In this Episode
1. Explores the parallels between the neural networks of the human brain and the cosmic web of galaxies.
2. Highlights the interconnectedness of life, intelligence, and the universe.
3. Examines the evolution of intelligence and how memory has shaped life on Earth.
4. Showcases groundbreaking scientific discoveries about the brain and the cosmos.
5. Features stunning visuals and engaging storytelling to illustrate complex concepts.
6. Challenges our perception of consciousness and humanity’s place in the universe.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode4
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#monsterstar
#oursolarsystem
#TheCosmicConnectome
#cosmos
#cosmosspacescience
#neildegrassetyson
1. Explores the parallels between the neural networks of the human brain and the cosmic web of galaxies.
2. Highlights the interconnectedness of life, intelligence, and the universe.
3. Examines the evolution of intelligence and how memory has shaped life on Earth.
4. Showcases groundbreaking scientific discoveries about the brain and the cosmos.
5. Features stunning visuals and engaging storytelling to illustrate complex concepts.
6. Challenges our perception of consciousness and humanity’s place in the universe.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode4
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#monsterstar
#oursolarsystem
#TheCosmicConnectome
#cosmos
#cosmosspacescience
#neildegrassetyson
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:00has happened
00:28to the human being
00:30Hunger has always bothered me.
00:36A person had seen it all
00:38Such a world can be created through science.
00:41Where no one will die of hunger
00:43and the possibility of famine will be eliminated.
00:45To fulfill this promise, he gave us
00:48He gave a lot but he had a difficult task ahead of him.
00:52Live by talking nonsense about science
00:54Or tell the truth and face death.
01:00or tell the truth
01:29Jhal Jhal
02:06Humans moved around for the first few thousand years of their lives.
02:11Living under the open sky
02:13He cut trees and plants, and hunted animals.
02:17Then, about ten to twelve thousand years ago, our ancestors discovered a new way of living.
02:24Just look at the wisdom of those beginners.
02:27Jinn discovered that these trees and plants contained a way to create another plant.
02:32Seed
02:42This discovery proved to be the most important milestone for our species.
02:47People could travel from one place to another in small groups.
02:51Or they could stay in one place and grow their own food.
02:54But this required sacrifices that were rewarded much later.
02:59For the first time, humans began to think about the future.
03:06Obviously, such decisions were not taken in the blink of an eye.
03:09These were taken over several generations.
03:11From a human perspective, this period seems quite long.
03:14But according to the cosmic calendar, this will happen less than half a minute earlier.
03:21This cosmic calendar consolidated the 133 million years since the Big Bang into a single calendar Earth year.
03:28has given
03:29It's now the half of December 31st, and every month is a little longer than a billion years.
03:37Every day is shorter than 40 million years
03:41And humanity's greatest achievements have been accomplished in just the last few cosmic minutes.
03:53According to the cosmic calendar, our ancestors started domesticating animals and growing plants just 30 seconds ago.
03:59have done
04:00For the first time in history, our nomadic ancestors were beginning to settle
04:04We were building something that would last more than a season.
04:18It was a way to get closer to the stars and it took 11,000 days to build.
04:24And this could only be possible through food stocks obtained from agriculture.
04:32These are the world's oldest stairs from Egypt's first pyramid.
04:38These were built five thousand years ago, climbing these stairs means
04:44It is not surprising to follow in the footsteps of three hundred generations
04:49that people who had already given up eating made something so permanent
05:02Our hunter-gatherer ancestors' diet included plants, insects, birds, and other animals.
05:09But the diet of urban people did not contain just a few carbs of hydrate.
05:14And when there is no rain or the crop gets infected
05:18Then starvation would have spread on a large scale causing famine.
05:25In India due to drought and wrong management of the British
05:30In the eighteenth century, a famine killed ten million people.
05:33And in China during the famine of the nineteenth century
05:37More than 100 million people lost their lives
05:41It was because of the Imperial Policy of the British.
