Scientists are in a race to find the beginning of time and space, the Big Bang. Cutting-edge technology helps astronomers look back in time to uncover the mysteries of the universe's creation, revealing the first moments of the cosmos.
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LearningTranscript
00:01The universe.
00:03Two trillion galaxies, each containing 100 billion stars.
00:09But how did it begin?
00:12Of all the questions we're confronted with today,
00:14the beginning of the universe has to be the biggest one.
00:17Now, a new generation of telescopes
00:20is seeing further back in time than ever before
00:24in search of the Big Bang.
00:27The James Webb Space Telescope will be by far
00:30the largest telescope ever put into space.
00:33It's a race to unlock our first moments
00:36and explain how everything that exists
00:39came from seemingly nothing.
00:42It's space and time themselves
00:44that are expanding out from this glowing speck.
00:49Inside there, we can recreate the conditions
00:51that existed at one microsecond after the Big Bang.
00:54To discover where the universe came from,
00:57we will explore its very fabric,
01:01unraveling the secrets hidden just beyond the cosmic horizon.
01:23There is a race to solve the biggest mystery of the universe.
01:30Today, this team of NASA scientists is looking for an answer.
01:43They're getting ready to launch an airborne telescope
01:45to look at the very first moment of our universe.
01:51It's a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second
01:54after the Big Bang that we're looking.
01:55So it's as close to the start of space and time
01:58as you can possibly imagine.
02:01This ultra-sensitive instrument is designed to spot
02:05the incredibly faint afterglow from the Big Bang.
02:12It will ride on a balloon close to the edge of the Earth's atmosphere,
02:19where it will hopefully uncover how our entire cosmos burst into existence.
02:27It's one of a series of revolutionary new telescopes and supercomputers
02:32designed to retrace our universe back to its starting point.
02:36The idea of the Big Bang is that there was a birth moment of our universe,
02:42that there was a time when the universe didn't exist, and now it does.
02:48Where does matter come from? Where does energy come from?
02:50Where does space and time and motion, you know, where do these things come from?
02:57This new breed of telescopes is helping scientists
03:00launch an extraordinary detective mission.
03:05They are unearthing the critical milestones that made the universe,
03:10for the present day, back to its first moment,
03:14edging closer than ever before to witnessing the Big Bang,
03:1913.8 billion years in the past.
03:24With telescopes, we can look back in time.
03:28Telescopes are sort of like time machines.
03:30We have an amazing limitation, but it's also a tremendous gift.
03:34And that is that the speed of light is not infinite.
03:36It takes time for light to travel.
03:39It takes eight minutes for sunlight to reach the Earth.
03:44So when telescopes look at our star,
03:47they see it as it was eight minutes ago.
03:51Looking at our nearest major galaxy, Andromeda,
03:55reveals how it looked 2.5 million years in the past.
04:01The most distant galaxies today's telescopes can see catches them as they were more than 13 billion years ago.
04:11The new generation of telescopes aims to see further back,
04:15to the hot, dense early universe, just after the Big Bang.
04:26The first step in retracing the universe back to its origins,
04:30is to see the very first galaxies forming.
04:42At the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center near Washington,
04:46Paul Geithner is helping construct a telescope to spot the first galaxies.
04:55We're building the James Webb Space Telescope,
04:58by far the largest telescope ever to be put in space.
05:01We're building it to see some of the very first luminous objects in the universe.
05:10In the world's largest clean room, engineers are assembling the James Webb Telescope's super-sensitive mirrors and cameras.
05:24It's aim is to see further than the current farthest view of our universe.
05:30A snapshot of an extremely distant part of the cosmos,
05:34when it was less than 500 million years old.
05:41But the faint dots aren't stars.
05:44They're entire galaxies.
05:49Too far away for today's telescopes to reveal their true size or shape.
05:56James Webb will see galaxies much further back in time.
06:02And hopefully, help solve a long-standing mystery.
06:07How did the extraordinarily complex structures of today start life?
06:15Today's galaxies are giant 100 billion star clusters,
06:20with a distinct order buried within.
06:24Wrapped in layers of dust, young stars form spiraling arms, stretching for thousands of light-years.
06:34Toward the center sits a denser cloud, a bulge of ancient red stars.
06:41And inside that, scientists think lies a supermassive black hole.
