Recent discoveries have revealed vast clouds of dark matter in the universe This mysterious matter could be proof that multiple universes exist. Researchers investigate the secrets of dark matter.
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LearningTranscript
00:01our universe over 13 billion years old and full of wonders the universe excites it enthralls it
00:11keeps us asking questions about it but how much of the universe can we see there's an entirely
00:19hidden universe out there in fact the vast majority of the universe that isn't made of
00:24atoms can we ever truly understand what the universe is made of even though the laws of
00:31physics as we know it should be true everywhere in the universe there are a few places where these
00:35laws break down now new technology promises to unlock the secrets of space itself it's incredibly
00:43exciting to use this brand new tool we have sent by nature from the cosmos scientists are hunting
00:49for the invisible matter that binds the galaxies together and investigating if the universe we
00:56live in is made of alien material from another universe
01:16today across the universe astronomers are on a mission to uncover what the universe is made of
01:23and new discoveries are revealing just how little they know when somebody asks you how many stars
01:30are there in the entire universe you have to remember that we don't know how large the universe is the
01:36universe for all we know could be infinite scientists used to assume that all things in the universe were
01:41made from countless tiny particles called atoms from everything on earth to the brightest star in the sky
01:51but is there more to our reality than meets the eye science can be really strange because quite often
01:58you learn something new only to find that you know nothing at all investigators now realize that our
02:05universe has an immense hidden side even the darkest regions of empty space team with
02:12unimaginable wonders there's a lot of stuff in the blackness and that blackness is actually the harbor of
02:20great mystery and great power now a new generation of scientists asks what else is there to discover and how
02:29how can we find what we cannot see at socorro in new mexico this giant telescope scans the horizon for
02:39clues that might help solve these mysteries
02:44astronomer sarah burke splayor works at the very large array a monumental network of 23 radio antennas
02:53she hunts for hidden matter but not by looking at space sarah listens to what's out there
03:01space is anything but empty and silent
03:06things like stars make radio noise things like the solar system and the galaxy make radio noise for me
03:12space is a pretty noisy place sarah investigates if space contains more than we can see
03:21our universe is filled with an unimaginable amount of matter
03:27from the rocky planets like earth and gas giants like jupiter and our own solar system
03:33to the 200 billion stars scattered across the milky way
03:40and our galaxy it's just one of two trillion
03:44there are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all our planet's beaches
03:51but could everything we see be only a fraction of what is really out there
03:57if we remove all of this visible matter does anything lie in the dark void left behind
04:05the very large array can explore this space between the galaxies it's constantly maintained and on the
04:13move sarah climbs inside a huge dish each one is a powerful radio antenna so the vla does not look
04:23at
04:23the stars per se but it receives radio emissions from the stars and from galaxies and from black holes and
04:30and what that means is that it's not really a true optical image like humans would see it
04:34but we make radio images of the sky
04:38engineers move these dishes into different positions using railway tracks
04:44it allows them to spread the array over 22 miles
04:51sarah uses today's extended layout to hunt for a rare type of radio signal that could light up deep space
05:00making the array into a larger configuration is a little bit like having a gigantic camera lens
05:05where we can get a fantastically good resolution of things that we see in the sky
05:10the signal sarah looks for is called a fast radio burst
05:16they last for just a few milliseconds and appear out of nowhere
05:21the first fast radio bursts were found in random surveys of the sky
05:25we don't yet know where they're coming from or what's even making them
05:29one theory is fast radio bursts come from the corpse of a dead star in a distant galaxy
05:38inside its core still creates a magnetic field a thousand million million times stronger than the earth's
05:46this is a magnetar
05:50twists in the magnetic field tear cracks in the crust
05:54until every few decades they trigger a catastrophic starquake
06:00releasing the energy of a billion quadrillion atomic bombs in just a few milliseconds a potential fast radio burst
06:15over in the control room sarah hopes to use these brief but powerful signals to probe the darkness
06:22the secret lies in what happens to them on their way to earth
06:27so you can't normally hear fast radio bursts because they happen at a frequency of about
06:31a factor of 10 higher than humans can actually hear but if you tried to stretch that frequency
06:35to a range where humans can hear it would sound a little bit like this
06:41so what you heard there was the sound of fast radio burst arriving at our telescope
