In This Episode
1. Views the birth of the Milky Way galaxy, 11 billion years ago.
2. Shows how early stars died and fertilized the elements that make up life.
3. Explores the story of the person who first found clues to the beginnings of life on Earth.
4. Highlights the tenacity and creativity of life on Earth.
5. Considers the prospects of life throughout the universe.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode3
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#monsterstar
#oursolarsystem
#lostcityoflife
#cosmos
#cosmosspacescience
#neildegrassetyson
1. Views the birth of the Milky Way galaxy, 11 billion years ago.
2. Shows how early stars died and fertilized the elements that make up life.
3. Explores the story of the person who first found clues to the beginnings of life on Earth.
4. Highlights the tenacity and creativity of life on Earth.
5. Considers the prospects of life throughout the universe.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#cosmospossibleworlds
#season1
#episode3
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#darkmatter
#monsterstar
#oursolarsystem
#lostcityoflife
#cosmos
#cosmosspacescience
#neildegrassetyson
Category
📚
LearningTranscript
00:07We are far from our home and our times.
00:11This is the Milky Way from the time when there were no galaxies at all.
00:15And more treatments than today
00:18At that time it gave birth to thirty times more stars than it does today.
00:23A wonderful creation, tell me this is from a summer night eleven billion years ago
00:29We are on another star's planet, and from here we can see the magnificent view of the Milky Way's bustling nursery.
00:35Getting a view
00:36Our star was a later child of the galaxy, and perhaps that's why we exist.
00:43After the death of younger and larger stars, the dead stars will return to their original state for another five billion years.
00:51Keep raining heavy elements down on us
00:54These elements paved the way for the formation of the planets and moons of our solar system.
01:01And we ourselves are made of these same star-like things.
01:06These glowing pink clouds of hydrazine gas resemble clusters of newly born stars.
01:13You see this blue glow, these are slightly older stars.
01:21Gravitational force will transform this fascinating collection of gas and dust into the galaxy we know today.
01:29home is
01:47Our sun has reached its full size.
01:51This star nourishes its surroundings with precious minerals, diamonds, and green olivine.
01:58This mineral will play an important role in our story.
02:02Planets, moons, and comets are formed from stars.
02:07This is Jupiter, the earliest world in our solar system.
02:18These future planets and moons are filled with geranium molecules, the very fuels of life.
02:26They get life from the influence of other stars.
02:33Does the cosmos allow life to flourish in the same natural way?
02:38As it creates stars and worlds
02:41So we will embark on a journey to solve this mystery.
03:13makes it like
03:25makes it like
04:00Long ago, when our world was in its infancy
04:04So there was a city at the bottom of the sea that stretched across the entire earth.
04:18It took thousands of years to build this city, but there was no life in it at that time.
04:29So who built these tall buildings in the sea?
04:32nature has
04:34Nature created them from the minerals carbon dioxide and wool.
04:38From which shells and pearls are made, Yari Calcium Carbonate
04:42But these were nothing compared to what happened beneath these tall buildings.
04:47To see it, we would have to reduce our size by a thousand times.
05:05This doesn't sound all that special, but wait a minute.
05:09Our restless nature has just opened up and the cold sea water has just entered the hot rocky part in the middle.
05:17has happened
05:17It is made up of organic molecules and minerals, including olivine, a green mineral.
05:25This hot mixture of water and minerals is rapidly ejected.
05:30This mixture seeped into the pores of the Caboane rocks, and this is what would later form its towers.
05:38These pores were incubators, protected places where organic molecules could accumulate.
05:46According to us, this is how rocks created the first home for life.
05:51This was the beginning of Earth's minerals, at least in our part of the cosmos.
05:56that is, the durable bond between rocks and life.
06:01Can you see these horizontal cracks?
06:04Hence the name of this process.
06:06Serpentinization
06:08This is evidence of the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into hydrogen and methane.
06:13These organic molecules powered this earth-shaking event.
06:19Vaigyanis who searched for life in other worlds used to say
06:23Walk with water
06:27They're saying walk with the rocks
06:31Because serpentinization is closely linked to the processes that make life possible
06:44To see the real event, we have to shrink even further.