06:50How did the first galaxies form?
06:53And grow into the monsters we see today?
07:03To answer this question, James Webb must find these first galaxies.
07:11Amber Strong wants the telescope to capture some of the oldest light in the universe.
07:18The James Webb Space Telescope is gonna be big enough to look back and see some of the very first
07:23galaxies
07:23that were born after the Big Bang.
07:25Seeing back in time that far is challenging.
07:30The Big Bang kick started the expansion of the universe.
07:35Since that moment, space itself has kept stretching further and further apart.
07:43This alters the wavelengths of the light the telescope is trying to see.
07:48The light that is traveling through the universe is literally stretched.
07:51The wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe expands.
07:54And the most distant galaxies, the light from those galaxies has been traveling so far and for so long
08:01that the wavelengths of light are redder than what optical telescopes can see.
08:06That light has been shifted all the way into the infrared.
08:11James Webb's cameras are tuned to see this ancient infrared light.
08:16But the problem is, any heat the telescope gives off will also show up in infrared, ruining the images.
08:26To keep it extra cold, a tennis court-sized umbrella will shield the camera from the sun's rays.
08:36High-tech blankets provide an extra layer of protection for the sensitive instruments.
08:44What we have here is a piece of multi-layer thermal blanketing.
08:47And so blanketing like this is what's going to be used on the James Webb Space Telescope.
08:52The multi-layers here are what helps you to keep the insulation properties of the telescope that we need
08:58to achieve the amazing science that we want to.
09:02Thanks partly to its blanketing, James Webb's cameras can operate at just seven degrees above absolutely zero.
09:13But to see the earliest galaxies, the highly sensitive instruments onboard James Webb
09:19must first survive the violent rocket voyage into space.
09:27And that means making it through NASA's very own chamber of horrors.
09:33We do pretty much two kinds of testing on something like Webb.
09:39We shake it and bake it.
09:43The shake part is to simulate the very violent environment that you get of shaking from a launch vehicle.
09:52The bake part is we put payloads into here, NASA Goddard's largest thermal vacuum chamber.
10:00It's a big metal can and we suck all the air out of it, taking it to the extremes of
10:06cold and hot that it would see in space.
10:14Once every part passes NASA's tests, the giant telescope will move one step closer to its launch on a heavy
10:22lifting Ariane 5 rocket.
10:27But scientists are already hunting even further, trying to peer beyond the first galaxies.
10:36And in their hunt for the Big Bang, they're finding something extraordinary.
10:43Most of the mass in the universe is not the stuff that makes up stars and planets and people.
11:03Scientists are developing a new generation of telescopes to look deep into our universe's history and the hunt for the
11:11Big Bang.
11:13But around 13 and a half billion years into the past, 300 million years after the Big Bang, all the
11:22light seems to run out.
11:24This makes optical telescopes useless.
11:29As we're looking back in time with our optical telescopes, we eventually hit a wall.
11:37So to probe further back in time, scientists are trying a new tactic.
11:44Building the entire universe in a computer.
11:53At the SLAC National Accelerator Lab in California, Risa Wessler can create a universe from scratch.
12:02Her aim is to see what telescopes can't.
12:06How our universe ended up with the structure it has today.
12:10We're trying to model the universe on this really vast range of mass scales, length scales, and time scales.
12:16And some of those calculations you just can't do with pen and paper.
12:20So this is a supercomputer that we use to do those kind of calculations.
12:32This supercomputer has the processing capacity of about 10,000 home computers.
12:38Tapping into its awesome power, Risa models millions of stars clustering in the cosmos.
12:45Our basic understanding of the universe right now actually can quite amazingly be described by a fairly small set of
12:53numbers
12:53that describe the basic constituents of the universe.
12:57And we put in the basic physics, which on large scales in the universe is really dominated by gravity.
13:02So we put those two things into the computer and we're able to make predictions for how the universe evolves.
13:09Massive sky surveys have mapped nearly half a billion stars and galaxies.
13:15These give Risa an extremely accurate picture of how the cosmos look today.
13:23She then uses the computers to evolve her model of the universe from just after the Big Bang.
13:30In this particular version of the universe, we've put in roughly the amount of stuff that we think exists in
13:36the visible part of galaxies with a little bit of the gas as well.