06:46to us each radio burst sounds like a whistle
06:53but this is a stretched out version of the original signal
06:59some of the radio waves that leave the magnetar get dispersed and arrive later
07:05if we had heard it from its point of origin we would have heard just a blip or a boop
07:10that would
07:11have meant all of its frequencies are happening at the same time
07:16sarah realizes that the fast radio burst has passed through something on its way to earth
07:26so that was a really good one you can hear that that burst came from something relatively far away
07:31because it went through so much material and became dispersed by that material
07:39so what is the shadowy material that slows down the radio burst
07:48the radio beams reveal that intergalactic space is filled with vast clouds of plasma
07:56a kind of gas so hot and diffuse it's normally impossible to see
08:02scientists call this plasma the intergalactic medium
08:11sarah plans to use future fast radio bursts like sonar to find out the size of these plasma clouds
08:17and how they move through space
08:21if we know exactly what galaxy a fast radio burst is coming from it can tell us so much about
08:26the
08:26intergalactic medium
08:29it's very much like unraveling the universe from here out to the most distant galaxy
08:35when i think about the intergalactic medium i like to think about it like dust when thrown into
08:40the air so a turbulent medium that's always moving
08:46the existence of plasma reveals there is no such thing as empty space there is just more matter
08:54the word space implies something that is empty but in fact the space between the stars is full of
09:00material it's just very very diffuse i could take a square meter of that gas put my hand in and
09:08i
09:08wouldn't even be able to feel any temperature because there aren't many atoms there plasma is a gas that's
09:14been heated so much the electrons get ripped off the atoms and now you have a mix of just these
09:19elementary
09:20particles which all have electric charge flying around we call it the fourth state of matter right
09:26solid liquid gas plasma plasma is a loose cloud of broken up atoms on earth it gives rise to the
09:35famous
09:35northern lights
09:39but how much of the universe is made up of these ordinary particles
09:44what if i told you that everything we see all of the stars all of the galaxies was only a
09:50tiny
09:51percentage of what's out there there's maybe four or five times as much material that's in a different
09:57form of matter it's not made of the same atoms that we're made of we're not really made of what
10:02the
10:02universe is made of so what is most of the universe made of investigators hunt for an invisible material
10:11they call it dark matter
10:29our universe is filled with trillions of galaxies
10:33but scientists now realize just how little we know about what makes up our universe
10:41today pioneering experiments probe the existence of a mysterious second kind of matter
10:48dark matter the stuff that matters to us humans we call matter it's what hits us it's what we stand
10:53on
10:53what we sit on is what we are but then there's this other stuff of which there is much more
10:58than normal
10:58matter and the crazy thing is that we have no idea exactly what it is this strange substance is not
11:06just
11:06invisible to the naked eye it's beyond human perception i love the story about how humans turn
11:13out to be less and less the center of the universe and in fact why should we assume that our
11:18senses our
11:19sight and touch and smell really tell us everything that's going on we evolved to interact with regular
11:26matter things that were made of atoms but there's dark matter right here between my hands but i have no
11:32way to
11:33sense it we've been struggling to understand what dark matter is for a long time the galaxies are
11:41spinning so fast that the outer stars should be flung off like water droplets on a spinning bicycle wheel
11:47but they weren't being flung off so they had to be something else out there holding
11:52the stars in an additional source of gravity that we weren't seeing
11:58therefore dark matter it's a huge mystery so why do we think this hidden universe exists at all
12:09deep in the heart of the english countryside a team of investigators know how to find it
12:17professor mark cropper works at the mullard space science laboratory
12:23this grand victorian country house hides an extraordinary secret
12:29it may not appear from the outside but inside this building we're addressing some of the most
12:35fundamental questions in science behind the antique facade lies a labyrinth of rooms home to one of
12:42europe's most ambitious space missions before he can enter mark has to put on protective equipment
12:50to prevent the build-up of static electricity it's harmless to humans but devastating to electronics
12:58so john father are you are you almost finished yes it is finished actually it's actually finished wow
13:04fantastic mark and his team build and test one of the most sensitive cameras in the world
13:11it will be equipped with 36 image sensors called ccds they're similar to the devices one has
13:19in a in a phone or a or a digital camera except this is a rather large and scientific grade
13:25one
13:26the camera is destined for europe's new space telescope a one billion dollar project called euclid
