Scientists believe that there is an undiscovered massive planet lurking at the edge of the Solar System. Join researchers as they hunt for this mysterious world, an investigation that could reveal the secret history of the Solar System's formation.
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LearningTranscript
00:03the solar system our home but how well do we really know our own corner of the cosmos
00:11there are all kinds of things we don't know about the solar system astronomers now believe
00:18that the solar system could hide an extraordinary secret a missing planet there might be a large
00:28planet out there the edges of the solar system where could an extra planet planet 9 have come
00:36from and where is it hiding now finding planet 9 is not going to be easy it might take years
00:45but we
00:46will get it astronomers are undertaking a historic quest to discover the mysterious ninth planet that
00:57might lurk out of sight 93 billion miles from the Sun
01:18the solar system our cosmic neighborhood over the past 50 years we've explored
01:27nearly all of its alien worlds we've observed the planets in the solar system we visited them
01:35with spacecraft but does that mean we understand the solar system absolutely not it's the place
01:43we've observed the most over the last 400 years of telescopic astronomy yet there are still enormous
01:50mysteries waiting for us in the solar system it's amazing to me to think that there may be hidden
01:57parts of our very own home that we haven't even gotten around to discovering yet today astronomers are
02:05making discoveries that will transform our understanding of the solar system discoveries that suggest something
02:14massive is out there waiting to be found
02:25this is Palomar observatory its massive dome houses a 200-inch telescope 80 years after its construction it's still one
02:37of the largest in the world
02:40this dome is enormous it's actually the same size almost exactly as the pantheon in Rome
02:47Caltech astronomer Greg Hallinan is on a mission to map the frozen lumps of ice and rock at the far
02:53edge of the solar system
02:56if as some scientists believe there's a massive object hidden beyond Neptune it should leave its mark here
03:09all the worlds in the solar system orbit the Sun
03:14four rocky planets two gas giants and two ice giants but beyond the eighth planet Neptune lies the mysterious
03:28Kuiper belt a vast region nearly two billion miles across where countless lumps of ice and rock drift through the
03:37darkness
03:39now on the belt's outer fringes scientists have found evidence of a massive and mysterious presence
03:54to map the lumps of frozen debris in the Kuiper belt Greg mounts his specially designed camera Chimera onto the
04:01telescope
04:08if anything slips out of place it's a long way down
04:21with Chimera installed the Palomar scope is ready for a night with the stars
04:28hi both systems online excellent
04:31let's flip the cameras Greg's colleague Hilke Schlichting has developed a clever technique to hunt for distant lumps of rocky
04:40debris in the Kuiper belt
04:46Hilke and Greg want to find out how much debris lurks in this shadowy region of space
04:53we're about to take some science data
04:56some lumps of ice and rock in the Kuiper belt are so distant and so small that they reflect very
05:03little light
05:06they're almost impossible to detect directly but Hilke has figured out a clever way to track them down
05:14we try to catch them when they move a front of a background star we are basically looking for a
05:22dip in the brightness of a star
05:25she looks for shadows as the Kuiper belt's frozen body blot out the light from distant stars much like an
05:32eclipse
05:35but these eclipses last for just a fraction of a second
05:41to have any chance of catching these fleeting events
05:44Chimera must image thousands of stars in quick succession
05:51we've got two cameras and each camera is making 40 images per second
05:55and in each of those images you've got 5,000 stars
05:58we're going to do this for 70 nights
06:03Hilke has programmed software to make sense of this massive data
06:09it automatically hunts for the dips in the light coming from these 5,000 stars
06:16this is the light from a star
06:18and we see here that the light we receive is decreased significantly
06:21during this time here
06:23and then it goes back to normal
06:24this is the time during which the Kuiper belt objects move through front of the background star
06:30blocking some of the light
06:33every piece of Kuiper belt debris that Chimera spots reveals more of our solar system's secrets
06:45but a few of these icy rocks have orbits that don't play by the solar system's rule book
06:54the most famous Kuiper belt object of all
06:57is Pluto
07:02once considered a planet
07:04it's the biggest lump of rock and ice out here
07:07and when it comes to the rules of orbiting our sun
07:10Pluto is a bit of a rogue
07:16as Pluto orbits
07:17it rises far above
07:19and then dives below the main Kuiper belt
07:26and there's another bunch of objects out here
07:28whose orbits are even more extreme
07:34so extreme
07:35that there must be another force in place
07:44could the gravity of a massive ninth planet
07:46be hurling these lumps of frozen rock and ice
07:50in all directions?