06:50These caves seem huge on this scale.
06:53But these are the small holes present in the mortar of these tawas
06:57These are molecules called organic molecules.
07:00All the things that are made of atoms, just like you and me
07:06Energy is needed to transform these lifeless jewels into jewellery i.e. life.
07:12And perhaps this happened in a similar cave.
07:16And this energy must have come from the reaction between the alkaline water trapped in the tower and the acidic water of the sea.
07:23Because of
07:24This old treasure must have been filled with rings, bangles and necklaces.
07:29Along with long and complicated molecules, the most valuable treasure was revealed.
07:34Life
07:37We believe that the first cells got their energy from chemical reactions.
07:42It was the same spark that breathed life into the elements.
07:49Gradually these towers were destroyed and the creatures inside them came out and flourished.
08:26What you just saw seems like the most likely story about the beginning of life.
08:32One thing that was necessary for this was the reunification of four scientific fields that were distinct from each other.
08:38mingle
08:39And these fields are Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Geology.
08:47We think life first formed in cyclones.
08:50From day one, life yearned to be free to conquer new worlds
08:57Even the vast ocean could not control it.
09:04If this is a true story about the beginning of life, then it happened a long time ago.
09:10When the sky was not blue, the moon was not in its present state, there was only ocean on our planet, whose water
09:17It was red because of iron.
09:22Life was about to reshape the world, the seas and the skies, but life was always about its own hugs.
09:28It doesn't work, then a day came when life almost destroyed itself.
09:34had put
09:37Through the Cosmic Calendar we understand the vastness of time.
09:42We have gathered it all to understand the history of the cosmos from the birth of our universe to this moment.
09:49in a calendar year
09:51On this scale, each month represents approximately one billion years, and each day approximately 40 million years.
10:00The first day of this cosmic year began with the Big Bank
10:06That's about fourteen billion years ago.
10:13Then nothing happened in our universe for about three billion years.
10:18On March 15th of our cosmic year, the formation of our Milky Way Galaxy began.
10:27Six billion years later, our star, the Sun, was born.
10:32The date on the cosmic calendar was August 31.
10:41Soon Jupiter and our planet, along with other stars, were about to form.
10:52This was our planet about four billion years ago
10:56The date on the cosmic calendar was September 21st.
10:59Life may have begun then; the atmosphere was filled with hydrocarbon smog.
11:05There was no oxygen to breathe and no one to breathe.
11:12We are just beginning to understand how powerfully life shaped this planet.
11:17Is
11:18The first thing that comes to our mind when we think about it is
11:23It has vast green forests and also big cities.
11:27But life began changing the planet before such things
11:35A billion years after a tiny glimmer of hope appeared at the bottom of the ocean
11:39Life began to appear all over the world
11:42The credit for this goes to a creature whose existence has not ended even today.
11:48And its name is cyanobacteria.
11:58If cyanobacteria were given two billion seventy million years
12:02So it can grow anywhere.
12:05For this, fresh water, salt water, hot springs and salt mines are required.
12:11These are all homes
12:15After this, during the next 40 crore years
12:18Cyanobacteria taking carbon dioxide
12:22And by releasing oxygen, it turned the sky blue.
12:29But cyanobacteria didn't just tell the sky
12:34It even reached the rocks and changed them.
12:39Oxygen caused iron to rust and worked its magic on minerals.
12:46There are 5000 varieties of minerals on Earth.
12:49Of these, 350 are due to the oxygen created by life on the water.
12:56But now that important day has come.
13:17Cyanobacteria were the strongest organisms on this planet.
13:21So wherever they went, they created terror and changed the landscape, water and sky.
13:27All this happened two billion thirty million years ago.
13:31Or at the end of October according to the cosmic calendar.
13:35But along with cyanobacteria, other organisms also came on this land.
13:40They were anaerobes
13:41which had become powerful before the cyanobacteria polluted the life and oxygen
13:47Oxygen was essential for anaerobes.
13:50But cyanobacteria were filling the atmosphere with oxygen.
