In this Episode
1. This episode is from the 2020 Cosmos: Possible Worlds TV mini series.
2. It features computer-animated footage based on Sagan's speculations about life in other places, such as the atmosphere of Jupiter.
3. The episode highlights how Sagan carried forward the research of his mentors.
4. It also explores how Sagan and other scientists were influenced by the work of Gerard Kuiper and Harold Urey.
Learning goals
1. This episode helps viewers to understand:
2. The benefits of scientists communicating with the public
3. How scientists from different disciplines can work together to gain new insights
4. How the human understanding of the universe has expanded over time
5. How the work of scientists like Kuiper and Urey helped to move past a human-centric view of the universe.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode6
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#twinstarstars
#aliensolarsystem
#TheCosmicConnection
#cosmos
#neildegrassetyson
#Themanofmillionstars
#neildegrassetyson
1. This episode is from the 2020 Cosmos: Possible Worlds TV mini series.
2. It features computer-animated footage based on Sagan's speculations about life in other places, such as the atmosphere of Jupiter.
3. The episode highlights how Sagan carried forward the research of his mentors.
4. It also explores how Sagan and other scientists were influenced by the work of Gerard Kuiper and Harold Urey.
Learning goals
1. This episode helps viewers to understand:
2. The benefits of scientists communicating with the public
3. How scientists from different disciplines can work together to gain new insights
4. How the human understanding of the universe has expanded over time
5. How the work of scientists like Kuiper and Urey helped to move past a human-centric view of the universe.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode6
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#twinstarstars
#aliensolarsystem
#TheCosmicConnection
#cosmos
#neildegrassetyson
#Themanofmillionstars
#neildegrassetyson
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:20John Goodricke was allowed to observe the stars for a very short time.
00:25But it is said that he still made a great discovery.
00:33His ears were damaged due to an illness in childhood.
00:37Maybe that's why he was watching so carefully.
00:43A clear summer night in 1784
00:46He went to see a particular star whose movements were puzzling him.
00:53No other astronomer had ever said this before.
00:59Goodricke couldn't believe his eyes.
01:01Son, this star named Lyre was changing its brightness in a very short time.
01:07Why was a star doing this in just a few days?
01:16Even more surprising was that Goodricke was able to estimate this difference with great accuracy.
01:23What was the reason for this change in the brightness of the star?
01:27He couldn't think of any reason for it.
01:33Then he saw another possibility.
01:40Could there be something orbiting Beta Lyrae
01:44Appears in front of the star at regular intervals
01:50But what was this thing?
02:04Perhaps some world
02:17Or are there a trillion worlds?
02:20This is the world
02:26or far away a zarub moeen
02:28or is
02:29do it do it do it
03:02do it do it do it
03:29At 86, she caught the attention of the prestigious British Royal Society.
03:32So he was immediately made a member of it.
03:37The news of this honour did not reach him.
03:40Because he died of pneumonia a few days later.
03:46He was only 21 years old then.
03:53Another astronomer was about to solve Goodricke's mystery 150 years ago.
03:59And as a result, our cosmos was about to change forever.
04:03Even as a child, Gerard Peter Kiper's vision went further than most people's.
04:10They could even see such distant and dim stars
04:14which were not visible to others without a telescope
04:17This is from the Netherlands more than a century ago.
04:21At that time, the son of a poor tailor could not even think of becoming an astronomer.
04:26But this kid wasn't going to stop.
04:29Astronomers then thought there were only a few planets in the cosmos.
04:33Only our solar system
04:35And the many stars that are visible are only twinkling
04:39And they never gave birth to other worlds
04:44That means we can feel special on Earth.
04:48Scientists told us that our star system was very rare.
04:53Who had the worlds and the moon
05:03Kuiper wanted to know how our Sun and planets came into existence.
05:07So he went to the University of Leiden and soon became famous for his knowledge.
05:16He was invited to America to join the dynamic astronomical community.
05:21But Kiper was a very demanding man and often became quickly at odds with his teammates.
05:28The idea of ​​directing a remote observational project far away from the hustle and bustle of science appealed to him.
05:34It would have been delicious
05:35And the stars are also visible from there in a much better way than from any other place.
05:42Kiper landed a job at McDonald's Observatory, located in a corner of West Texas.
05:49By the turn of the new century, it had been discovered that half of the visible stars were actually gravitational particles.
05:58Most binary stars are formed from the same gas and dust, like twins.