13:43But there's a problem. When Risa runs this simulation of our universe, it doesn't take shape like it should.
13:50Gravity pulls things together so it makes the regions that were a little bit dense, more dense.
13:55But we find that that process happens really slowly.
13:59There's not enough material for gravity to act fast enough.
14:04So stars and galaxies don't cluster into the universe we see today.
14:09And the final end time here, which is supposed to represent the present, actually is still not that different from
14:17the beginning of the movie.
14:19And that is really telling us that in this version of the universe, there has to be something missing.
14:26Whatever's missing is a major obstacle for retracing our universe back to the Big Bang.
14:33But the beauty of building the universe in a computer is that Risa can tweak her model until it matches
14:39the real world.
14:41In the previous movie, we just didn't get stuff clustering enough.
14:46And there are basically two ways to fix that. One is to change the laws of physics.
14:50Or you can change the amount of material or the kind of material in the universe.
14:54Only when Risa adds six times the amount of matter as before, does the recognizable universe start to take shape.
15:03So we put in this extra amount of matter.
15:07We actually find that that extra component allows gravity to work more rapidly.
15:11And it produces a distribution of galaxies that look much more like what we actually go out and measure with
15:18our large telescopes.
15:22In this version of the universe, the bright spots represent our galaxies.
15:27But they nestle among a wider web of invisible matter.
15:31So what is this hidden stuff the models predict that makes up most of our universe since the Big Bang?
15:40Pulling apart a galaxy reveals the problem.
15:44Take away the gas, dust, planets and stars.
15:49There should be nothing left.
15:52But the models suggest there is something else instruments can't see.
15:58Dark matter, a mysterious and invisible substance forming a hidden halo.
16:05Its extra gravity acts on the parts of galaxies we can see, holding them together.
16:14If the models are correct, this missing matter must make up a huge part of our cosmos.
16:24In our current understanding, about 85% of the mass in the universe is this stuff called dark matter.
16:31So it's different than the normal stuff that makes up galaxies and planets and people.
16:37It is everywhere in the universe, including right here.
16:41There might be as many as a thousand dark matter particles going through my thumbnail every second.
16:47The discovery of dark matter is a major hurdle in the quest to understand the Big Bang.
16:54If the models are correct, most of the universe was built from material we can't see or feel.
17:01And it's most likely been lurking there since the dawn of time.
17:21To fully understand the story of our universe, scientists are on the hunt for dark matter in our modern world.
17:33On the Stanford campus, Aaron Rudman is constructing a telescope to see the unseeable.
17:40The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will sit on a remote mountaintop in Chile.
17:48Its 10-year mission is to hunt down elusive dark matter.
17:58One of the things that we're going to do with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, or LSST,
18:02is to observe literally billions of galaxies in the sky.
18:10The LSST will reveal dark matter's presence by tracking the light streaming out of these galaxies.
18:17The dark matter halo around nearby galaxy clusters distorts objects that pass behind,
18:24just like a lens bends light.
18:29The LSST will have to record all these tiny distortions.
18:36So engineers are building the most powerful digital camera ever put into a telescope.
18:46189 giant sensor chips will capture the faint light from billions of galaxies.
18:52This is what records the image, that turns what we see from the telescope into a digital picture.
18:59The entire camera will generate images three gigapixels in size.
19:07In two seconds, we're able to collect six gigabytes.
19:11And we'll do that every 15 seconds.
19:15All night for 10 years.
19:22The finished LSST will reveal exactly where dark matter collects in the cosmos.
19:30Scientists are now starting to grasp the full extent of how this hidden hand shapes our universe,
19:38allowing them to reach further back in time on the hunt for the Big Bang.
19:46Long before galaxies start to form,
19:50filaments of dark matter knotted together into a vast cosmic web.
19:58Along the branches, gas collects in clumps.
20:04Inside, stars light up and scatter their chemical riches throughout the embryonal cosmos.
20:14Galaxies huddled in the dark matter web,
20:18safe from being flung out into space.
20:21That's how a shadow universe shaped the cosmos we know today.
20:26The beauty of dark matter is that even though we didn't even know it existed,
20:32it was the invisible hand that sculpted the universe in which we live now.
20:40Dark matter is the secret ingredient.
20:44Without it, our universe wouldn't be possible.