13:55This was the great oxygen extinction for anaerobes and all life on Earth.
14:01The only survivors of anaerobes that sank to the bottom of the sea
14:05deep inside the sediment where oxygen could not reach them
14:16Cyanobacteria play the role of oxygen pumping machine
14:20Their rapid work continued, and 400 million years later, they brought about another major change to our planet.
14:28You remember the serpentinite rocks at the bottom of the ocean that were emitting hydrogen and methane?
14:35Methane gas is a powerful greenhouse gas and was keeping the planet warm even at that time.
14:41Once again, oxygen, produced by life, shook everything up by digesting methane.
14:48Carbon dioxide was not as potent a greenhouse gas as it was able to trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
14:54If she had not held it well then the earth
15:09Escaped from the clutches of the planet trapped in the grip of the dead bacteria, causing the entire planet to become covered in dust.
15:17Dicusides spread as high-ranking officials released large amounts of Kavan Dicusides into the atmosphere, causing planetary damage.
15:25And the snow melted
15:42Till now life existed in the form of microbes and simple multistellar organisms but one day suddenly one
15:50An explosion occurs which is called Camberin explosion.
15:53Organisms also began to develop legs, eyes, spines, and teeth. Life evolved rapidly and organisms diversified.
16:02But I felt like
16:03We still don't know what caused such a dramatic change in life.
16:08But we have some possible theories.
16:11The reason behind this could be calcium minerals reaching the sea water from the upper mains.
16:16Now things like reeds and armor started forming in life.
16:19It seemed as if it had partnered with the rocks to build its tower.
16:23Now life could expand its size and enter new areas.
16:30It may have acquired protection from the canopy created by cyanobacteria.
16:37The ozone layer is formed due to the oxygen produced in the atmosphere.
16:41This made it possible for life to move out of the safety of the sea and settle on land.
16:47He no longer feared the sun's deadly ultraviolet rays.
16:52And then life continued to grow for billions of years.
16:57He started swimming, running, jumping and flying.
17:04So now a person who is expert in saving life
17:08He had become so capable of escaping from any kind of captivity.
17:11that every prison on earth has now failed
17:15A day will come when life will be able to reach beyond the Earth.
17:20And then no one will be able to control him.
17:42To reach the earliest stages of life required a completely new science.
17:47that reunites different subjects
17:49The person who discovered this new path was not an ordinary man but an escape artist.
17:54He had survived many brutal murders.
17:57It was as if he was laughing at those who were tormenting him, right here in this forest.
18:09do you know this place?
18:11This is the London Royal Institution where Michael Faraday spent his life.
18:15During his time, i.e., in the first half of the 19th century
18:20The close relationship between life and rocks remained to be understood.
18:25Before science could understand the origins of life, it had to change
18:30A scientist had predicted this, which had some negative and some positive aspects.
18:36Christian Friedrich Scherbbein was a German-Swiss chemist.
18:41who were conducting an experiment involving the use of electricity to convert water into its chemicals
18:46These chemicals were oxygen and hydrogen.
18:50Sharnbine thought he smelled a familiar scent
18:53like the wind after a thunderstorm
18:56Sherbine discovered ozone.
18:59It is because of this layer present in the atmosphere that
19:02Our ancient ancestors left the water and came to the land
19:05And it still protects us from ultraviolet rays.
19:11Shernbine loved experiments
19:13His wife was so distressed that she had a child with Sharanbine.
19:17I promised not to use my kitchen as a battery lab.
19:45Shernbine had invented a new weapon of mass destruction
19:55This chemical explosive was more powerful than gunpowder.
19:59With further improvements, gun cotton was to become a very widespread war material.
20:07But Shernbine also foresaw a new part of science.
20:11He wrote in 1838
20:15Before the mysteries of the origins of our planets and their organic matter are revealed
20:21A comparative geochemistry science must begin.
20:24Fifty years later, the man who would make Sherbine's dream come true is born.
20:29He was also a German Swiss.
20:33Vikto Golschmidt was so intelligent that he was offered a position here at the University of Oslo.
20:39He never took any tests and never had a degree.
20:42This was in 1909 when he was only 21.