06:03Others, as they age, attach to each other due to gravity in the further stages of their development.
06:09go to
06:09The other half live alone their entire lives.
06:13Kuiper thought to focus on binary stars
06:16He wanted to know if these stars were the building blocks of the planets that form in our solar system.
06:21And can shed some light on our connection to the Sun through gravity
06:35Kuiper was also looking at the same star that had puzzled John Goodricke one hundred and fifty years earlier.
06:41But Kuiper was watching it through a much larger telescope, and Kuiper had another
06:48Spectroscopy was an amazing technology that was not available in Goodricke's time.
06:53Spectroscopy is a method of examining the light of a star to determine its atomic and molecular structure.
07:00Kuiper observed the spectrum produced by Beta Lyrae's light.
07:04and found that, like other stars, it contained plenty of hydrogen and helium, but also iron, sodium, and
07:11There were also silicon
07:13This was not surprising, but then I saw bright lines. Where were these lines coming from?
07:21At that time, no astronomer understood why bright lines would appear in a star's spectrum.
07:27Kuiper concluded that these two stars were close enough to exchange very hot gases.
07:34Were
07:34And that's what created these lines.
07:38To understand what Kuiper saw that night, he discovered the most interstellar relationships in the cosmos.
07:46and named
07:47That is, such stars which are connected to each other forever through gravity and that bridge of fire.
07:54which is born from the star staff
07:59The length of this bridge connecting two cables is 13 million kilometers.
08:05One of these is three times larger than our Sun and the other thirteen times larger.
08:14This is a contact binary star system. Why is it not round like our star?
08:20Why are they so close to each other that the power of Gurudwara Karshan can pull them together and release a tear of fire?
08:27gives the appearance that
08:30The Beta Lyrae system is 1,000 light-years away from Earth.
08:35Even the largest telescopes available until the middle of the twentieth century were not powerful enough to see them as individual stars.
08:41but could see
08:42New spectroscopy was needed to separate them.
08:47Kuiper speculates on how contact binary star systems may have formed.
08:52According to him, when a huge cloud of gas and dust would have become so dense that it would have created a gravitational vortex
08:59This system will be created when it is made
09:05Regarding these contact binaries, Kuiper also wondered if any of these stellar clusters would ever have
09:13Why didn't the fire start?
09:16Kuiper asked himself if our world, our moon, and all the planets in our solar system were a failed binary.
09:25There is no star system
09:26And if our solar system was formed in this way, then would other stars in the cosmos also be formed in this way?
09:33This is what would have happened
09:40Jarrad Kiper had a gift: he could see farther than most people.
09:46He was the first to imagine our universe as not some empty, vast place filled with countless barren worlds.
09:53The stars are present
09:54Rather, many of the inhabited worlds here may be planets and moons.
10:01In 1949, Kuiper surprised the world by saying that our solar system is something very special.
10:08was not
10:08Here, every star had a family full of its own worlds.
10:15Can this happen?
10:19But science was not ready for that universe.
10:22Even today they are not ready to accept the existence of anything beyond Sakrah.
10:26But why not
10:28Science has its own many different parts.
10:31It has different branches
10:33And scientists from each branch did not interact with those from other branches.
10:37But to move on from Pritvi, this thought had to change.
10:41And then there was a fight between Kuiper and another human scientist.
10:47Like two stars in a binary contact system, they could not be separated.
10:52But despite their hatred for each other, they created a new kind of science.
10:57Launched the Space Age and showed the way to a great visionary
11:20Sometimes the cosmos breaks through your door and enters
11:24like tonight
11:27what is happening here
11:28Our planet is passing through the debris of a comet
11:32Its length is millions of kilometers
11:35That's why it feels like the stars are raining down tonight
11:39But these are not stars
11:40These are pieces of rocks and ice burning in Earth's atmosphere.
11:45This is called meteo and shower
11:47And it appears at the same time every year.
11:49Why?
11:50Because the earth has to revolve around the sun
11:53And it takes a year to return to the same place.
11:55Where long ago, comet fragments were scattered
11:58This is what happens one year
12:01it
12:03a piece of the same comet or
12:05It could be a fragment of an asteroid.
12:07It came from another world
12:10This excerpt is from the time of the creation of the solar system.
12:13But how to understand this?
12:15Well, in the era of Jarrad Kiper
12:18i.e. in the middle of the twentieth century
12:19It depends on what kind of scientist you are.