05:44One million people died in Ireland due to earthquakes.
05:47And more than two million people had to leave the country in search of livelihood.
05:53In 1877, Brazil also suffered similar crop failures and drought.
05:57More than half the people died from the earthquake in a single state.
06:02In Africa, famine has claimed countless lives in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and the Sahel.
06:10Since the last thousand years, when records have been kept
06:14A large number of people continue to die from earthquakes.
06:22Can agriculture become a science that can be as confidently tested as gravity?
06:28which can produce crops one after another that are not affected by drought and disease.
06:33Farmers and herders knew the benefits of selecting the hardiest specimens for crossbreeding to produce more successful hybrids.
06:42be born of
06:42This was called artificial selection.
06:46But how can these qualities be passed on to future generations?
06:50This matter remained a secret
06:53Behind me is Dag Down House
06:56Charles Dawin's House
06:57He lived here with his wife Emma and ten children.
07:01He did not impose his dominance like the men of that era.
07:04In fact, he loved his children very much.
07:07used to laugh and joke with them
07:11He did not build this garden.
07:14The person who was probably thinking at that time
07:17This simple place did not seem to match his most impressive
07:21Even today some people are afraid of his ideas.
07:30Charles Dawin discovered that all species, including us humans,
07:34gradually undergo a process of natural selection
07:38Adapting species to the best shade according to changing times
07:42The environment gives birth to new generations in the form of new children.
07:46Dawin reveals the secret of this external reality of life.
07:49But what are the internal mechanisms of evolution?
07:53No one had any idea about this
07:57During this period, in a rural monastery in today's Czech Republic
08:00A monk trying to become a science professor
08:05Greg and Mendel fail the qualifying exam twice
08:09In such a situation, he could only become a substitute teacher.
08:13So in his spare time he started studying pea plants
08:18He bred thousands of such plants, carefully selecting their height, size, pods, seeds and flowers.
08:27Color Checking
08:29Mendel was in search of a theory related to breeding.
08:33So that it can be known in advance whether a tall plant will meet a short plant or green peas
08:39What will be the result of doing it with yellow peas
08:43They discovered that the grains would be yellow every time.
08:48We are lost until Mendel coined a term for the dominance of yellow over green.
08:54Didn't know that
08:55He named it Dominant.
08:58He was delighted to learn that he could now predict what the next breed of pea would be like.
09:09Mendel named this special trait present in the next crop as recessive.
09:13Some things he called factors
09:16Due to these hidden things in plants, some special qualities were visible.
09:20And these were linked by a law that Mendel could describe through a simple equation like gravity.
09:28Charles Dawin and Gregor Mendel did not know this.
09:31But both these scientists were trying to understand the mysteries of life during that period.
09:42Dawin presented evidence of a commonality among all living organisms.
09:46According to them, we are certainly human beings but the truth is that we belong to other living beings and plants.
09:53of the lineage
09:54That is, like other living beings, a part of the natural world
09:59Mendel discovered that there are certain laws that govern the course of life.
10:05He had discovered a completely new area of science.
10:10But no one knew this for 35 years.
10:15Little did he know at the end that the world would recognize him as a giant in the history of science.
10:22Mendel's work was revived in the early 20th century.
10:26And one of his biggest supporters was the British zoologist William Bacchan.
10:32He gave a new name to the science that studies these aspects.
10:38Genetics
10:39Bachson and his colleagues worked on developing new breeds of plants and animals.
10:45According to him, science and freedom cannot be separated.
10:49And the same rule applied to his laboratory.
10:52Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov was a Russian botanist.
10:57He took Bachson's ideology too seriously
11:00He wanted to learn this through the new science of genetics.
11:04How to feed the world
11:06Even during their honeymoon, their passion for science continued.
11:09Even as a child, Vavilov was always in a hurry.