20:48It's allowing scientists to actually retrace the evolution of our cosmos from the present day back over 13 and a
20:57half billion years.
21:00But in the hunt for the Big Bang, they are looking back even further.
21:05Attempting to explore the first 100 million years of the universe before the stars were even born.
21:17To enter this era, scientists must create new tools to probe a universe before light.
21:25What secrets lie hidden in the cosmic dark age?
21:46Scientists are retracing the story of the universe.
21:50They are using a new generation of telescopes and supercomputers to travel back to the very beginning.
21:59But around 200 million years after the Big Bang,
22:03roughly the point where the first stars should burn into life,
22:07a vast cloud of gas blocks their view.
22:12There's a limit to how far back you can go because there's a point at which the universe itself becomes
22:17opaque.
22:19So it was like a fog, right? You couldn't see through it.
22:23Because optical telescopes can't pierce the fog, this era is known as the Cosmic Dark Age.
22:32To find the first stars, scientists need a way through the fog.
22:45Tucked beside the Sierra Nevada sits a special type of telescope.
22:52These strange structures are picking up echoes from the first 200 million years of our universe.
23:01Since that time, the universe has expanded to over 30 times its original size.
23:07So the radiation produced in these ancient times has also stretched.
23:18Greg Hallinan uses the 288 radio antennas that make up the Owens Valley Long Wavelength Array.
23:26They're spread out in a kind of random distribution across about one and a half kilometers.
23:32Today, he's tracing a fault in just one of them.
23:36Because everything is kind of connected electrically and one touch blows the whole thing.
23:42The voltage looks fine, so I'm assuming the problem must be in our signal path in the actual building itself.
23:50Greg's team combines the very faint signals from all these antennas,
23:55allowing a rare glimpse of events in the Cosmic Dark Age.
24:00Today's supercomputers are finally powerful enough to combine signals from lots of antennas like we have here.
24:07And it's really crucial because we want to understand how those stars formed.
24:13Rather than try and see through the fog, Greg's telescope sees the fog itself.
24:20Because the fog plays a crucial role in the story of our universe.
24:2913.7 billion years ago, darkness rules.
24:34There are no stars or planets.
24:37Only a fog made mostly of hydrogen gas.
24:42Over time, gravity squeezes the gas into dense clumps,
24:47forging the first stars of the cosmos.
24:51These short-lived fireballs burn with intense blue light.
24:58As more of these furnaces ignite, they burn holes in the thick fog,
25:05spreading the first starlight through space, putting an egg to the dark age.
25:17Greg's antennas are trying to pinpoint when these first stars begin to shine.
25:24But how can such simple structures spot an event that the world's biggest optical telescopes can't?
25:36They measure the thickness of the hydrogen gas cloud.
25:45As stars ignite, they gradually burn the cloud away.
25:54Greg's team will track the hydrogen level dropping over the duration of the dark age.
26:02From this measurement, determine when the first stars must have appeared.
26:08The biggest problem that all these experiments have is that the signal is pretty weak.
26:14It's weak, but it's detectable.
26:16But a much bigger problem is that the radiation from our galaxy
26:19is a million times brighter than the radiation from the dark ages.
26:24Using the equivalent processing power of over 150 home computers,
26:29Greg's team filters out all the nearby stars,
26:34leaving the faint trace of the ancient hydrogen cloud.
26:40We can actually begin to now peel away for the first time
26:43the emission from the foreground galaxy
26:45and look for the signature of the dark ages hidden beneath it.
26:52Greg and his collaborators are taking a glimpse into the cosmic dark age.
26:58And over the next decade, they hope to pinpoint when starlight first appeared.
27:07There really was this party at the beginning of the universe that I would love to have seen.
27:11Because the very first stars in the universe were completely different than the stars we know of today.
27:16They might have been hundreds or maybe even thousands of times the mass of the sun.
27:20They would barely have held together before they blew up in a supernova explosion.
27:29But what about the hydrogen fog that made these stars?
27:33Where did it come from?
27:37And can astronomers see past it?
27:42This close to the Big Bang, it's becoming difficult to see anything.
28:05Scientists need new techniques to explore events in the universe's youngest days.
28:14The fog that fills the dark age is mostly made of hydrogen.
28:19And hydrogen is the simplest atom in the universe.