12:22Geologists then call such fragments
12:25by hammering
12:26Its dust is studied under a microscope.
12:28used to observe its crystalline structure
12:31What missing piece could this meteorite provide in this first Earth-related event?
12:36It was known as
12:37Chemists were looking for similar answers.
12:40But they used to put it in acid.
12:42To see if it changes from one compound to another
12:46By torturing it in this way, they tried to learn the secrets of nature from it.
12:56Physicists wanted to see it at its most fundamental
13:01reaching its weight, its density, its solidity and its ability to absorb heat
13:09Paleologists didn't even bring it up.
13:12Because they seemed to have no connection with any Mesolithic coven from space
13:18Along with this, he also believed that life can happen only in one place.
13:24here on this earth of ours
13:32Now you know what the weirdest thing is.
13:34At that time, even astronomers might have overlooked it.
13:39His eyes were fixed on the distance.
13:41What is their fault in this?
13:43Because at that time in the field of astronomy
13:46About our distant solar system
13:48I was hearing new things
13:50Like Einstein's theory of relativity
13:52According to which in the entire cosmos
13:54A light beam is present
13:55and Edwin Hubble's discovery
13:57that our universe was expanding
13:59distant galaxies
14:01were moving away from each other
14:03That is, anything that gives you goosebumps
14:05In such a situation, think about a stone lying on the earth.
14:07Who was thinking
14:08The study of our own solar system's planets, moons, comets, and meteors was minor.
14:18But then Kuiper mustered the courage to venture into realms beyond astronomy.
14:22He used to sit here at night.
14:24He used this 45-ton machine to search for the origin of the solar system.
14:32He knew that this mystery could be solved only when all branches of science worked together.
14:38do
14:39But scientists thought they didn't need each other.
14:43There was no such department in the university.
14:45where scientists from different branches can study planetary astronomy
14:50So here in this remote part of West Texas, Kuiper single-handedly explored the solar system.
14:58started
15:13He looked at Titan, one of Saturn's moons, and found that it had an atmosphere.
15:19A bright object in the sky, filled with methane, suddenly became important to them.
15:26Kuiper used a spectroscope to examine the foul-smelling clouds in Jupiter's upper atmosphere to
15:33To know their chemical and atomic structure
15:35And when they looked at the red planet Mars, they found carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.
15:40He wondered if he was looking at the future of his planet or at its origins.
15:47And according to some, Gerard Kiper was just intruding.
15:51He was talking about chemical matters that had nothing to do with any astronomer.
15:56Harold Ury was a chemist who, like Gerard Kuiper, was forced into the field of science.
16:03Yuri, like Kaiper, came from a poor family.
16:07So he started teaching grammar at a mining camp in Montana.
16:13The parents of one of his students asked him to enroll them in college
16:17And by following this advice, Harel Uri progressed so much that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
16:24Went
16:25By 1949, he had progressed considerably.
16:28He had become a renowned professor at the University of Chicago.
16:32Chicago was then and is still famous all over the world in the field of science.
16:37But when Yuri read Subha's newspaper, he felt uneasy.
16:43His first attention went to the work of a fellow scientist.
16:47Well, this was common.
16:49Then he read about the origin of the planets
16:55An astronomer was making claims about the chemical composition of the solar system.
17:05Scientists are human
17:07We are primates, that is, primates.
17:10We are also part of the same development process for the benefit of everyone else.
17:14Kaiper and Yuri were the two alpha males
17:17Both of them were competing through their scientific debate.
17:21And the center of their roots was the same, a young scholar.
17:30Kyle Sagan lived in this same apartment in Brooklyn when he was a child.
17:51He made this drawing in the mid-1940s, which contains many prophetic visions, and is now kept in the US.
17:59in the Library of Congress
18:29The period when the Earth had been in existence for four billion years and life was limited to this
18:35Then he dreamed of visiting the planets and stars.
18:41And he wanted to go there not just in his imagination but in reality.
18:45I wanted to know about those worlds, and the only way to do that was to become a scientist.
18:52And this teenager was about to become the apprentice of two great men who were at loggerheads with each other.
18:57Of course, these two hated each other, but this child loved them both.
19:03Together, these three were going to break down the walls between scientists.
19:08And this teenager is going to bridge the biggest wall, the gap between science and the rest of the world.
19:15Was
19:21Do something for me
19:23Just think about the time when there were no spacecraft and no humans had ever visited the Earth.
19:29had left
19:30And no one had ever seen our world from space.