13:35the hidden universe cannot be seen but scientists like mark believe it exists because part of it leaves a dazzling
13:45footprint
13:46the gravity of a galaxy is so strong that it can bend light into a shimmering halo called an einstein
13:55ring
13:56this circle is the warped image of all the stars in another distant galaxy behind it
14:04but there's a mystery this is an einstein ring from the position and size of this arc we can
14:11reconstruct how much matter there would be in the region of the galaxy when we do that calculation
14:18we find that there is about four times as much unseen matter here than we would expect simply from
14:23the stars in this galaxy itself this galaxy simply doesn't contain enough ordinary matter to bend light
14:31this much this is even more clear in this other picture where this blue galaxy here is a much dimmer
14:38and
14:38fainter object nevertheless there's still a gravitational lensing so what's going on
14:46most of the distortion in an einstein ring is caused by this extra matter we can't see
14:52the mysterious substance is called dark matter and it surrounds the galaxy this invisible cloud
14:59creates the extreme warping of light evidence that dark matter exists we don't know what the matter is
15:08it doesn't seem to be made up of ordinary atoms like the stars are and like you and i are
15:14it seems to
15:15be something else and that's why it's given this temporary name of dark matter euclid will hunt for
15:21as many einstein rings as possible but the team's first challenge is to build a flawless camera sharp
15:27enough to detect even the weakest distortions just a single speck of dust from earth could ruin these
15:34sensors beyond repair so have you found it difficult to focus this mark's colleague magdalena pushes each
15:47sensor to its limit she fills a test chamber with liquid nitrogen as the temperature plummets to minus 198
15:5448 degrees fahrenheit even the pipe freezes the team must determine how each individual sensor will
16:03perform when in space mark wants to measure how every galaxy bends light to calculate exactly how much
16:11extra matter and energy exists in the universe
16:17it's been a very significant realization to understand that we know so little about what makes
16:25up most of the universe i'm sure that you could will be absolutely profound in changing physics at a
16:30very fundamental level one of the great mysteries that's been with us for actually several decades is
16:40dark matter and one of the questions about it is well what is it and we actually don't know
16:47dark matter does not reflect or absorb light so far scientists can only detect its gravity
16:54the best bet hypothesis is that it consists of wimps what we call weakly interacting massive particles
17:02they're little fundamental particles left over from the big bang and we haven't directly detected them yet
17:08because they don't interact with detectors very well but hidden within the grand sasso mountains of central
17:15italy this research scientist has made it his mission to find a dark matter particle
17:35hidden inside this mountain is a machine designed to detect the most elusive particles in existence
17:45to get there he must travel a mile into the bedrock through a labyrinth of tunnels and chambers
17:52nuclear physicist marcello messina is on his way to a towering dark matter detector called xenon-1t
18:05we are here on the experimental side of xenon-1tore experiments you can see the service building with
18:11all the ancillary devices that are required to run our detector and on the left side you see what we
18:17call
18:18the water tank this experiment took almost two years to build at the top and bottom of the tank are
18:26light
18:26sensitive detectors inside is purified water and 135 pounds of xenon a rare gas in liquid form
18:37the mountain poses no barrier for dark matter
18:42cosmologists believe that a halo of dark matter surrounds our galaxy like a giant invisible cocoon
18:50but inside it moves in eerie streams
19:02the flow of dark matter is bent towards a planet's gravitational core
19:08forming dense trails particles of dark matter should be passing effortlessly through the earth every second
19:18but if that's true can we ever detect them
19:25marcello thinks he's found a way he's looking for the footprint of a single dark matter particle
19:32passing through the earth he hopes that inside the tank one or two might collide with atoms of xenon
19:40and generate tiny flashes of light
19:45that's easier said than done natural radiation can also create flickers of light so the xenon needs to
19:53be shielded and kept free from contamination this is the most pure xenon in the world
20:00we need the xenon to be purified at the extreme level but even the edge of the container could interact
20:08with pure xenon so the team only looks for flashes at the very center of the liquid gas
20:16marcello knows that the odds of ever seeing a true dark matter collision are incredibly low
20:24one event can be anything more than one can be more convincing too many start to be completing
20:33with the fact that we didn't see before the more scientists come to grips with dark matter the more
20:40they realize just how little they know about the structure of the universe but dark matter and our
20:47matter do have one thing in common gravity so the key thing about dark matter and it's the reason we