11:12He always used to say
11:14Time is short and work is too much
11:27How do they know what is going to happen next?
11:36Many people believe that our planet is a single organism.
11:40There is a unity around which there is a ring of hollow
11:44But this is just a scientific fact.
11:48Something important is about to happen now
11:50In the year 1600 in a remote part of South India
11:55February 19th at 5 p.m.
11:59The capitals of faraway countries would not have even imagined
12:03How this tragedy will spread across the world and take their lives.
12:19This suffocating mixture of sulfuric acid and volcanic ash
12:22Sun rays reaching the earth will cause disease.
12:25Some of the sunlight will be absorbed in the stratosphere.
12:29This powerful explosion took place in the volcano, neither put nor burn.
12:33The largest explosion ever recorded in South American history.
12:41winter is coming
12:44Winter is a volcano
12:51The people of Russia had not seen such a winter in the last six centuries.
12:55For two years, the temperature dropped below zero at night even during summer.
13:00One-third of Russia's population, about 2 million people, died due to the famine caused by it.
13:06Tsar Boris Gudnov died in a volcano that erupted 13,000 kilometers away in Peru.
13:14This was not the last famine in Russian history.
13:18Drought and famine were often read about.
13:21But three centuries later, in 1891, the cycle of troubles struck again.
13:28That year winter came early and the crops were ruined.
13:32Tsar Alexander the Third did not act in time
13:36Millions of Tesh were starving.
13:37Nevertheless, wealthy Russian merchants continued to export Anach for their own profit.
13:42It is surprising that the Tsar left his starving people in such dire conditions.
13:47All that was given was a famine brat made of moss, weeds and straw.
13:54Half a million Russian citizens were killed, while the aristocrats and wealthy came from the south of France.
13:59Enjoying fresh strawberries and clotted cream from England
14:03The Russian Revolution would not happen for another thirty years.
14:07But according to many historians, it was due to this famine that the patience of the people broke down.
14:14And its essence was to be permanently imprinted on a man who is the hero of our story.
14:19Nikolai Vavilov
14:23This is the Vavilov family.
14:25Mata Fita was born into a poor family.
14:28But with his hard work he reached the upper middle class.
14:32All four children in the family later became scientists.
14:38Sarge became a physicist
14:47And Nikolai is a botanist.
15:02Even as a child, Vavilov was not easily frightened.
15:05In 1911, Russia was the world's largest exporter of grain.
15:09Although its cultivation methods were old
15:12Petroff's Institute was the only place of rest in Russia.
15:16Where through a new science called scientific genetics
15:19Diet could hope to modernize production
15:22But this matter was also related to controversies.
15:25Today's debate is about whether plants are election science or not.
15:30This is not a science
15:32Only the farmer knows about this.
15:34He sows the biggest seeds for thousands of years.
15:36and cross breeding of strong animals
15:39What can we scientists offer them?
15:41Fancy equations to mislead farmers
16:00He bets and hopes to win somehow, not on the Gricour-Mandel hypothesis.
16:11Rather, he acted on faith and this was his speciality, as he used to give his ideas the mathematical formula.
16:18Agriculture became a science as revealed on the basis of
16:32In 1904, during World War I, Bavilov was perplexed about where native plants came from.
16:40Who were their ancestors?
16:42In a love letter he wrote
17:01The First World War exposed the deep fissures within Russian society and marked the beginning of the Revolution.
17:08and Civil Bar
17:09Vavilov established 400 scientific institutes to train the children of peasants and laborers to become scientists.
17:17Vavilov wanted to fulfill his dream of ending famine through these
17:22In 1920, Vavilov presented a new law of nature.
17:28My friends, the same genes work the same way even though they are in different cultures.
17:34Because their ancestors are also the same.
17:38To understand evolution and guide our work scientifically with birding
17:43We should go to the oldest farming countries.
17:46These common ancestors may still exist there today.