08:05the search is on for the mysterious planet nine within our solar system
08:10and in Pasadena
08:12at the California Institute of Technology
08:14Konstantin Batikin models the orbits of Kuiper belt objects using a supercomputer
08:21to generate a single realization of the evolutionary history of the solar system
08:26in a supercomputer
08:29it takes about three weeks
08:32to explain the Kuiper belt's chaotic orbits
08:35Konstantin must first rule out any gravitational effect
08:39due to the planet Neptune
08:42this huge ice giant orbits closest to the Kuiper belt
08:47what we have here
08:48is a top-down view of the solar system
08:51what we see here in purple
08:53are the most distant Kuiper belt objects
08:56what's remarkable is that all of these orbits tend to point in the same overall direction
09:01they all swing out in the same way within the solar system
09:07Konstantin doesn't believe that Neptune's gravity alone
09:10is responsible for the strange orbits of these objects
09:15this configuration can only be explained by the existence of a ninth planet in the solar system
09:28Neptune's gravity does indeed influence the path of objects in the Kuiper belt
09:32Neptune's gravity does indeed influence the path of objects in the Kuiper belt
09:32but recently we realized that there was something else going on
09:36that the orbits were being lined up in a way that Neptune couldn't do
09:41there must be something else out there and it must be pretty big
09:45a new planet in the solar system would be a mind-blowing discovery
09:51if there really is a planet nine out there
09:54our best guess for what it looks like would be that it's something a bit like Neptune
10:00it's an icy world surrounded by an envelope of hydrogen and helium gas
10:07scientists predict that planet nine should be an astonishing 93 billion miles from Earth
10:15it would take 10,000 years to orbit the Sun
10:20the light it reflects would take a week to reach our telescopes
10:26to understand why this potential world could exist so far away
10:30we need to know how the solar system was born
10:38so there we have some pretty good ideas about how planets form
10:42our theories are still very incomplete
10:47what we do know is that the solar system started with a bang
10:56four and a half billion years ago
10:59our Sun ignites into a thermonuclear fireball
11:05around it spins a huge disk
11:07nine billion miles across
11:10with no trace of any planets
11:14there's nothing but gas and clouds of superfine dust
11:20the particles are 4,000 times smaller than a grain of sand
11:24with virtually no gravity between them
11:28so how did eight massive planets
11:31and maybe a ninth
11:32form from a feeble cloud of leftover stardust
11:45at Bremen in Germany
11:47a huge tower rising above the city should provide the answer
11:53Jurgen Blum is a professor of extraterrestrial physics
11:57at Bremen University
11:59I've been working on this for half of my life actually
12:04and when I wake up every morning
12:06I cannot stop thinking about it
12:09we're on the top of the Bremen drop tower
12:13130 meters above the experiment
12:17planet formation starts off with very very tiny dust particles
12:21and they have to come together and collide and stick
12:28Jurgen Blum recreates the conditions in which planets are born
12:39to investigate how dust clumps in a newborn solar system
12:42Jurgen uses very fine chalk
12:45a capsule rigged with a camera
12:47and a 479 foot tower
12:50that lets him cheat gravity
12:57we're shooting up the whole capsule
12:59at really high speeds
13:01it will fly up and come down
13:03and all together we have just over nine seconds
13:06of almost perfect microgravity conditions
13:10microgravity allows the dust in the capsule
13:13to behave exactly as it does in space
13:18inside the control room
13:20Jurgen and the team purge the drop tower of air
13:23to create a vacuum
13:25and launch the dust capsule
13:27in Jurgen's experiment
13:29uncover the secrets of how planets are born
13:49in Bremen Germany
13:51Jurgen Blum and his team
13:53recreate the conditions in which planets are born
13:55using very fine chalk
13:57a capsule rigged with a camera
13:59and a 479 foot tower
14:02that lets him cheat gravity
14:05the mechanical catapult fires the capsule
14:08it shoots up at 104 miles per hour
14:13it then drops back down
14:15creating weightless conditions inside
14:22high speed cameras capture the entire flight
14:26and Jurgen immediately checks out the results
14:29I'm actually pretty excited here
14:31because we've really gained something
14:33I think there is scientific content in that movie
14:38the dust grains are free to float unhindered by gravity
