections standing, and began constructing the Great Wall of China by connecting the remaining northern walls.
18:53This wall, which took centuries to build, did not provide a decisive solution against northern attacks.
19:01Neither the Huns, nor the Gokturks, nor the Turkic-Mongol armies could be stopped.
19:07When the Huns turned south and encircled the 320,000-strong Chinese army, the Chinese Emperor was forced to accept defeat.
19:22He ceded all of the steppe lands to the Huns.
19:27He saved himself and his army by making a peace treaty on the condition that he receive food, silk supplies, and an annual tribute payment.
19:36This was the first political agreement in East Asian history.
19:46With his powerful army, Mete Han rapidly expanded his territories.
19:51Its reach extended from Manchuria in the east to Lake Baikal in the north, Tibet and the Karakorum line in the south, and the Aral Sea and Pamir Mountains in the west.
20:05The Huns, starting from Central Asia and Mongolia, brought under their control many regions of present-day Central Asia and states in southern Siberia.
20:16And he laid the foundation of the great Hunnic state.
20:20It is also mentioned that among those who came under the rule of the Huns were the Dinlins, Yukhchis, Old Kyrgyz, and Uysins.
20:32Economic activities were mainly carried out through agriculture and nomadic pastoralism.
20:38The Huns actually adopted many things that had developed during the preparatory period of what we call the prototype era that preceded them, and took them to a higher level within their own structure.
20:56Through a number of new techniques, they elevated Hunnic art to a very high level.
21:03There was advanced mining and craftsmanship.
21:10All kinds of tools, weapons, horse harnesses, carpets, felt, and similar products were produced in large quantities, and the surplus was exported to foreign markets.
21:22While these artifacts were made of gold during the Scythian period, we see that they were crafted from bronze during the Hunnic era.
21:30We can see that they worked with the metal we call bronze.
21:34And we can see that something else is particularly well-developed in the Huns.
21:41These swords appear as weapons.
21:46The materials used in Hunnic metalwork were gold, silver, iron, bronze, and their alloys.
21:56Everyday items, banners and tent finials, ceremonial cauldrons, and weapons were made.
22:04Artifacts belonging to the Huns, unearthed through archaeological excavations at the Pazyryk burial mounds,
22:11Today it is exhibited at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.
22:15They used gold, silver, iron, and precious stones to make these types of jewelry.
22:27These products, made in a colorful decorative style, are also seen in Eastern Europe.
22:34This shows that the Hun tribes in Central Asia and Eastern Europe were interconnected.
22:46There are also cultural elements that extend from Eastern Europe to Central Asia.
22:58The depictions and figures on the works fall within the scope of the Steppe Animal Style, which is recognized as a unique stylistic genre.
23:10The paintings and artistic depictions specific to the Turkic peoples of that era are of great importance.
23:24During that period, various components for arches were prepared using an artistic casting method.
23:36Of course, these weren't ordinary belts.
23:44These belts were a symbol of their status.
23:52Just as we today recognize the status of soldiers by their epaulets and medals,
24:00Our ancestors also marked this with belts back in the Middle Ages.
24:14And that's precisely why they placed so much importance on the construction of arches.
24:21The knotted carpet unearthed in these excavations is a very important work of art.
24:33This is because it is the oldest known and intact knotted carpet in the history of world carpet making.
24:41The carpet that has come to us from the Pazyryk burial mound is called the Pazyryk carpet.
24:49The Pazyryk carpet is dated to the 3rd century BC, or according to some, the 2nd century BC.
24:56And it's a rug with square dimensions.
25:01We can see that it features animal figures.
25:04In addition, animal figures are featured on the border.
25:08In the center, on the ground, there are consecutive square dimensions.
25:16It features a flower motif similar to a tulip, which we call a "hungülü".
25:23But it's not a tulip. It features a flower called a hyacinth.
25:27We need to consider it as a flower of that geography.
25:30We need to consider it as a plant.
25:315. The carpet unearthed from the Pazyryk kurgan changed the way carpets depicted events up to that point.
25:42He changed the statement.
25:44Because the carpet is made with the Gordes knot, which we call the Turkish knot.
25:47And it has proven to us that the earliest example of a carpet is located here.
25:53We cannot construct a history of the Turks without knowing the Huns.
25:56Without studying their works and understanding how they were created, we cannot interpret the works that appeared in later periods.
26:07Then a gap emerges.
26:09Another burial mound unearthed during the excavations, containing a man in a golden robe, has shed light on many cultural details of that period.
26:22Kazakhstani archaeologists have made amazing discoveries in the field of whistling.
26:30These are about the golden man.
26:33Currently, there are at least four of these in the Kazakhstan region.
26:37A prince is buried in the Fifth Bazaar Kurgan. It is the tomb of a prince.
26:45The tomb of a prince who died at a very young age, and the young corpse of the prince adorned with gold from his boots to his head, was discovered by Kemal Akişer, who conducted the excavation.
27:01That's why this tomb is called the "man in the golden suit."
27:08Actually, of course, he's not covered in gold from head to toe.
27:13Small gold plates were sewn onto the clothes.
27:17The metal parts on his boots are gold, and the parts of the fabric on his dress are gold.
27:23When we examine each of them individually, we see that they are all adorned with different scenes.
27:31And there, on the headdress of that golden man, on one of the motifs above his hat, we encounter a figure of a tree of life, made of gold, in the form of very fine, coiled wires.
27:46If we imagine a bird has just landed at the top of the tree of life, or if we consider it to be a young person who has died, it can show us that their soul has ascended as a bird and is heading towards the tree of life to be reunited with it.
28:03Here, we encounter the concept of the tree of life for the first time, which we now consider to have an iconographic meaning.
28:08Here we encounter the existence of life after death, and we can understand that the soul ascends to the sky like a bird and goes to heaven.
28:18Thank you for watching.
28:20Thank you for watching.
28:34Thank you for watching.
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