In This Episode
1. This episode is part of the 2020 TV mini series Cosmos: Possible Worlds.
2. The episode explores the untold story of a scientist who made the Apollo Mission possible.
3. It also features a robotic explorer that is ordered to self-destruct on another planet.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode8
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#twinstarstars
#aliensolarsystem
#TheCosmicConnection
#cosmos
#neildegrassetyson
#jupiter
#neildegrassetyson
#saturn
#uranus
#naptune
1. This episode is part of the 2020 TV mini series Cosmos: Possible Worlds.
2. The episode explores the untold story of a scientist who made the Apollo Mission possible.
3. It also features a robotic explorer that is ordered to self-destruct on another planet.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode8
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#twinstarstars
#aliensolarsystem
#TheCosmicConnection
#cosmos
#neildegrassetyson
#jupiter
#neildegrassetyson
#saturn
#uranus
#naptune
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:15Esthemes are these
00:31These people are connected to another world their entire lives.
00:35This team is growing
00:36Looking forward to the completion of the work
00:39All right, Roger that
00:47when they sent it off
00:50So these were all young people.
00:54These men and women have been doing this for more than two decades.
00:57Traveling with it
01:06And now its purpose has been fulfilled.
01:10So it has to end now
01:16But before that happens
01:18These people have given it one last challenge.
01:34people came people
01:59Jhal Jhal
02:43Gravity has many forms
02:45And what could be more beautiful than ring systems like this?
02:49Only our solar system has four planets with rings.
02:57It has a beautiful name
03:01J1407B
03:02We found this first planet orbiting another solar system.
03:06But why haven't we found more planets with rings in our galaxy?
03:13Is it because these rings are so unique?
03:17Or maybe our methods for doubling exoplanets are better for looking at the ring systems around them.
03:24Aren't you?
03:24J1470 b's ring system is so large that it obscures its star for several days.
03:31Kept hidden and these rings have been formed in a vast area of ​​18 crore kilometers.
03:36That means this distance is more than the distance between Earth and Sun.
03:42But despite being so big, they are very thin.
03:46If J147 b's ring system were the size of a dinar plate
03:52So its thickness would be a hundred times thinner than a human hair.
03:58The striking contrast between the vast area and thinness of a ring system
04:04It's as amazing as our own solar system.
04:09Nectune's outermost ring is so small that it was initially thought to be the remnant of a ring.
04:15That is, not a ring but a bundle of oxen.
04:17But then NASA's spacecraft Voyager 2 reported
04:21that these so-called oaks were a lighter and thicker part of the whole ring
04:30Strangely, the strangest planet in our solar system has received the least attention.
04:36Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft ever sent on a reconnaissance mission to Uranus.
04:42It is one of two giant icy planets orbiting the Sun.
04:47The sun never sets on Uranus during its twenty-year-long summer.
04:52And winters last for twenty years continuously, then it remains night here.
05:01Unlike the nearby gas giants, Uranus is cold and generates no heat.
05:16The planet Uranus is a very strange place. The temperature of Uranus' outer atmosphere is very hot.
05:21500 degrees Fahrenheit, or more than 260 degrees Celsius
05:28But Uranus' clouds are also the coldest in the solar system, reaching temperatures of 240 degrees below zero.
05:42What kind of ocean is this? Is it made of ammonia or water?
05:50Some scientists think that this ocean may be made of liquid diamonds.
05:55This means that this place can be very useful for our space agencies.
06:04Now let's talk a little more about it
06:08The planet orbits the Sun at an angle of approximately 90 degrees to its orbital plane.
06:13After all, what could be the reason for Urinis Krah moving from its place like this?
06:19We think something like this might have happened with it.
06:28Urinis has a large hand
06:40After the second collision, the axis of Ursula was tilted to eight degrees.
06:48There's another world in our solar system that doesn't have rings like we think
06:54Jupiter's rings were so faint that no ground-based telescope could see them.
06:59They were discovered during Voyager One's passage near Jupiter.
07:08The ring system around our Sun is the most spectacular, largest, and brightest known from any planet.
07:14So that is Satan i.e. Shani
07:16This is the most distant planet visible to the naked eye.
07:20And this influenced our ancestors a lot.
07:31When I think of the Babylonians looking at the planets and stars three and a half thousand years ago
07:38Is
07:38So I wonder if they too have planned to send one of their messengers to this distant, shining object.
07:44would have thought about it
07:55Amanasa is in the Deep Space Network room of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
07:59The most important Kangxi exploration tours are guided from this location.