19:33Even the imagination of the greatest artists could not compete with the times to come.
19:39One of them imagined that the Earth would look something like this from space.
19:44And then one day, in the blink of an eye, everything changed.
19:50The Earth looked something like this then.
19:53until it was seen from space
19:56until there were approximately five thousand satellites within its orbit.
20:00until someone started counting backwards from ten
20:03Somewhere in my life I've got Dr. Gott
20:08it is vomiting
20:11some night the same old audio
20:14Cha subscribe ke wahe yes
20:14That daughter of Jesse Larry Rhyme
20:54became the first country to step out of the earth into the cosmos
21:00It launched Sputnik One
21:02It was a radio transmitter that circled Pritvi every 96 minutes.
21:15People all over the world are watching this new light appear in the sky.
21:20A man-made moon set out to see
21:23This meant that no one could stop the process of making human dreams come true.
21:30Just imagine, we have created a new light in the night sky, like a star.
21:37When all this was happening, this teenager was on his way to becoming a scientist.
21:42And this new knowledge has just made it a ghost.
21:46He just felt that this information should be shared with everyone in the world.
21:51But this made the scientist furious.
21:54He wanted this matter to remain limited only between them.
21:59In 1950, when he was a student at Sagan High School
22:03So he wrote a research paper.
22:05Due to which he got the opportunity to work in the lab of A.J. Muller.
22:09Who received the Nobel Prize for this discovery
22:12that radiation causes mutations in genes
22:15By the time Cal arrived at the University of Chicago
22:18He was becoming famous
22:19And Hyrule Yuri took him as his disciple.
22:23Chemist Yuri was doing the same thing now.
22:25for which he criticized Kuiper
22:28i.e. intrusion into another scientific branch
22:31This time the branch was Biology.
22:34Yuri and his team wanted to know
22:37How life could have arisen from inanimate matter
22:40I had another student
22:42Working with Stanley Miller
22:44Yuri conducted an experiment
22:46So that the atmosphere on the early Earth
22:48simulate chemical states
22:51He wanted to know whether those basic
22:54Amino acids that create life can be formed from chemicals
23:01Will lightning change the battery's life?
23:05could have sparked
23:06Kaal started wondering if this could happen on Earth.
23:10So where else could it be?
23:14Regarding one of his research papers related to such a possibility
23:18Yuri's reaction was sharp.
23:20He encouraged his disciple to push beyond the limits.
23:24Still, Kal loved Yuri.
23:27He knew his abilities would make him a better scientist.
23:31Time in its opposite in summer
23:34MacDonald arrives at the Observatory
23:35to see Mars with Jarrod Kuiper
23:39He was then a returning planetary astronomer.
23:42Mars was closest to Earth that year.
23:47Earth and Mars hadn't come this close to each other in the last thirty years.
23:52But the weather in Tecsis was fine while it was bad on Mars.
23:57Kuiper and Sigan were unable to see anything new due to the sandy darkness.
24:02But on those summer nights they talked about many things.
24:07Kaiper taught Kal the most effective ways to test his new and unique ideas.
24:13Speculate about what possible worlds orbiting other stars might be like
24:20Similar robust scientific discussions about the galaxy continued that summer.
24:26Doors to new and unique worlds were opening for Kaal
24:29And we were stepping outside this planet for the first time.
24:42Soviet Union's Sputnik scared America
24:46The Cold Youth was essentially a battle of contradictory ideologies about property and freedom.
24:52With the Russo-Americans gaining ground, it seemed that America's influence in the world had diminished.
24:56When Russia sent Sputnik to the periphery of the Earth, America did not feel its skies were safe.
25:04Suddenly a new system came into being to carry out the Burmese assassins.
25:07This meant that no part of the Earth was safe from espionage or attack.
25:10America needed its own space program.
25:14The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was established in 1958, a year after Sputnik.
25:21Kuiper has been looking at Earth as a planet for years.
25:25And now science was ready to see it that way.
25:29This may seem trivial to us today, but in terms of cross-nationalism, it was a big deal.
25:36But Kaiper's feud with Yuri was still ongoing.
25:40Although both had major roles in the nascent space program
25:44Carl Sagan continued to visit both of these labs.
25:47The rivalry between these two scientists became so intense for the time being
25:52He once said, "I feel like the son of a divorced mother."
25:56And the only bridge between them
25:59Yuri was pressuring NASA to go to the moon
26:02The main reason for this was
26:04They wanted to know this
26:06How did our solar system come to be?