17:50As long as there are people like the Vaivi people in Russia, no one can destroy this country.
17:54Wavy Love Up became famous all over the world
17:57I am a very ordinary man
18:00Actually my physicist brother is more talented than sir.
18:04Vaivi Lao believed that every seed carries a message unique to its own variety.
18:09The contents may be different, but all these messages were written in a mysterious language.
18:14And it wasn't understood for decades.
18:16Wei Wei wanted to preserve all the ancient information related to life.
18:21So that it can reach the coming generations at all costs
18:24He was one of the first people to understand the importance of biodiversity.
18:29Wavy Love introduces a completely new concept
18:32of a World C Bank
18:34They hoped that it would not be affected by war and natural disasters.
18:38Besides, science was also associated with this work related to humanity.
18:42If we can find the earliest specimens of edible plants
18:47Then it will become very easy to understand the language of our complex life.
18:50We will know how it changed.
18:53And then it will become possible for us to write new messages.
18:57It should be possible to grow crops that are not affected by disease, fungus, insects and drought.
19:03Vavilov traveled to five continents to find them.
19:06He went to places where no scientist had gone before him.
19:15During Vavilov's time, there were no tunnels or roads.
19:19He was the first European of modern times to visit the mountainous regions of Afghanistan.
19:23Despite the dangers that exist
19:25Vavilov suspected that humans probably began farming in the river deltas.
19:32will be
19:32According to him, remote hilly areas would have been safer for farming.
19:38There was very little chance of robbers coming here.
19:41Vavilov risked his life to search for seeds on five continents
19:46And he proved that he was not only courageous but also a genius in the field of science.
19:55In 1927, Vavilov discovered the original form of coffee, called dhur, in Abyssinia, now known as Ethiopia.
20:02And it was good because they had to stay up all night to protect the camp.
20:15Oh ask Oh
20:35Vavilov was waiting for permission to travel deeper into the country
20:40that he had a regent and an appointee in Rast-Farai, the future emperor of Ethiopia.
20:46He later became known as Haile Salassie.
20:49Vavilov later mentioned this
20:52We were both alone there.
20:53He asked me questions with great interest about my country and its revolution.
20:58I told them that our founder, Lenin, had passed away.
21:01and Joseph Stalin was ruling
21:03I told them that Stalin had already deposited $30 in a bank for the revolution.
21:09had taken a bite
21:10And he had already become a people's hero in Russia 20 years ago
21:15Vavilov traveled the world in search of seeds and knowledge.
21:19And Trofim Lysenko, one of Vavilov's many disciples, began to make a name for himself.
21:27Getting fresh peas in winter is no less than a dream.
21:30And this dream has been made true by plant expert Trofim Lysenko.
21:34For this, he neither took the help of the university nor the labs.
21:39He did not spare any expense even when travelling abroad in search of ancient Aspericus.
21:44He did this work like the farmers of Russia and because of his work you will get it even in January.
21:51Green peas are available
21:54Joseph Stalin was eliminating his political opponents and also attacked Russian-style farming.
22:01started
22:01His goal was to modernize the Soviet economy, but this effort yielded disastrous results.
22:10Stalin stripped the more prosperous peasants, known as Kulaks, of this status.
22:15Famine killed between five and one million people.
22:20But for Tofim Lysenko, this tragedy was an opportunity.
22:25Lysenko hated Vavilov for his knowledge and fame.
22:29And like a snake, he knew the right time to attack.
22:34This poison of his was going to prove fatal.
22:42The Gazan of Eden must have been somewhere in Central Asia.
22:45Because this is where the apples were first grown.
22:50Vavilov to identify the earliest such sites on Pritvý
22:54traveled the world to find seeds that could be found
22:57He collected samples of each seed for safekeeping.
23:01In total, Vavilov collected approximately two and a half lakh varieties of seeds.
23:10By the time Vavilov returned, the country had changed considerably.