08:05They are monitored
08:06But why are these people so emotional?
08:08These people have linked their professional lives with this robot.
08:22And now this partnership that has been going on for decades is about to end in a very humorous way.
08:28But this partnership has opened the way from Pritvi to Satan.
08:40What is this shining, unstable thing?
08:44This is the question Galleoli O. Galleoli must have asked himself in 1610.
08:49When he became the first person to see Satan
08:52It wasn't just a shiny thing
08:58So it's the telescope that made modern scientific progress possible.
09:04You had a great start
09:07Through this you were able to see the cosmos
09:11It's not like you've never made a mistake.
09:14You were wrong in your estimation of what you saw.
09:18You felt like there were two identical moons on either side of Satan.
09:23Then two years later, when you looked again
09:26So they were surprised to see that the moon was no longer there.
09:31This is because both Earth and Satan were in motion.
09:34These two worlds had changed their places relative to each other.
09:37And now all you saw were Satan's tricks
09:40Saturn's ring system is 280,000 kilometers wide.
09:44But its thickness is only about a hundred meters on average.
09:49So your early telescope couldn't see them.
09:56But two years later, you saw it again for the third time.
09:59Then you felt that this creature has arms
10:30Forty years later, Dutch astronomer Christiaan Hoeykens saw Saturn again with his much-improved telescope.
10:36seen from
10:50Hawking was the first to discover that worlds might have rings around them, and in Satan Uni
10:56was one of
10:57They even discovered its largest moon, Titan.
11:03So when it came time to get there
11:06So we named our spacecraft Barhi after Huygens.
11:11In the world of science, we find people like Galileo, Newton, Dawin and Einstein.
11:16Another great scientist is also seen in its lava.
11:19This does not create a completely new picture of nature.
11:22But like Christian Huykens, he also wants to contribute.
11:27He wants to fill the empty spaces on this vast canvas.
11:30Such were Giovanni, Domenico, Cassini.
11:37He was born in Perinaldo in the seventeenth century.
11:40which is now in Italy
11:42Cassini did not start out as a scientist
11:45Rather, his career began as a pseudo-scientist, an astrologer.
11:51Astrology is a science based on the idea that every planet has certain special qualities.
12:12They only make empty guesses about it
12:16Astronomy and astrology used to be the same thing.
12:19But then people began to become more aware of the real state of the cosmos.
12:26In 1543, a Polish priest, Niklas Koper Nikas, depicted
12:30that we are not at the center of the universe, as was previously believed
12:36He said that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.
12:41The Earth is not at the center of the universe, and this has shaken people.
12:45Even a century later, some people had not recovered from this shock.
12:49And Giovanni Cassini was one of them.
12:54Krasny needles the amazing post
12:56This term was given by the famous French king Louis Dauphiné.
13:01He believed that he had become the ruler of the country by the will of God.
13:05But those who recognize the tremendous power of science
13:08He was the first king of Europe
13:10He knew it was essential for national security.
13:16Louis Dufort began construction of the first modern, governmental, and scientific research institute.
13:23Whose name was Paris Observatory
13:34Cassini told the king that he would not stay in Paris for long.
13:38He'll stay for a year or two at most.
13:43But when the king handed over his new possessions entirely to Cassini
13:48So his desire to return home to Italy ended.
13:51For the next 125 years, someone like Cassini headed the Paris Observatory.
14:01Cassini gave the king a map of the moon that remained unchanged for a century.
14:07King Louie funded a research expedition to South America
14:12So that the longi tut can be accurately measured
14:14This information was of great use to their distant fleet captains and astronomers.
14:21He became the first person to calculate the scale of the Copernican Solar System using elliptical points.
14:27which he himself had once rejected
14:29Using more powerful telescopes, he discovered the length of a day on Jupiter.
14:34and the deceptions and stains on his torture.
14:39Kisini discovered Jupiter's Great Rat Spot, a feat also accomplished by Robert Hooke in England.
14:43Both of them are given this title till date.
14:48Cassini even determined the length of the day on Mars.
14:53There was a difference of only three minutes in their calculations.
14:56when he looked at his calculations of Jupiter
14:59So he was surprised by the contradictions present in them.
15:03The eclipse of Jupiter's moons did not begin on time.
15:07Each time, there was a difference between them.
15:10Was this due to the change in the distance from Earth to Jupiter?
15:14Because both of them were moving in the solar system
15:28It was too strange and new for Cassini to agree with this thinking.
15:33He immediately rejected it
15:35If he followed the evidence, he would give us a measure of the cosmos.