26:14Kuiper imagined what it would feel like to get there
26:18He said that it would feel like this when you step on the lunar surface for the first time.
26:23Like walking on crisp ice
26:25The Moon is a bay-dwelling world
26:27Because there is no atmosphere to scatter the sound waves.
26:32But later Neil Armstrong said
26:34that when I first set foot on the lunar surface
26:37It felt like walking on crunchy ice
26:40As told by Kuiper
26:41These people also left some things there.
26:49Thanks to Yuri and Kaiper, Kal Sagan is able to be a part of this great adventure.
26:54He was able to live out his wonderful childhood fantasies.
26:58He spoke to the Apollo astronauts who walked on the moon.
27:02And he was there when scientists first met to analyze information from space.
27:09Were
27:09For the first time, biologists, geologist, astronomers, physicists and chemists were talking to each other.
27:18Or should I say they were screaming
27:21The young Carl Sagan spoke at one of the first such joint scientific meetings.
27:27Look, we're the first generation of scientists to have this information.
27:31We are all together in this endeavor
27:34He laid the foundation for planetary science that still exists today.
27:40who researches cosmogony
27:44For them he compiled the first modern interdisciplinary journal.
27:49And this continues even today.
27:51He did something else too
27:53Science is available to everyone
27:55In this connection, he began a lifelong campaign.
27:58And he was one of the few scientists
28:00who have seen possible worlds
28:02For the search for extraterrestrial life and intelligences
28:06Launched a dedicated scientific initiative
28:08We've only been exploring new worlds for a few decades
28:11And as a result of these searches, we have already found thousands of such
28:16And some of these could even support life.
28:18At least a dozen are like nature
28:25What could that world be like?
28:31Let's see
28:42Carl Sagan wanted to liberate scientific thought
28:46Through the example of our lives on Earth
28:50he imagined
28:52what life might be like in another world
28:55Carl Sagan, along with his former physicist at Salt Pitt
28:59tried to create such possible ecological systems
29:03which is in the turbulent waters of Jupiter
29:05could predict the existence of life
29:08The challenge was to do this without violating the laws of physics, chemistry, or biology.
29:12to imagine such life forms
29:14Is life so tough that
29:17Can thrive in that storm
29:19Containing hydrazine, helium, water, ammonia, and methane
29:25There is no question of a solid case here.
29:27There is only a dense cloudy atmosphere here.
29:30In which organic ears are pouring
29:32directly related to the origin of life
29:34Like those products from Harel Urie and Stanley Miller
29:38found in lab experiments
29:39But this kind of environment creates problems for life.
29:43This atmosphere is full of turbulence
29:45And it's very hot too
29:47Any creature has to be very careful
29:50So that it doesn't reach the hell below
29:54There is only one way to survive in these circumstances.
29:56And that way is to reproduce before we're done.
30:00just one hope
30:02The heat will carry some of your offspring to higher and cooler layers of the atmosphere
30:09Such organisms can be very small.
30:12Sagan and Salpeter named them sinkers.
30:17But these can also be floaters.
30:19giant hydrogen bubbles
30:21which removes helium and heavier gases from the interior
30:25Only allow hydrogen, the lightest gas, inside
30:28Sagan and Salpeter said that like a hot air balloon
30:32By using the power you get from your diet
30:35Keep your core warm and stay afloat
30:38A floater must either eat organic particles
30:42or like plants on earth, from the sun and air
30:45You should make your own food
30:47The larger the floater, the more efficient it is
30:53The floaters would be enormous, several kilometers wide
30:58Bigger than the largest whale on Earth, the size of cities
31:03These floaters move through the planetary atmosphere, through the jokes of Cass
31:08Can propel forward like a ram jet or rocket
31:12Sagan and Saul Peter saw them in large, inactive groups.
31:16As far as the eye could see
31:19He had a camouflage pattern on his skin
31:22That means they had problems too.
31:24Because in such an environment at least one more special personality could have been present
31:37Hunter
31:39Predators are swift and deadly
31:47Predators feed on floaters because of their organic particles and the pure hydrogen they contain.
32:16The number of hunters cannot be large.
32:18Because if they eat all the floaters, the predators themselves will be destroyed.
32:35Whenever 20th-century scientists compared their knowledge of life to Sagan's imaginary creatures,
32:41from
32:42So they realized that the concept of habitable areas needed to be expanded.