28:23We may be familiar with the idea of an atom, but in truth that's just the tip of the iceberg
28:28when it comes to breaking down the matter of the universe into its component pieces.
28:34Every hydrogen atom had to begin somewhere.
28:39And this is the next quest for scientists trying to hunt down the Big Bang.
28:51In Brookhaven, Long Island, a team is looking back to before the first atoms were made.
28:58So this is the relativistic heavy ion collider.
29:02This is where we can recreate the conditions that existed at one microsecond after the Big Bang.
29:08That's before you had atoms and before those atoms could have formed stars or any of the stuff that we
29:13know of in the galaxy today.
29:16Paul Sorensen's team fires the nuclei of gold atoms around an accelerator.
29:22This accelerator is made out of these two rings of superconducting magnets.
29:26Inside there, the gold nuclei are accelerated very close to the speed of light,
29:31and they're moving in opposite directions in the two rings.
29:33This whole tunnel, the circumference is about three kilometers,
29:37and the gold nuclei can go around that whole tunnel about 10,000 times per second.
29:46The nuclei meet inside this giant detector, creating a very brief snapshot of the universe when it was a millionth
29:55of a second old,
29:57a time before atoms existed.
30:00What happens when these two gold nuclei collide is that they create this extremely hot and dense matter which survives
30:07for a very short amount of time.
30:09As the gold nuclei approach the speed of light, they are brimming with energy.
30:17When they collide, the nuclei create a jumbled soup of primordial matter,
30:23densely packed ultra-hot fireball that filled the whole universe one microsecond after the Big Bang.
30:32This fiery plasma cools, merging into the protons and neutrons that make up the heart of every atom.
30:40The traces that they leave are important clues to how matter first formed in the cosmos.
30:47So, at first, when you start looking at these collisions, you might wonder, like,
30:50well, what can you learn from all of those tracks that come flying out?
30:54It's like recreating a traffic accident from the tire marks on the road.
31:00Using the debris tracks, Paul's team determines how and when in the first seconds of the universe,
31:06the primordial fireball congealed into today's matter.
31:12How exactly did this transition into the things that we're made of today?
31:18And we can answer those questions by looking at these collisions and changing the energies that we look at the
31:23collisions with,
31:24how much energy we put into the system.
31:28Scientists can now recreate our universe's story from an instant after its birth.
31:37One microsecond after the Big Bang, the universe was a thick, blazing soup of primordial matter.
31:47In less than a second, this fireball starts to congeal into a cloud of particles.
31:54Three hundred and eighty thousand years later, simple atoms form in a flash of energy.
32:03creating an expanding fog of elemental gas that flooded the universe for at least a hundred million years.
32:18Entering the super-hot world of the primordial soup allows scientists to trace further back than ever before,
32:27to the very first microsecond after the Big Bang.
32:33But to look before this first microsecond, they have to enter a new reality.
32:42The physical conditions in the early universe are so far from really anything close to our everyday experience.
32:50It was unimaginably hot and dense, so much so that our laws of physics don't apply.
33:00The biggest question remains...
33:04What was the very first moment of our universe?
33:13They've reached a point way beyond what regular telescopes can see.
33:19the first microsecond after the Big Bang.
33:26But what happened before that?
33:30This early universe time is somewhat still a mystery to us.
33:35We're trying to piece together this mystery that we can't even reach with our modern physics.
33:42There is just one clue that remains.
33:50High on the plains of New Mexico, NASA engineers are preparing to launch a new type of telescope.
34:03If it's successful, this experiment could allow scientists to finally probe the earliest moments of the universe.
34:11The first trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second.
34:34Scientists are on a mission to solve the biggest mystery out there.
34:38What happened at the beginning of the universe?
34:42It would be hard to think of a question that's bigger than the start of space-time and the fate
34:47of the universe.
34:48I think that's a very deep question.
34:54Al Kogut is the principal investigator for the Piper Telescope trial.
35:02The Piper Telescope will hang from a 300-foot-high balloon with a skin as thin as a grocery bag.
35:10It will rise 23 miles, close to the edge of the Earth's atmosphere.
35:16Here, it will hunt for new detail in the oldest image we have of our universe.
35:27Tuning in a radio telescope to the right frequency reveals that space is buzzing with radiation.