23:13Then there lay the most terrifying stone ever found.
23:18The hope of the Revolution was replaced by suffering and despair.
23:22at Vavilov's Institute of Plant Industry in what was then Leningrad.
23:28The world's largest collection of genetic information had been accumulated.
23:34His team began sorting and cataloging each seed.
23:38These people worked tirelessly as if every hungry Russian citizen depended on them.
23:50Comrade Stalin has important news to share regarding the security of our nation.
24:01I know why there is a book crisis in the country and I have a way to remove this book crisis.
24:06Which will make even your opponents your fans.
24:10Comrade Lysenko, then you are a very powerful man.
24:14The scientists are lying to you.
24:16Chas Davin, Gregor Mandel, Nikolai Vavilov, all these guys
24:21Comrade, why is the giraffe's neck so long?
24:25Giraffe, why are you wasting my time?
24:29So that they can eat the leaves present on the top of the trees
24:32Absolutely, but scientists deny it
24:36These people believe in imaginary and invisible genes.
24:40which are changed by the same invisible forces
24:43Give the giraffe a long neck and the chicken a short neck
24:47I don't believe in fantasy
24:50But Vavilov has it, our people are dying of hunger
24:54They are getting lost in the middle of nowhere
24:57What the country needs most
24:59I've found that way
25:01That is a bountiful harvest of wheat in winter.
25:05Can this happen and do you really have this power?
25:08I have a comrade in me, it's really
25:10But please give me freedom
25:13no one should interfere in my work
25:15Otherwise, it could be a mess
25:16These are agents of our enemies.
25:19You also know this
25:20They want Russia to succumb to hunger.
25:25Giraffes don't have long necks because of this.
25:28How did Bala Stalin come into this world?
25:31It was a simple matter
25:32He wanted to believe it himself.
25:35to Lesen
25:36A 19th-century naturalist
25:38promoting the rejected theri
25:41Whose name was John Baptiste Lemanc.
25:43He believed that some of the shortcomings acquired
25:46You can see it in the next PD.
25:48like those on the branches of trees
25:50Giraffes have long necks to reach leaves
25:53He could not understand that
25:55Also to get a truly long neck
25:57The evolutionary process of many generations of giraffes
26:00Longer journeys and better survival rates would have been required
26:04Only then could his neck become as long as it is today.
26:06His long neck was in jeans
26:09was the result of random mutations
26:11So that giraffes can become more successful
26:15Not because of neck strain.
26:17So this was Charles Dawin's revolutionary understanding.
26:23Evilution Binaural Selection
26:26Lysenko told Stalin that he could fulfill an old Russian dream.
26:31And we can also end Stalin's problem, famine.
26:36Lysenko was about to dip the wheat in icy water
26:39so that it can even climb in the snow
26:40He named this process vernalization.
26:45Lysenko claimed that this would increase the resistance of the seeds to cold.
26:50This did not require time-consuming and difficult cross-breeding.
26:55There was only one cloud in their way.
26:57Vavilov and his belief in genetics
27:02The strange thing was that while Lysander was showing Stalin dreams of a bountiful harvest
27:08Meanwhile, Vavilov and his team were crossing high-altitude wheat varieties.
27:13which would increase crop production in Russia
27:17Vavilov went to Krumblin, thinking about the work that needed to be done.
27:23But the reality was that he and many others were facing starvation.
27:37Vavilov knew that no one could survive for long under Stalin's wrath and fear.
27:49Nikolai Ivanovich, we are in grave danger now.
27:53Three days ago, the secret police came to arrest Ye Vigeni and Lionette
27:57Nothing is known about them since then.
27:59their wives are worried
28:02Lysenko is blaming you for the famine
28:05So if you believe me, you should stop experimenting on genetics.
28:11We have to keep doing our work quietly.
28:13Let's see what happens
28:15There is not much time
28:16We have to work like Michael Farrah
28:19Work hard and keep accurate notes of the results
28:22If I disappear, you take my place.