14:42but they still feel a force
14:45a surface force caused by tiny variations
14:48in each dust particles electrical charge
14:54this force sticks the dust particles together into clumps
15:01here we're seeing a clump
15:03that is about to collide with another clump
15:05and stick to it
15:06like at the moment
15:07and so the velocity was
15:10slow enough for the two clusters
15:13to stick together
15:14we're really seeing the effect of the surface force
15:17that makes the particle stick
15:26this is what scientists think kick-started the birth of our planets
15:33inside a whirling cloud of primordial dust
15:37particles begin to cling to one another
15:40just as they do in Jurgen's experiment
15:43they create marble-sized dust balls
15:47as the balls collide
15:49they stick and grow larger
15:54once they reach half a mile across
15:57gravity kicks in
15:59and sucks in more and more material
16:03what started as a tiny ball of dust
16:05has become a massive lump of solid rock
16:10in cosmic terms
16:12the formation of our solar system
16:14took place really quickly
16:15maybe in just a few tens of millions of years
16:18to go from a clump of interstellar gas and dust
16:21to a set of young planets
16:25scientists now better understand
16:27how a dust cloud condenses into planets
16:33planets
16:33but there's still a lot about planets
16:35they can't explain
16:39we know a lot about the solar system
16:41but we don't know a lot of things either
16:44in particular
16:44there are various theories of the formation of the solar system
16:48where did the giant planets form?
16:50where did the terrestrial planets form?
16:54scientists must answer these questions
16:57if they're to understand
16:59how a ninth planet may have formed
17:07this is the very large array at Socorro, New Mexico
17:12its two dozen giant dishes
17:14allow astronomers to watch planets as they are born
17:20as an astronomer being able to come out here
17:23and actually be around the telescopes
17:25the only way I can put it is it's fantastic
17:27and it's good for my soul
17:29Dr. Claire Chandler uses this giant radio telescope
17:33to investigate alien solar systems
17:36she wants to find out exactly how far from their parent stars planets form
17:42is it even possible to form a planet like the proposed planet 9
17:46so far away from the sun?
17:50to use a very large array for our science
17:52this is just
17:55it's just awe-inspiring
17:58the solar system Claire has her sights set on
18:01is HL Torrey
18:02450 light years from Earth
18:09recent observations have made the star and its surroundings
18:12a tantalizing target
18:21Claire uses the very large array to take a closer look
18:27so when they first observed HL Tower
18:29when they saw this fantastic structure within the disk
18:33that had all these rings
18:34both dark and light rings
18:38HL Torrey is a star much like our own sun
18:42except for one big difference
18:45HL Torrey is only one million years old
18:50this is the birth of a solar system
18:54the huge disk of dust
18:5618 billion miles across
18:57spins around the new star
19:02what makes it so special is that it has a really massive disk of gas and dust around it that
19:08we think is going to end up looking like the solar system
19:14Claire's radio telescope can peer through the dust to reveal the detailed structure of HL Torrey's rings
19:22the image it produces reveals the distribution of dust particles that will form planets around the star
19:32this image means Claire doesn't have to rely on theory alone to find out how planets form
19:38she can finally watch the process for real
19:43in that very inner ring
19:45in that very inner ring
19:46we actually found a significant clump of the larger particles coming together and accumulating
19:55Hiding in the dust around HL Torrey is a spectacular discovery
20:01a gigantic swarm of dust the same distance from its star as our own ice giants
20:10inside
20:11pebble-sized dust balls spin in huge vortices
20:17the vortices create the ideal conditions for the formation of larger objects
20:25maybe even baby planets
20:30this cloud of whirling dust could be a planet factory
20:41the dust ring around HL Torrey looks set to produce a solar system very similar to our own
20:48but strikingly at the distance scientists predict planet 9 is from our sun
20:54there isn't enough material to form a planet
21:01as you go further away from the central star in the disk then the material becomes cooler
21:06it is less dense and it just becomes harder to form a planet
21:18Claire's work helps to define where massive planets can form
21:27but scientists predict that planet 9 orbits the sun way beyond this limit
21:34so how could it get there?