35:35Taking away all the energy sources scientists know of, such as stars, galaxy and dust.
35:43Leaves the faint glow of a massive energy blast.
35:48Released when the first atoms formed.
35:51It's called the cosmic microwave background.
35:55And it's a heat map of the early universe bearing the scars of its violent birth.
36:02Hidden in this image are clues that could reveal our universe's first moment.
36:12The Piper Telescope is looking for signs of a process called inflation, hidden in the microwave background picture.
36:22Inflation is science's best explanation for how our cosmos formed.
36:28The entire universe would begin stuffed into an almost infinitesimally small space.
36:36And expand faster in the speed of light.
36:41No one has definitive proof this could happen.
36:46Yet.
36:48Could you actually fit everything, all the stars, all the galaxies?
36:51Could that all have been stuffed into something smaller than a proton?
36:55If it is, Piper will see the subtle signatures of that.
36:59To find inflation, Piper will look for a pattern in the way the cosmic microwave background energy is released.
37:07If you could see what the instrument sees, and you looked up at the sky, the sky would look to
37:13you a lot like a Van Gogh painting.
37:17The telescope is searching for a particular type of spiral, hidden among brighter circles and lines.
37:25Finding it will reveal what actually happened during the Big Bang.
37:34Piper will hopefully fly eight times over three years.
37:40If it spots inflation, it will finally reveal the beginning of time.
37:47If we spot inflation, it would be, I think, very satisfying.
37:50I've spent a large fraction of my career on the hunt.
37:55I think that would be a career well spent in the advancement of science.
38:04Science can now rewind time, retracing our cosmos as close to the Big Bang as can currently be reached.
38:15Galaxies and stars have been around for 13.6 billion years.
38:22Before that, 200 million years of almost total darkness.
38:27When the universe was mostly a hydrogen fog.
38:34The further back we look, the hotter and smaller the cosmos becomes.
38:4113.8 billion years ago, it was a scorching fireball, about the size of the Earth.
38:48Which according to the most likely theory, inflated from an infinitely small point.
38:59This is as close as we can currently get to the Big Bang.
39:03The beginning of everything.
39:09We can get to half a second, a millionth of a second after the Big Bang, a trillionth of a
39:14second.
39:14But we try to go right to zero seconds after the Big Bang creation itself.
39:18And the equations just fail us.
39:23No current experiment can take us right back to the Big Bang itself.
39:30So scientists are daring to think before the Big Bang to find an answer.
39:36We don't think the universe came from nothing.
39:39We think that something must have set off the expansion of the universe.
39:43But what can you talk about before the beginning of time?
39:47You're talking about dimensions, different times, different spaces that the human brain can't comprehend.
39:52There is no before the Big Bang. The Big Bang is where time starts.
39:56So you can't talk about before, meaningless concept.
40:00On the other hand, we don't know that that's the case.
40:02It could be the case that instead, our universe, our Big Bang, may have been an interesting event in a
40:09pre-existing universe.
40:11And that larger canvas might have had other comings and goings before our Big Bang took place.
40:18Could the end of one universe hold a clue for the next one beginning?
40:25As our universe continually expands, over time, it will turn into a cold, barren desert.
40:35Galaxies will start falling apart.
40:40Inside, chaos rules.
40:43Stars run out of fuel.
40:45And their nuclear engines implode.
40:53As the lights go out on a chilling universe, even the last survivors, the black holes, fade away.
41:02Until the whole cosmos is nothing but a dead sparse soup of tiny particles.
41:12Things will just meander around this expanding environment and nothing else will happen.
41:18That may be what's in store for us.
41:22This cold, empty universe would perhaps share many similarities with our cosmos before the Big Bang.
41:31Everything would be so stretched out that time and space themselves would be effectively meaningless.
41:41And in this state of nothing that's infinitely big and small at the same time,
41:47it's possible a new universe could begin.
41:56Rebooting Cosmos 2.0 from scratch.
42:03When it comes to the Big Bang, we know that we don't know the final word.
42:06But we do know what we do know, and that is, is that the Big Bang did occur.
42:10The Big Bang is the source of everything in the universe.
42:14But until scientists can figure out exactly what happened in the first fraction of a second,
42:21there will still be mysteries remaining in the hunt for the beginning of everything.
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