28:26Only the true results of science matter.
28:29Only through this can this and future famines be prevented.
28:34Comrade, they will arrest you and all of us.
28:39So we have to work faster.
28:43The forced collectivization of farms in Ukraine led to the
28:46A very dark chapter in human history
28:49This famine was so severe and widespread
28:53that it was not identified with any year or place
28:57It got its own name
28:59This was Holo Damor
29:02It meant ending hunger
29:04Stalin had taken away the land from the kulak peasants and forced them into factories.
29:10This order had become a policy of mass murder.
29:14Vavilov and his associates continue to speak against you
29:17I can't tolerate this
29:19Stalin knew that getting rid of Vavilov would mean trouble.
29:23Vavilov was not allowed to leave the country.
29:31So slander Vavilov.
29:39After that, do whatever you want
29:42It is a matter of great regret that biochemists are still struggling with the analysis of lentil and pea proteins.
29:47Could not differentiate between them
29:50I think the difference between lentils and peas can be told just by putting them on the tongue.
30:00If you can tell the difference by putting them on your tongue, then why do you need to differentiate between them chemically?
30:08Lassenko now intensified his campaign against Vavilov and science.
30:13Then all the scientists and enemies of science gather in a two-day conference to discuss the future of Soviet agricultural policy.
30:22for the purpose of discussing
30:24Soon you will all see how my method of soaking all kinds of beaches in icy water works.
30:33Everyone in the country will be fed
30:35Is there no experiment and no data?
30:38Perhaps you have not noticed that your summer yields are decreasing. By fertilizing you, you will get heavy yield in winter.
30:46Join us or
30:48You may crucify me or burn me in fire, but I will never say anything about science.
30:53can't even speak jute
30:57It seems that those who want to commit suicide will be arrested.
31:01For what crime has he been arrested? Just wait and see, this is going to be the fate of this intelligent scientist.
31:08But Vavilov had already made all the preparations.
31:12He had told his colleagues to go to other institutes to save themselves.
31:17But his closest associates refused to distance themselves from him.
31:25Mr. Vavilov, you have been summoned to Moscow.
31:28You may have taken bags that don't belong to you.
31:32Listen to me, let me finish my work before the day ends.
31:36Please
31:53This doesn't look right, comrade.
31:55You've done a big mischief
31:57You should have known it would get discovered sooner or later.
32:01I don't understand what you are talking about
32:03Yes Yes
32:05You will say that I don't tell you anything.
32:07But don't make a fool of me
32:09you know everything
32:10You were arrested because you are supporting someone against Russia
32:15Foreign Intelligence Services spies
32:17Do you consider it your crime?
32:18No, I don't agree
32:20I swear I have never cheated
32:25And I have never done anything against my country.
32:27You are referring to the statements of such witnesses
32:30Whom the government has already killed
32:32You know I'm not a spy
32:34I love my country very much
32:37If I have any crime, it is only this
32:40That because of science my views are very different from yours.
32:47Vavilov's enemy had extensive experience in breaking the stubbornness of such stubborn people.
32:52He began questioning Vavilov for ten to twelve hours a day.
32:56He usually woke them up in the middle of the night.
33:00He must have been hurt because his legs were swollen.
33:05And he couldn't walk properly.
33:08They would be dragged to their cells and somehow crawl onto the floor.
33:13without any movement
33:15This went on for seventeen hundred hours, spanning over four hundred sessions.
33:19And finally the Weavil broke off
33:23A year after his arrest, he was sentenced to death by shooting.
33:28He was taken to the execution site where he remained imprisoned for months.
33:37Before the situation could worsen, another major problem arose.
33:44Etler broke the non-aggression pact with Stalin.
33:48And he sent hundreds of German soldiers and thousands of tanks to attack Russia.
33:53But by any measure the siege of Leningrad proved to be the most terrifying.