15:40Which we still use after three hundred and fifty years
15:43But Cassini was a conservative man.
15:46So they ignored this unique discovery and forgot it.
15:51Several years later, Oleh Romer, a Danish astronomer, became Cassini's assistant at the Paris Observatory.
15:59Roemer himself studied the orbits of some of Jupiter's moons.
16:03And they found the same discrepancies in the data that Cassini had overlooked.
16:08But Romer didn't do that. These were the pieces of evidence related to the finite speed of light.
16:16There was a time when Cassini was so convinced of statistics that he incurred the displeasure of King Louie.
16:22I wasn't afraid to take it at all.
16:24The king asked Kasini to calculate the exact area of ​​the empire.
16:29No one had yet attempted to make an accurate map, either of France or anywhere else.
16:35The mountains, rivers and valleys of the country are also clearly visible.
16:40Cassini accepted the challenge, but the results he obtained were likely not to please the king.
16:46Was
16:56Kasini told the king, "Samrat, I have disappointing news for you."
17:03We thought France was bigger than our stories made it out to be.
17:09But the truth is that your empire is much smaller than that.
17:17But when the king replied to this in a joking manner, everyone was surprised.
17:22Why is this so Kasini? You have snatched so much land from me that all my enemies could not snatch it away.
17:32Apart from this he also worked on Satan.
17:38He was the first person to know what Satan's tricks were.
17:43According to him, these clouds were not solid but were made of countless satellites orbiting the planet.
17:50And there was space between them.
17:55Cassini improves our knowledge of Satan
18:00But how could we get there?
18:05If what you are about to see now had not happened, the person who achieved this unique achievement would have
18:11would be forgotten
18:12whose life was full of sorrows
18:25NASA's Cassini spacecraft weighed approximately 540 kilograms at launch and was the size of a bus.
18:31It also contained approximately 30 kg of plutonium 238 fuel, which could last for more than 20 years.
18:38But this was not what powered this unique vehicle.
18:45With the help of Utva Karshan
18:51The legacy of humanity's greatest achievements stretches back further than we can imagine.
18:56Some people did not get success despite their efforts but man is man, he does not give up easily.
19:03You have all made it true
19:05The first golden age of space exploration, and perhaps the next.
19:10Amazing missions were made possible by a man who had two names, one real and one fake, now they are forgotten.
19:16has gone
19:26There is little information about the early years of Alexander Sherzai's life.
19:31But it is believed that his mother, who was a political activist
19:34She was separated from him when she was only five years old.
19:42So he started reading his father's physics and mathematics books.
19:47But at the age of thirteen, Alexander also lost his father.
19:51He started living with his grandmother and despite all the difficulties, he got admission in a famous high school.
19:58And after that I also got admission in the best engineering institute of Ukraine.
20:03But just two months later, in 1914, he was drafted into the Tsarist army to fight in the First Vyshlyudyansk War.
20:11taken
20:31Even on the war front, Alexander Shvajy created a scientific strategy related to the exploration of the moon.
20:39This was not a story, but a playback.
21:05But Sharje's troubles don't end with the war.
21:09Now Sherze had to face the difficult political situation in revolutionary Russia.
21:14Whereas they were much better at figuring out how to get to the moon
21:19Former officers of the Tsar's army and people like Scherze were considered enemies of the common people
21:25who were forcibly recruited into the counter-revolutionary White Army
21:33There was no place for Scherze in the Soviet Union, so in desperation he decided to go to Poland.
21:46Sharje, weakened by illness, was intercepted by the Guards and turned back from the border.
22:10These were dangerous times, and it was easy to get into serious trouble.
22:21No one knows where Scherze spent his next three years.
22:25It was as if he had vanished and when he was seen again, his existence had ended.
22:31His strong desire was to be left alone.
22:35So he took the name of a dead man.
22:38Now he was Yuri Kondratyug.
22:41He finally published the book he had dreamed of since the war.
22:47When no publisher showed interest, he published the book with his own money.
22:53This was Kondratyug's letter to a future no one could see
22:58He wrote that anyone who wants to build an interplanetary rocket should read this paper.
23:08In the late 1920s, Kondratyug was asked to design a grain elevator
23:15At that time, there was a shortage of metal in the Soviet Union, so the choice for Kondratyug was to find the largest piece of metal larger than a nail.
23:22Making a grain elevator
23:25And they made it so big that it was named Masterdon.
23:32The situation in Stalin's Soviet Union was truly unbeatable.
23:35You undoubtedly make a huge contribution to the service of the country.