21:37the answer requires a revolution in the way we think about the whole solar system
21:51we actually think that that may not be the case that back in the deep past
21:56around four to four and a half billion years ago
21:59things may have been arranged somewhat differently
22:03for the longest time we've assumed that the solar system is pretty stable
22:07recently we realized we may have been very very wrong about that
22:13liftoff of the Delta II rocket was gone
22:17new missions to uncharted worlds are revealing that our solar system
22:21has changed more than we ever realized
22:48astronomers believe that a ninth planet could be hiding at the edge of our solar system
22:52astronomers believe that a ninth planet could be hiding at the edge of our solar system
22:57but how such a massive world could end up so far from the sun is an unsolved mystery
23:05scientists believe the answer may be found in the newly explored worlds of the asteroid belt
23:16Asteroids have gotten a bad rap in space movies you see this debris of rocks that you have to go
23:21through
23:21or are you going to collide and disaster will unfold
23:26so asteroids in the great asteroid belt
23:29become an extraordinary mixture of pieces of primordial planet formation
23:36chunks of matter that never were incorporated into a planet
23:41the asteroid belt is a time capsule
23:46it's a remnant of the disk of rock and ice that gave birth to all the solar system
23:51planets
23:54and surprisingly
23:56it may help provide the answer to why a potential planet 9
23:59has ended up so far away from the sun
24:09at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
24:12scientists are finally revealing the ancient secrets of the asteroid belt
24:19mark raymond is director and chief engineer of the dawn space mission
24:26right now dawn is orbiting dwarf planet series
24:29more than a million times farther away from earth than the international space station
24:33and the spacecraft is spiraling around series
24:36gradually moving to a higher and higher orbit
24:41dawn's primary mission is to investigate not one but two of the belt's largest worlds
24:49the 329 mile wide vesta and the even larger series
24:54which at 590 miles across contains one third of the mass of the entire asteroid belt
25:05this world a planet that never was could help explain planet 9's extreme location so far away from the sun
25:16we are pushing humankind's technology and capability to its limits
25:21these are among the last uncharted worlds in the inner solar system
25:25and both vesta and series were in the process of growing to become full-size planets
25:32almost 4.6 billion years ago
25:34when their growth was cut off
25:40dawn's camera sends back the most detailed photographs of series ever taken
25:47and they reveal something extraordinary
25:51as dawn began photographing series
25:54the first thing we noticed was this bright spot
25:57and it was just mesmerizing
26:00and the closer we got
26:02the more intriguing these spots became
26:09these bright spots are a clue that something incredible lies beneath series crust
26:16an ocean of water ice
26:20there could be more water frozen inside this dwarf planet
26:24than there is fresh water on planet earth
26:28when the sun hits series
26:30some of the ice beneath the surface
26:33vaporizes
26:34and drags traces of minerals up from the depths
26:40over time
26:41this leaves bright patches of salt on the surface
26:45telltale signs
26:46that there is more to series than meets the eye
26:52to find this much frozen water so close to the sun is surprising
26:57and when dawn looks even closer at series surface
27:00the results only deepen the mystery
27:04we found quite a surprise with the chemistry on series
27:08that is it incorporates ammonia
27:10ammonia
27:11now this is a familiar chemical here on earth
27:13people use it as a cleaner at home
27:16but it's not expected in that part of the solar system
27:21ammonia like water can freeze into an ice
27:25but in the solar system
27:28grains of ammonia ice only become frozen
27:31if they are much further away from the sun than the asteroid belt
27:36but at series current location it should have been too warm
27:40for ammonia to be incorporated into the forming planets
27:45it should have been incorporated much farther from the sun
27:48farther than jupiter is perhaps even farther than neptune is
27:52and so why it's in series really is a mystery
27:58the evidence points to an intriguing possibility
28:02series could be an intruder from the frozen wastes of the outer solar system
28:07the home of the proposed planet nine
28:12one possibility is that maybe series formed much farther from the sun than it is now
28:18where it was cold enough to incorporate ammonia
28:21and then the subsequent gravitational jostling of the planets
28:26moved series into where it is now
28:30how could jostling planets move a dwarf planet across a solar system
28:37and what can this incredible journey reveal about planet nine
28:44one of the big ideas in the last 20-30 years has been planet migration
28:50the idea that planets are born in one part and moved to another part of their solar systems
28:56the only way to get the populations of asteroids that we see with the orbits that they have
29:01is to have jupiter move in to the inner solar system and then turn around and move back out
29:08over its four and a half billion year lifetime
29:11the solar system has undergone a remarkable transformation
29:16a transformation driven by jupiter
29:22scientists now believe that jupiter
29:24a planet 300 times more massive than earth
29:28has undertaken an incredible voyage through the solar system
29:33as this renegade giant swept inwards early in the solar system's history
29:38it carried series with it
29:42jupiter dragged the dwarf planet all the way to the asteroid belt
29:46could such huge planetary migrations also explain why we appear to have a missing planet?