34:06were present here among all the plants of the world
34:10that have kept us alive since the beginning of agriculture
34:15And unlike Stalin, Hitler knew that these were bad things.
34:57I don't know if he is alive or not.
35:00Until we find out, we should take the same steps as
35:04Nikolai Ivanovo Vich Thate If the Khera Bandi continues, the citizens of the city will die of hunger
35:12This building contains tons of edible material.
35:16All the seeds are available here.
35:19We have to save them somehow until the situation becomes normal again.
35:25No team of scientists has faced such a tough test in history.
35:32But despite this, the courage of these people did not break.
35:40In 1941, 4,000 people died of starvation in Leningrad on Christmas Day alone.
35:46Hitler's army laid siege to this city for more than 100 days.
35:51The temperature was 60 degrees below 40 degrees, and all the amenities of Leningrad city had collapsed.
35:57Hitler believed that Leningrad would surrender in no time.
36:00No city can tolerate such problems for long.
36:06No matter how hard he tries
36:09Stalin was concerned about the artifacts in the Hermitage Museum
36:13But not Vavilov's seed bank.
36:17But Hitler had already seized the Louvre Art Museum in Paris.
36:21Now he was looking for something more precious: Vavilov's treasure.
36:26Hitler established a special tactical unit of aces.
36:30Russia's Jamak Commando, or Russia Collect Commando, was to capture the seed bank.
36:36The seeds contained therein were to be used by the Third Reich in the future.
36:41These people were now waiting for orders to attack the institute.
36:45The botanist was now working on just two pieces of bread a day.
37:04I can't understand anything without them
37:06Dear comrade, this is painful but he is never going to come again.
37:14But Vavilov was still alive.
37:18He was sent to a jail in another city.
37:22I am now twenty-one years old
37:24And I have a lot of experience in the field of plant breeding and so does Kaan.
37:29I will be more than happy to dedicate myself to serving my country.
37:34I request you
37:36that you wanted me to work in my particular field, even if at a very low level
37:42But he never received a reply to his letter.
37:45The government decided not to shoot him.
37:49The man who did more than anyone else to end famine and hunger
37:54It was decided to kill him slowly by starving him.
38:02Another eight hundred thousand people died of starvation in Leningrad.
38:06The city was under siege by the German Army from September 1941 to January 1944.
38:14Yet the city managed to hold its own against repeated attacks.
38:20The two slices of bread a day that were available were also discontinued.
38:24And these guards of Vavilov's treasure were not touching it despite having so much food.
38:36Botanist Alexander Shtukin was a special admirer of mung beans.
38:57Lelia Odina Otskiy and Dmitry Ivanov mastered rice
39:16This botanist died of hunger, yet he did not eat even a single grain of rice present in his collection.
39:43But what happened to Vavilov's enemy, Trofim Lysenko?
39:46He maintained his hold on Soviet agriculture and biology for another two decades.
39:52Then three prominent Russian scientists publicly criticized him for pseudoscience and other crimes.
40:00And what happened to Vavilov's physicist brother, Sergei?
40:04Stalin appointed him chairman of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
40:22The Institute of Plant Industry was named after him and still exists today.
40:27And it remains here thanks to his life and work.
40:31The Svalbart Global Seat Vault is the world's highest underground vault.
40:36About 45 varieties of seeds can be stored here.
40:42But why did the botanists at the institute not eat even a single grain of rice?
40:46Why did they not distribute seeds, nuts and potatoes to the people of Leningrad, which had been in the hands of the people for more than two years?
40:53were dying of hunger every day for a long time
40:57Have you eaten anything today?
41:00If the answer is yes, you probably ate something that was a descendant of seeds that are supposed to be safe.
41:06For which those botanists gave their lives
41:08He sacrificed his life for our future.
41:14Well, for them their future and their life were as precious as it is for us.
41:42Jhaal Jhaal Jhaal
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