20:46Three years later, he was awarded Norway's Greatist Scientific Prize.
20:53Victor Golschmidt considered the Earth a single system.
20:57He knew that to understand the whole picture
21:01Understanding all three – Physics, Chemistry and Geology – will help.
21:06These were the early days of studying the basic elements.
21:10Golschmidt used it to create his periodic table.
21:13Using this new information
21:15And it is still used today.
21:17It explained how crystals and complex minerals
21:20could be made from more basic elements
21:23Golschmidt was trying to find out
21:25How mountains, ridges, and canyons are formed from matter
21:33In 1928 he studied at the University of Güttingen, Germany.
21:37accepted his offer of appointment
21:40This institute was created for them.
21:43His friends thought these were his happiest years, but
21:56In 1933
21:57Adolf Hitler takes over
22:00In Gorsch, the Tek was Jewish but not absorvant, i.e., cutter.
22:04But Hitler created obstacles.
22:06Hitler's anger against the Jews was gradually increasing.
22:10And he now made it mandatory that every Jew
22:14Now the government will have to answer for many of its generations.
22:17Some Jews hid the news from their grandfathers
22:20So such people were put into a concentration camp.
22:23But Goldschmidt proudly wrote in his forms
22:25that all his ancestors were Jews
22:28Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring, founder of the Gestapo
22:32was not happy with this news
22:37He personally sent a letter to Goldschmidt
22:40In which he was ordered to be expelled from the university.
22:48And they had to leave immediately for Norway without their luggage.
22:57Golschmidt made olivine the focus of his research.
23:01A green gemstone, a mineral left over from the formation of our solar system
23:06It could withstand very high temperatures.
23:09And this quality came and calmed him down.
23:11He was the first to suggest that Olivine may have played a role in the early stages of life.
23:18He also believed that olivine might be present everywhere in the cosmos.
23:23This was the beginning of what would be called cosmo chemistry.
23:27Field's 1940 attack on Norway by Germany
23:32Goldschmidt began carrying a cyanite capsule in his pocket.
23:35So that if the patrol finds them, they can swallow the foreign capsule
23:40When one of his colleagues asked him for such a capsule
23:43So Golschmidt's answer was
23:44This poison is only for chemistry professors.
23:47You're a physicist, so use a rope.
23:58But when the Germans reached them, Goldschmidt put the capsule in his pocket.
24:11Goldschmidt was sent to the Berg concentration camp before being sent to Auschwitz
24:16He told his friends about it
24:18This place is not good
24:25Goldschmidt was such a remarkable scientist that Nadji couldn't eliminate him.
24:30He was told that if he could provide the benefits of his science to Reich, his life could be saved.
24:36But Goldschmidt thought of misleading the Nazis a little.
24:39He started thinking of putting Jigyaan in jail in this matter.
24:44He set the Nazis searching for minerals that never existed.
24:49And told them that these things are very important to win the war.
24:53His secret could be revealed at any time.
24:56And when this happens, they are brutally killed.
25:03By the end of 1942, the Norwegian Resistance had realized
25:07that Goldschmidt is in grave danger
25:10So he arranged for their escape across the Swedish border.
25:20Goldschmidt spent the rest of the war in Sweden and then in England.
25:24His knowledge reached the friendly countries
25:26He could not overcome the hardships of war.
25:29His health remained weak
25:32Victor Golschmidt passed away
25:34After only a year and a half
25:36But during this time he wrote a research paper.
25:38on complex organic molecules
25:40According to him, life on the planet must have started from that.
25:44And in this connection the information given in his paper
25:48It is still very important to us today.
25:54Viktor Golschmidt did not know
25:57that generations of geochemists who followed him
26:00She will see him as her founder.
26:04His last wish was a simple one.
26:08They wanted them to be burned
26:10and their bones should be placed in a vessel
26:14made of the same matter
26:16Due to which life flourished according to his wishes
26:18i.e. his beloved Aliveen
26:23The Universe Creates Galaxies
26:25Galaxies make stars
26:27The world is made of stars
26:31Are there more Lost Cities of Life in the Cosmos?