32:47Life exists above vast clouds of gas, in the oceans of permafrost worlds, and even on completely new worlds.
32:55could have been done
32:56In all these worlds, in all these stars, life must have once flourished
33:07Let's go back to the oldest known world.
33:14We are currently in a global cluster.
33:17located on the outer side of the galaxy
33:19A cluster of one million stars is called M4.
33:23When were pulsars and rapidly spinning neutron stars first discovered?
33:29So scientists began to wonder what the radio signals regularly received from these
33:34Isn't it a sign of intelligent life?
33:37This star was once a blue giant.
33:40But after a few years it ran out of fuel.
33:43It became a supernova and then became a ball of neutrons.
33:48which was no bigger than a small town
33:50Its close companion is a white dwarf star
33:53It revolves around a few kilometers away from this.
33:56This is also a burning star.
33:57But that's not what we came here for.
34:00We have come in search of the oldest known planet in the cosmos.
34:06Twelve billion seventy million years ago when this star was born as a wide dwarf
34:11So the age of the cosmos was short
34:13Then this star was alone
34:14Then Pulsar caught it.
34:17And he gave birth to a world
34:19That world is somewhere here
34:21which takes time to revolve around these two compressed stars
34:24So, Earthiers seem to be
34:26Their presence is good for them.
34:29those who dream
34:30of virtual, infinite, sentient worlds
34:32i.e. Virtually in Finite Possible Worlds
34:37If it was formed less than a billion years after Cosmos
34:41So the stars told us something about the beginning of time.
34:44must have started raising the planets
34:47In such a situation, what will be the fate of this oldest planet?
34:52Sorry, but it's completely unplayable
34:54over the next billion years
34:56These two stars will be pulled apart by a third star due to gravity.
35:07A red dwarf star will rapidly approach them
35:12Its gravity pushing this ancient world out of its system
35:16will transport you to the darkness between the stars
35:19And then it will reach a point where
35:22where no one will remember it
35:26But there are places beyond our nature.
35:29whose radiance captivates us
35:31These are not one but three stars.
35:33oh yes, let me show you Glysis 667
35:37A triple star system with six worlds
35:40These three stars are like nature.
35:42a place that can sustain life
35:59Star A and B
36:02Our suns are smaller than ours
36:05These saffron colored stars revolve around each other.
36:09Star C is a red dwarf orbiting both
36:14These are the most recognizable types of stars in the galaxy.
36:17Up to 80 percent of stars in the cosmos may be red dwarfs.
36:23They use their hydrogen fuel slowly and thus run longer.
36:28Larger stars, such as blue giants, are more stressed and tend to collapse more quickly.
36:46This outermost part of the Physis 667 system is four times larger than Earth.
36:52But because it is far away from its stars, its power is not watered down.
36:57But still it is not lifeless but whether there is life beneath its frozen layer or not.
37:03We don't know
37:04We haven't yet reached the habitable part of this star system.
37:08We've come close, but not quite there
37:11This world is even more beautiful than this
37:14But it is a little beyond the realm of life and human scientific imagination.
37:25Yes, this place is absolutely dull. Life can exist in such an atmosphere.
37:45Life can exist in the atmosphere of life
38:16Kar doon der bib aur bhi.
39:11Jhal Jhal
39:41This thing is not from some distant world.
39:44This is our own Pritvi's
39:46Whatever life forms we have just seen
39:49All of them are directly related to our nature.
39:52Look, we have just reached the top of the world.
39:54I haven't even begun to understand all the creatures.
39:57Now just think about the possibility of how many
40:01There have been and will be different kinds of creatures in our cosmos.
40:05Thanks to Jarrod Kuiper, Harold Urey, and many other scientists.
40:09Thanks to them we learned how stars form and planets and moons form from gas and dust.
40:16It only takes a few years
40:18In other words, a solar system
40:30It takes a long time to develop, but it's not uncommon for it to happen.
40:34This happens once every month in our own galaxy, the universe visible to us and in which our
40:40There are approximately one trillion galaxies.
40:43In that universe there are approximately twenty crore trillion stars and a cosmos which is made up of twenty crore trillion stars and along with it
40:53In this, a thousand solar systems would also be being formed every second.
40:59what's up a thousand new solar systems did you hear my porcupine a thousand new solar systems a thousand new solar
41:08system one thousand new solar system one thousand new solar system one thousand new solar system one thousand new solar
41:29Board
41:29Jhal Jhal
41:59Jhaal
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