23:39You could accomplish the impossible, like building a massive grain elevator with just one nail.
23:45But even then, you could be jailed for treason.
23:51Only an enemy of the country would dare to build such a huge grain elevator with just one nail.
23:58Is
23:58The grain elevator operated flawlessly for sixty years.
24:02That is, until his own burning, but this did not change the fate of Conder Tyuk.
24:07He was imprisoned in a special prison camp for three years.
24:11This new camp was named Sharash.
24:13Here scientists and engineers had to work for free on Russia's most important ambitious projects.
24:20Condor Tyco begins work on a wind power project
24:24But he still dreamed.
24:31Soon he met Sergei Korulev.
24:34He too dreamed of leaving Earth to explore the cosmos.
24:40Korolev later became the father of the Soviet rocket program.
24:44Korolev wanted to integrate the Condor Tyuk into his rocket program.
24:48But Condor Tyuk was very scared
24:50They felt that if they did something else
24:53Then the secret police will keep a close watch on them.
24:56they refused
24:58If the government had found out that Condor Tyuk was actually a sharje
25:02Then their fate would have been very bad.
25:06Commander Tyuk proposed fighting on the front in the face of the German attack on Prussia.
25:11And here he was led by a communique Teutniker
25:15There is no accurate information about them.
25:18But it is said that he was killed in battle one night in February 1942.
25:24Alexander Shazhe or Yuri Konrat Tyu was only 44 years old then.
25:30But despite his absence, his dream lived on.
25:37In the early days of the Apollo program, scientists and engineers were at a loss.
25:42How can a rocket leave Earth and land on the Moon?
25:46He was in a dilemma and he was unable to resolve it.
25:50To reach the moon, a large and powerful rocket was needed.
25:54How could he land it on the power of another world?
25:58And that too without crashing.
26:02An even bigger challenge was how to get his crew safely back to Prithvi.
26:09This method is called direct ascent
26:11It seemed impossible to NASA engineer John Houbolt and his colleagues.
26:18One aspect of the story is that two space scientists kept the dream of Condor Tauk alive.
26:24had happened
26:26He gave his 40-year-old manuscript to Houbault.
26:41First of all, I would like to say that you should not be afraid of this work.
26:51As far as making flights possible is concerned, remember this
26:55that the idea of ​​wetting a rocket in space is not impossible, at least in theory.
27:43There is a Shun with this degree
27:46So far everything seems fine
27:49Pravo Bezam
28:09The soil here is like powder, it is very fine.
28:19NASA adopted the Condor Typhoon Lunar Orbiter Roundabout's vision and sent it to the moon.
28:25But the world of Condor Tyuk extended beyond this.
28:32He first imagined a solar system with planets revolving around it.
28:37and used their gravity to propel the craft further into space
28:43His dream was that we would travel from one world to another in the same way.
28:47Just like our ancestors used to travel from one tree to another
28:53This means that gravity will be used extensively for human needs.
28:58But if gravity gives something, it can also take it away.
29:09We know some worlds have rings, but some don't.
29:13Why?
29:16Why doesn't Earth have rings? Or Mars?
29:20Without them, we wouldn't even be able to recognize Satan.
29:23He seems incomplete without these tricks.
29:26But how did he get these cheats?
29:30In 1848, after observing Saturn through a telescope, the same question was posed.
29:33French astronaut Edouard Roche asked himself
29:35Roche felt that
29:41Satan's shadows are the debris of one or more moons
29:45which came closest to this giant planet
29:47And then he separated the moons
30:05Roche created an equation that applies to all worlds
30:09It tells you how close a body comes to a planet.
30:13It eventually disintegrates due to its gravity.
30:16and a big hole is formed
30:21This is the Roche limit
30:24But NASA's Cursini spacecraft
30:27before making several rounds in Satan's system.
30:30There was a fierce scientific debate going on
30:32When did this letter become black?
30:34According to some astronomers, it is as old as this planet.
30:38About four billion years ago, when these planets were new masses of the Sun
30:42Formed from a disk of gas and dust surrounding a moon or moons
30:47So this would have exceeded Satan's Roche limit
30:51While some find these rings quite new.
30:54This is about ten crore years old and
30:58The Cassini spacecraft proved this to be true.
31:02So what is the Roche limit of our Earth?
31:08If the distance between the Earth and the Moon
31:10be reduced to less than 19,000 km
31:12Well, that's hardly the case
31:14Even then there will be no danger
31:25And this is a good thing too
31:27Because our moon is right where it is.