26:36Let's know
26:43Everyone has to pay the price to live in the cosmos
26:46Space-faring species have to be careful not to pollute other worlds
26:51Nor do you have to bring anything from there that would endanger your own world.
27:10put it in
27:10There is no life there
27:12So he's no threat to us.
27:14Nor does it give us
27:19The highest risk is
27:20From the category five world
27:22a world like this
27:24Mars means Mangal
27:26here in the past or even today
27:28places beneath its surface
27:31But there are situations where life
27:32If we can flourish then we should
27:35and there can be
27:37for the rest of life too
27:38You have to be very careful
27:41Restricted Category
27:43Five Rennie lives
27:45I have found a way to escape this
27:46This is applicable because of the quality
27:48Samples returning from other worlds
27:50On written missions where life's
27:52worlds have begun where
27:54Life exists now or ever before
27:56may have been
27:57that is, present at the bottom of the seas there
27:59Last Cities of Life
28:01Our sent robots
28:03Like K Landers
28:04Rovers and orbiters
28:06that constant routine of life
28:09It is a form of living desire
28:10that keeps exploring new areas
28:13And as soon as the mission of these robots
28:15will be completed
28:16Some of these will even be destroyed.
28:18like Juno
28:20Many facts about Jupiter
28:23NASA after mobilization
28:24Now moving to finish it
28:26Not because they care about Jupiter
28:29There is no fear that any of our spacecraft
28:32Future research on this planet
28:34may affect
28:35Any stray microbes caught in a down draft
28:39will fall down and burn him badly
28:43So Jupiter is only a category two world.
28:46But one of Jupiter's moons is a restricted category five
28:50And NASA can't risk Juno colliding with it.
28:55Europa is one of only three restricted category five worlds in the Solar System
29:00and one of Jupiter's eighty moons
29:15Michael Faraday discovered Prithvi's magnetic field.
29:19And there's one around Jupiter too.
29:21If we observe Jupiter in radio waves instead of visible light
29:24Then this magnetic field will be clearly visible.
29:27Jupiter's magnetic field is much stronger and 18,000 times larger
29:32This is a huge reservoir for solar wind, i.e. charged particles.
29:36This gives light to the aurora.
29:39The Naudan and Sadan lights on Jupiter are also
29:42And the same thing happens on Earth.
29:49Just think of tiny Europa and its system of moons.
29:53What would it be like to live so close to the king of planets?
29:56Giant Jupiter pulls Europa with its powerful gravity.
30:01It is so powerful that in four billion years it could never turn its face away from him.
30:07Jupiter's strong grip causes Europa's layers to peel away
30:11You see these big marks.
30:13Look at them carefully and listen to these sounds.
30:19All this is happening due to the fluctuations in gravity.
30:23This is called tidal flexing, and it's not just Jupiter.
30:28His system moons also exert pressure on him
30:31We are approximately one billion kilometers away from the sun's heat.
30:35Five times farther away from our own planet
30:37But this tidal flexing keeps Europa warm inside.
30:42Beneath this shaky surface of Europa lies even the deepest ocean on Earth.
30:46There exists an ocean ten times deeper
31:05We're headed to another restricted category five world.
31:09Not towards the new Satan, Satan is category two.
31:15Life passing through these clout belts cannot escape
31:19These are mostly made from ammonia.
31:22Water vapor is present beneath them
31:24We will go there in the coming days.
31:26But you will pay a heavy price for it
31:30It's not even a Titan.
31:31Titan is also a category two world.
31:35Like Satan, here too there is no trace of any life.
31:37The likelihood of contact is very low
31:39But it is possible that there is life on Titan.
31:43Amari is weirder than you can imagine
31:45Even if this happened
31:46So it is a matter of hope that Prithvi's life
31:50No one can harm it
31:54So here it is.
31:56Amari Restricted Category 5 World
32:06There is one such world in our solar system.
32:09where life can exist
32:11You can see it today
32:13looking at two people first
32:15William Herschel in the deep waters of the cosmic ocean
32:18looked deeper than his predecessors
32:22His son John also became a renowned astronomer.