20:56know it's there is because it has a very strong gravitational signature so could gravity explain dark
21:02matter's role in the universe the universe that we live in today was designed and sculpted by dark matter
21:10and that dark matter was moving under the influence of gravity scientists try to find out if dark matter
21:17shapes our cosmos by exploring what the universe would look like without it
21:36the hunt is on for an invisible material called dark matter it cannot be seen or touched
21:44astronomers can only detect dark matter's fulbright by the way its gravity bends light
21:50we think there's dark matter because things don't add up without it we can look at galaxies clusters of
21:59galaxies and see that actually they're not behaving in the correct way but no one has ever seen a dark
22:06matter
22:06particle so what role does dark matter play in the structure of the universe and what would the cosmos look
22:14like without it at durham university in england astronomers explore what the universe is made of
22:23by playing god with the laws of physics dr richard massey creates virtual galaxies inside a supercomputer
22:35what we do here in durham is we use supercomputers like this to run simulations and we keep going and
22:41tweaking the laws of physics until we produce a universe that looks just like our own and that's the way
22:47that we figure out exactly how the universe works astronomers think that dark matter's gravity does more
22:53than just bend light it binds and links the galaxies together it lures intergalactic plasma into long streams
23:04laying the paths along which galaxies formed
23:10it spreads out like a web across the cosmos
23:16our whole universe could be sitting on a skeleton of dark matter
23:27richard investigates what would happen to the cosmos if we could tweak dark matter's gravity
23:34his team will simulate a real collision between two groups of galaxies
23:39so how do we want to re-normalize it do we change the overall
23:43it took place over hundreds of millions of years in a corner of the cosmos called the bullet cluster
23:51gravitational lensing distortions predict huge amounts of dark matter
23:57richard's team programs a supercomputer called cosmo
24:00to simulate two different versions of this cataclysmic phenomenon
24:07nature does this kind of experiment for us all the time and if we watch those collisions
24:12and see where the bits of dark matter go we can figure out what this dark matter is
24:18richard models the first simulation around the real collision
24:23two vast clouds of hot gas shown in pink smash into each other but the dark matter in blue passes
24:31through everything
24:33even itself the dark matter just doesn't care about the world around it it passes straight through the collision
24:40it ends up further away from the point of impact than the ordinary stuff
24:44on the face of it dark matter doesn't appear to play any role in the collision
24:49but cosmo now runs a second simulation without dark matter
24:54here we've run a simulation in which there's no dark matter at all and it looks nothing like the real
24:59universe when these two lumps of ordinary material the stuff that we're made from when they collide
25:04into each other they slow down it really is a giant cosmic car crash in the second simulation everything
25:11slows down and explodes around the point of impact in fact the big lump of galaxies is completely destroyed
25:19all the galaxies end up flying out of the way because there's not the dark matter there to hold them
25:23together a universe like this wouldn't have ever been habitable simulations reveal how dark matter is
25:34the glue that holds the universe together its gravity pulls ordinary material into an endless web
25:43the analogy i have is that when you're flying over a mountain range the snow-capped peaks are like the
25:50visible matter the galaxies that we see but underneath it is a huge backbone of dark matter and surprisingly
25:59this dark matter web is expanding when we look at the universe we can see that the gaps between
26:06galaxies are getting bigger something is stretching space itself we believe that there is an energy that
26:15suffuses space uniformly invisible because it doesn't give off light and moreover and this is the kicker this
26:23energy gives rise to a repulsive gravitational push cosmologists call this new invisible substance dark
26:32energy but they have no idea how it's able to stretch space space has a sort of springiness or elasticity
26:41so how does this manifest itself to become dark energy that's the question because we don't understand
26:49space at a very fundamental level so what is dark energy
27:07the summit of kitpeak mountain in arizona provides a ringside view of the cosmos
27:14astronomer arjun day searches for a pattern in the stars that might unlock the secrets of the mysterious dark
27:21energy well i've always been fascinated by astronomy from when i was a child so when i was in about
27:28ninth
27:28grade we built a telescope and i used it to look at the stars arjun thinks he can measure how
27:34fast the
27:35universe is growing understanding dark energy could be his first step we think dark energy first began to be
27:44a significant component of the universe about eight or ten billion years ago and it's been growing in its
27:49impact since around 2000 we've essentially realized that the universe is not just expanding the expansion