31:38There is only one other moon like this in the solar system.
31:41It looks like our moon to me.
31:43Perhaps because its atmosphere is similar to Earth's.
31:46And there are lakes and mountains that remind me of Earth.
31:50But it was all obscured by a blanket of saffron fog.
31:55Then the European Space Agency, in collaboration with NASA
31:58decided to land a spacecraft on its surface at a secret time
32:03And the name of that spacecraft is G.
32:06He was going to be named after you, Christian Huygens.
32:10You were the first one to see that world through your telescope.
32:20After an interplanetary voyage of seven years
32:23Cassini-Huygens spacecraft arrives at the Saturn system
32:26This was our fourth ship to arrive here.
32:29But it was the first to send a probe to explore Saturn's moon, Titan.
32:40Not only this, it told us about a moon which is much more complex and beautiful than our dull and lifeless moon.
32:58As Carl Sagan pointed out more than two decades ago
33:02There were oceans of methane and ethane and also water ice.
33:08When Cassini first reached Saturn's northern hemisphere in 2004
33:14It was winter there then.
33:15Surrey came out after five years and then Satan's northern spring began
33:20The question is, I think so.
33:23Or maybe this hexagonal part of Saturn's North Pole is also a similar friction point.
33:29As our ancient ancestors had predicted about it yesterday
33:33This kind of regular hexagonal shape looks like
33:36whether the surface here has been carved from some unknown country
33:41But this is the result of a sudden gust of wind
33:45a change that we see as a result of
33:50Large amounts of ammonia rise near the boles
33:54This hurricane is very large
33:56It has tremendous thunder and lightning
33:59In this, the hurricane of Asang is stuck.
34:02Even on Earth, spring is a very turbulent season.
34:06But Cassie had to endure the year-long summer with Satan.
34:10Duran was ordered to kill himself
34:34This thing is connected with humans
34:36that at the time of death he remembers his most important things again
34:45So let us now listen to the memories of that robot.
34:48Who has to carry out the brutal task of destroying himself
35:13which needs to be done to eliminate
35:42which needs to be done to eliminate
36:12which needs to be done to eliminate
36:57Mission planners at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory call it
37:02Ball of Space explored the Saturn system for 13 years
37:11Since its launch in 1997, the spacecraft has relied on gravity for its entire journey.
37:18remained
37:19As imagined by Yuri Konterteryuk a hundred years ago
37:23But its rocket fuel made it possible for its controllers aboard Pritvi to steer it in a new direction of exploration.
37:30be able to head towards
37:31In April 2017, Cassini ran out of fuel.
37:36Now it had to carry out its most daring mission yet and then destroy itself.
37:54These are Cassini's mission scientists, some of whom have been working on the project since the 1990s.
38:01When it was just a dream
38:03They know that Kasini has to be destroyed, it is very dangerous to let it roam around aimlessly.
38:10It could collide with a moon in the Saturn system where life may exist.
38:15And this quarantine may violate NASA's Planetary Protection Conventions.
38:23Left unattended, Cassini could change the fate of potential life forms on Titan or Enceladus.
38:32So now you have to give the command to end it.
38:44Cassini is so far away that a message traveling at the speed of light would take an hour to reach it.
38:50It will take more time than
38:52Every microchip in it is now programmed to respond to every command given to it.
38:58Now one thing is certain that the order should be very strong only then the matter will be resolved.
39:06The engineers who had ordered him to save himself at all costs
39:10Now he is asking him to die and he must obey the order.
39:26The spacecraft struggles desperately to orient itself one last time.
39:32It fires its thrusters at 100 percent capacity.
39:35Also, Date seems to be soaking his designers more than his Yokita.
39:48It struggles against the powerful force of the atmosphere until its fuel tanks are empty.
39:54But then it doesn't hurt to live
39:58Project manager speaking
40:00It has a little life in it
40:03Spacecraft signals are fading away
40:06The spacecraft will also be destroyed in the next 45 seconds.
40:27And it finally ended
40:3011:55 Universal Time
40:35About the struggle to understand the cosmos
40:38There are many stories
40:39Sometimes your dreams die with you.
40:44But sometimes scientists from another era
40:47Taking them to the moon and beyond
40:53The name of Yuri Kondrat Pryuk was forgotten
40:56But one person remembered him.
41:04When Neil returned from his trip to the strong moon
41:07So he went to the childhood home of the man who had made his epic journey possible.
41:26Yuri Kopan was the one who had his this one who had his this one jam
41:44Yuri's Waley Tha I Waley Tha Jam
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