29:55jupiter
29:57jupiter
30:04jupiter
30:05jupiter
30:23jupiter
30:24more clues to support the extraordinary idea that our solar system has undergone some major transformations.
30:34Planet hunter Steve Vogt thinks our solar system is missing not one, but several planets.
30:43This is the primary mirror of the automated planet finder, a 2.4-meter chunk of glass made at a
30:50cost of about $4 million.
30:52That was born and bred to do one thing, which is to find planets around other stars.
31:01It does so every night, 365 nights a year.
31:08But even a robotic observatory needs an occasional checkup.
31:13Today, Steve and his team must clean the telescope's mirror.
31:19The surface of this glass is good to a fraction of a wavelength of light.
31:24We're talking millions of inch here.
31:26And it needs a new coating.
31:27This aluminized coating is all dirty, so it needs to be stripped and cleaned.
31:31So we're going to be taking this whole mirror out.
31:35Steve and his team use the telescope to analyze the light from distant stars.
31:44A spotless mirror allows them to speed up their search for new star systems that harbor planets.
31:52As a planet orbits a star, what actually is happening is the star and the planet are orbiting each other
31:59about a common center.
32:00much like two children on a seesaw would rock back and forth on the center point of the seesaw.
32:11As a planet orbits its star, the planet's gravity makes the star wobble.
32:18Steve analyzes the star's light to determine how big its wobble is.
32:24And from that, he can work out the size and orbit of the planet.
32:30After years of observations, Steve and his colleagues discovered something completely unexpected.
32:40Most of the rocky planets around distant stars are far larger than Earth.
32:49These monsters can be up to ten times bigger, earning them the name Super-Earths.
32:57Super-Earths are unlike any planet in our solar system.
33:01A dense helium atmosphere.
33:05Blankets a rocky surface that bakes in stellar radiation.
33:12Thanks to tight orbits around their parent stars,
33:17these planets look more like hell than Earth.
33:23They may seem exotic and alien to us,
33:26but in the cosmos today, Super-Earths aren't the exception.
33:31They're the rule.
33:33What we realize is that our solar system doesn't have anything like this.
33:37We don't have Super-Earths at all.
33:39So, from that perspective, even though we now know solar systems are common,
33:44our type of solar system is rather an oddball.
33:50Most solar systems that Steve looks at are home to a Super-Earth.
33:55So, why is there no Super-Earth orbiting the Sun?
34:02Could a missing Super-Earth have something to do with our missing Planet Nine?
34:27scientists think they've got the solar system pretty much figured out.
34:31But could it still hide a missing planet?
34:39Billions of years ago, additional planets may have orbited our sun.
34:44Giant super-Earths, ten times more massive than Earth.
34:49Could these long-lost worlds hold the secret to the missing Planet Nine?
34:56Almost every solar system astronomers look at
34:59harbors one or more massive super-Earths.
35:03But our solar system doesn't.
35:07If super-Earths did once orbit the sun, where are they now?
35:13One of the biggest surprises that was just waiting out there for us to discover
35:17is that the most common type of planet in the universe
35:20is one we don't have in our solar system.
35:26We don't have a super-Earth, and so one question is, why not?
35:34The behavior of Jupiter could provide a clue.
35:40Four and a half billion years ago, in an infant solar system, Jupiter is on the rampage.