27:58is accelerating and in fact we now think that most of the material in the universe is stuff that we
28:03don't
28:04understand at all arjun works with a team to reconfigure kit peaks telescope one of the largest in the world
28:15it's beautiful isn't it they will use this telescope to hunt for a faint
28:21but distinctive pattern in the stars laid down during the early universe
28:30billions of years ago the cosmos was just an ocean of hot dense plasma
28:36but slight fluctuations caused some regions to clump together
28:43inside as they grew larger
28:47heat built up until they could no longer contain their own pressure
28:55pressure waves rippled out
28:57the waves created identical rings of dense plasma each one 450 million light years across
29:07galaxies formed around these rings leaving a distinctive pattern that's frozen in time and still with us today
29:18because arjun knows the exact size of each ring
29:23he can use geometry to work out how space has stretched over time
29:29the telescope is effectively a time machine light that leaves galaxies takes a certain finite
29:35amount of time to reach us for example the largest nearby galaxy is the andromeda galaxy
29:40which lies about 2.2 million light years away and that means that the light that we detect on
29:45earth has left that galaxy 2.2 million years ago inside the camera tiny optical fibers will capture the light
29:54from 5 000 galaxies at a time
29:58so currently what we have in here is a prototype for the camera that we'll be building for
30:04our cartography experiment this camera is called protodesy it has three fiber positioning robots
30:12that allow us to position fibers on galaxies to an accuracy of about five thousandths of a millimeter
30:19and we're testing to see how well we can do that
30:22the finished camera will allow the team to map a third of the entire sky to see how quickly the
30:28galaxies are
30:28moving away from us and explore the impact of dark energy
30:34well we're at the beginning of an amazing adventure we're building one of the best mapping tools we've
30:39ever had to make this kind of exploration of the universe who knows what we'll find right
30:46to give you an idea let's think about a cappuccino so at the very very heart of what you're doing
30:53there's this coffee underneath and that's the dark energy that's where most of the energy of the universe
30:57is contained and then there's a froth of milk on top well that's pretty substantial that's really what
31:04dark matter would be and then what would regular matter be in this cappuccino universe how about a couple
31:10sprinklings of chocolate on top the universe appears to be very finely balanced without all the hidden
31:18dark matter and dark energy its structure would fall apart but there's a final mystery cosmologists
31:26have no idea why the universe is made this way we're gonna have to explain why it is that dark
31:34matter is
31:35whatever 23 24 percent the mass of the universe why dark energy is 70 and if anybody cracks those
31:43challenges i think many of us view that we will really leapfrog to the next level of understanding
31:48the answers could lie beyond our universe there are possibilities being explored that either or both
31:57dark matter and dark energy might actually come from another universe could most of our universe
32:04really be made from material it's coming from another it sounds like science fiction
32:11but the proof might be clearer than we think
32:29the universe is getting bigger
32:33a mysterious substance called dark energy is growing in strength driving apart the web of galaxies held
32:41together together by dark matter so instead of having energy that brings things together like normal
32:51matter has this dark energy stuff has a gravity that is repulsive that pushes things apart so at a certain
32:58point the outward push of dark energy became greater than the inward pull of normal gravity and instead of the
33:05universe
33:05expansion slowing down with time it began to speed up with time
33:10the eternal battle between dark matter and dark energy is so puzzling
33:15that some ask are both of them really part of our universe at all
33:21well people have certainly suggested that dark matter might come from another universe because
33:26if you think about it dark matter is some source of gravity that we don't see maybe we don't see
33:34it
33:34not because it's dark per se maybe we don't see it because it's in a parallel universe in which light
33:42from that universe can't reach us but gravity can it's possible that the dark energy actually comes from
33:49outside our universe in fact maybe the accelerating expansion of our universe is actually caused by
33:55other universes surrounding ours pulling outward on it so to speak when i was a kid the joke was
34:03define universe and give three examples it was a joke because the universe is all that there is
34:09well now it's not such a joke so could most of our universe be made from the material of another
34:21if we could step outside our universe some scientists believe it could be represented as a flat sheet
34:31beyond it a sea of alternative universes could be leaking dark energy
34:36which seeps out of one sheet and flows into ours
34:45our increasing dark energy could be the runoff from other dimensions
34:58but is this theory science fiction
35:03a small town in west virginia radio astronomer david frayer tests this extraordinary theory