32:25But on this summer night in 1802, John was just a child
32:30We first met on an earlier trip.
32:34John, I want to show you something.
32:37come with me
32:43At that time it was the largest telescope in the world.
32:47And it maintained this status for 50 years.
33:02William's sister, Caroline Herschel, was also a renowned astronomer.
33:06She was the first woman in the world to do so.
33:09who were paid to be scientists
33:14His height was only 4.15 inches
33:17Caroline contracted typhus at the age of ten
33:21He lost vision in his left eye and stopped growing in height.
33:24Yet he pushed the boundaries of his time.
33:30Caroline recently published her research in the Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars.
33:35But it bore the name of his brother William.
33:39That period was also in 1802.
33:42His nephew John was also going to publish the New General Catalogue based on his research.
33:48Many astronomical bodies are still known by their NGC numbers, or New General Catalogue numbers.
33:58Turn a few degrees to the east and a degree to the north
34:03Heige Sarth
34:09He who who wa dig gaya
34:16Papa, I have never seen anything like this before. Is this a new star?
34:21No, son, it's a new moon.
34:24I named it Satan Two.
34:27Oh, but Dad, we should give it a better name.
34:31You do this, son.
34:34And John did what his father said.
34:37John named that moon Enceladus.
34:40Named after the Greek character who was the giant Caia, son of Earth and Sky
34:46Enceladus fought fiercely with the goddess Athena for control of the entire universe.
34:59Life is everywhere on Earth, and you don't need to be an astrobiologist to see it.
35:05Our planet has changed in every way.
35:10To an alien, our Earth would appear to be a restricted category five.
35:16And Anselidus keeps his secrets well guarded
35:45These geysers of perfume and water vapors are erupting from Enceladus at speeds of up to 130 kilometers per hour.
35:51have been
35:51This is a gift from this moon to Saturn's outermost earring.
35:57But there's a lot more to it: nitrogen, ammonia, and methane. And wherever there's methane, there's olivine.
36:07Encelidus has been doing this for at least 100 million years.
36:11And it can release water like this for another 9 billion years.
36:16But where is this water coming from?
36:35These nine snow lakes continue to rain at a speed of more than 1600 kilometers per hour.
36:41We have come to its house, Humisphere
36:44Because the ice crust is thinnest here
36:47Its thickness is only a few kilometers.
36:51And this is why this is the best place to reach the ocean beneath the ground.
37:02OK, so now I want to give you a warning.
37:04What you see is completely based on evidence.
37:07This global ocean, this strange curtain of geysers, the ice on Earth, it's all real.
37:15Over the course of several Cassini missions, we learned that we might find something similar on Enceladus.
37:21But now we are going to proceed based on our guess.
37:25You know, renowned space scientists believe
37:29that when we launch a spacecraft over Enceladus, we'll find something similar there
37:50When the water present here encounters the vacuum of space, it turns into ice.
38:07And right here is the stuff that makes up life, organic molecules. You might be wondering what's underneath.
38:14may exist
38:17The distance to there is a long way, because we are in an ocean whose depth is the deepest ocean on earth.
38:23is ten times more than
38:26So there's a lot of hope, it's carbon and hydrogen, and this water is similar to Earth's early oceans.
39:18Why might this City of Life be larger than the ocean-bottom city on Earth?
39:26Perhaps because the gravitational pull of the Esselrads is much weaker than that of the Vritivi.
39:31Due to lower gravity, towers are lighter and can be taller.
39:40The currents are strong here and they might have knocked down some towers
39:56Victor Golschmidt's Ulviene
39:59These rocks paved the way for life
40:04But did life get enough time to take root?
40:09All I want to say is that you should never underestimate an escape artist.
40:33There's a funny thing about us
40:36We feel like we are the story.
40:38We are the beginning and the end of the cosmos.
40:41But as far as we know, we are just a byproduct.
40:45of geochemical forces that are spreading their wings in this universe of ours
41:00Galaxy makes stars, stars make worlds
41:09and draws life from the planets and the moon
41:16But does that make life any less amazing?
41:20or more
42:02Tunias
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