35:48Young and hot and super-massive, it bulldozes through the planetary nursery,
35:55rips infant planets out of their orbits, and tosses others into the sun.
36:03Any super-Earths that bask in tight orbits around the sun are toast.
36:12Bombarded and broken by renegade worlds, Jupiter sends them to an early grave.
36:26It's an extraordinary theory.
36:29It explains why there is no super-Earth in the inner solar system.
36:36But could Jupiter have flung a super-Earth in the opposite direction?
36:41A super-Earth that now survives much further out from the sun.
36:56In Pasadena, Constantin Vatican has developed a model of the solar system
37:02that predicts planet 9 must have an extraordinarily large orbit.
37:09So the notion that the solar system possesses an additional planet,
37:15maybe even a massive planet like a super-Earth, is one that sounds kind of crazy.
37:21But the more we looked at all of the evidence, the more it made sense.
37:27Constantin's ideas push the frontiers of astronomy.
37:33He thinks planet 9 is a super-Earth that escaped destruction.
37:39So, if this here is the sun, and if we draw the initial orbit of Jupiter as a big red
37:47circle,
37:48what likely happens that within the first few million years of the solar system's lifetime, Jupiter's orbit shrunk.
37:59But Jupiter's travels don't end with its devastating swing into the inner solar system.
38:06Jupiter's orbit expanded back out.
38:09Its gravitational field acted a little bit like a snow plow,
38:12picking up the orbits of any other massive super-Earth that would have resided exterior to it,
38:20and pushing them back out,
38:22ushering them to ever colder regions of the solar system.
38:28Jupiter's outward swing shunts Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus to their present orbits.
38:36It could also have pushed planet 9 into the very edge of the solar system.
38:42This move would have transformed planet 9 into a frozen world that stalks the boundary of interstellar space.
38:52Planet 9 would be so far from the sun that its frigid outer atmosphere, a skin of hydrogen clouds,
39:00would be only slightly warmer than absolute zero.
39:06Beneath that, a dense layer of helium gas would produce pressure so extreme,
39:12that even though it's hotter than a furnace, the ice below is crushed solid.
39:20The center of the planet would have a rocky core, with a heart of molten iron.
39:28Planet 9 would be ten times bigger than Earth.
39:32This won't just be a missing planet, it will be our missing super-Earth.
39:43Our calculations suggest that planet 9 is about a thousand times as far away from the sun as is the
39:50Earth.
39:50This means that if the sun is the size of a coin, planet 9 is a kilometer away.
39:56It is so, so hard to see such a dim, distant planet that we literally have to go to the
40:03biggest telescope available on the planet,
40:07to even have a chance to image this object.
40:15Constantin believes that if this missing planet exists, he can find it.
40:23He and his team are searching for the planet with the Subaru Telescope, a Manukea in Hawaii.
40:31With the data and the computational modeling that we have done, we now have a roadmap.
40:36We now can point to the right part of the sky and say,
40:40Aha! Planet 9 must be over there.
40:44Finding Planet 9 is not going to be easy.
40:47It's exceptionally dim.
40:49It might take years, but we will see Planet 9.
40:53I'm certain of it.
40:58If they're successful, the discovery will transform astronomy.
41:04All of the sudden, the solar system becomes that much bigger.
41:09Such a shift in thinking only comes around occasionally in the history of humanity.
41:14So, we are absolutely blessed and privileged to be working on this problem at this time.
41:31The fact that we've perhaps missed a giant planet in our own solar system just tells us that the universe
41:37is going to constantly surprise us.
41:39And it's a call to study everything around us in far greater detail because we don't know what else is
41:45lurking out there.
41:48Astronomers are closing in on their target in an historic hunt for a massive frozen world far beyond the heat
41:56of the sun.
41:56A ninth planet.
42:00Cast out into the icy darkness.
42:04A planet that will push the farthest edge of the solar system, closer to the stars.
42:11The biggest joy for me as a scientist is when something comes totally out of the blue that you didn't
42:17expect.
42:18So, Planet 9 has not been found yet.
42:20There's indirect evidence, but I've got a bottle of champagne just chilling in the refrigerator.
42:25And I'm going to open it the minute we discover Planet 9.
42:27I'm going to open it the minute we discover Planet 9.
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