35:13green bank is the perfect place to look for other universes
35:18it's in a parallel dimension of its own where mobile phone and wi-fi signals disappear hey sherry hey
35:26dave how are you today pretty good how's that creek going oh it was rough this morning
35:30it's overflowing yeah have a good day tell everybody hello we'll do all radio emissions in this town are strictly
35:38controlled
35:38so astronomers of the nearby observatory can work in total radio silence
35:44if you had a cell phone on mars and the telescope was looking at mars we could easily see that
35:50cell phone
35:51on mars in fact it'd be a million times stronger the signal that we'd get from that cell phone on
35:56mars
35:56than the typical signals that we're trying to see out in deep space
36:01green bank is home to the largest moving radio telescope in the world
36:07this giant antenna listens for the weird and wonderful sounds of deep space
36:12including very faint signals from the dawn of time
36:19david steers the telescope from the main control room
36:24this nerve center is encased in a metal box
36:28the idea there is to keep all the radio emissions from the computers and all the other
36:33electronic equipment inside this metal box so it doesn't interfere with the telescope that's
36:38sitting a mile away david links up with professor ranga ramchari at caltech in california hey there
36:46dave how's it going pretty good we did these tests to see if we could um observe in a different
36:51mode
36:52ranga wants green bank to investigate microwaves left over from the early universe
36:59this ancient radiation still leaves a faint glow in the night sky but ranga thinks that inside it he's
37:07spotted the imprint of another universe
37:12if we can imagine our universe as a bubble
37:18it could float amongst other bubbles within what scientists call the multiverse
37:29as a big bang creates a new bubble universe it inflates rapidly and could collide with another
37:55so in terms of this access hydrogen
37:57so in terms of this access hydrogen
37:59would prove that matter in one universe
38:06we think it's our universe as expanded into and is colliding with another universe this is why
38:14the study is so interesting because it's the first observational test to understand whether or not there
38:22may be other universes out there and if that's the case that tells us a lot about what the underlying
38:29structure of of our universe and other universes are david will try to confirm this mysterious hydrogen emission
38:40but first he investigates a way to boost the sensitivity of the telescope
38:45because the original signal is so old it's incredibly faint
38:49this is the ka band receiver that works in the wavelength range that will be able to see the hydrogen
38:57from the early universe
39:02the temperature of the cosmos is very cold roughly minus 450 degrees fahrenheit
39:11if this receiver is cold too it should detect much more
39:17the important stuff is the low noise amplifiers within this cryostat that's kept at 15 degrees above absolute zero
39:25it's a hugely ambitious experiment but it might reveal what makes reality
39:33we could potentially just be one universe among many many universes
39:37i mean we used to only think our sun was the only special star and now we know there are
39:43billions
39:43and billions of stars in our galaxy it would change our reference frame of who we are
39:54so there are many many ways in which there could be a multiverse
39:58i actually think that it's quite likely that there's a multiverse but i can't prove it
40:05if we were to go that next step and the universe is just one of many populating an even larger
40:11landscape
40:11wow we'd be knocked so fully off the central throne that i think our whole perspective of what reality is
40:18would change
40:21our universe may be made from the multiverse dark matter and dark energy could be the effects of another universe
40:30that we feel in our own
40:34the existence of an infinite number of universes might even explain why we exist at all
40:43why is it that conditions in our universe seem to be set to just the right values to allow galaxies
40:52and
40:52planets and people to exist and it is a puzzling question and one potential answer is maybe there
41:01are many universes each with a different value for things in one special universe where the values just
41:08randomly happen to have the values that we see here the conditions are right for our form of life
41:13and of course that's where we would find ourselves so can we ever truly know the answer to the ultimate
41:19question what is the universe made of my best guess is that there is no end to stuff to find
41:28out
41:29i i actually am not one of the people who believes that we'll find a theory of everything and then
41:35we're
41:36we will go to the beach or what have you there'll just be more big questions and that's what makes
41:41it exciting wouldn't it be depressing to be in a universe where you could understand everything
41:48i mean i don't like that idea i love it that there are still real mysteries out there
41:55as tremendously successful as our physics is right now and making predictions and explaining the world
42:00around us we know it's not the end we know there's going to be a next best way to describe
42:06the universe
42:06the universe i like that open-endedness i love that about the universe
42:11so
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