New astronomical research is beginning to reveal an invisible scaffold of dark matter known as the Cosmic Web, an intergalactic network that transformed the universe from a chaotic Big Bang into the structured beauty of the present day cosmos.
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LearningTranscript
00:01The night sky. Countless stars and the majestic sweep of the Milky Way.
00:09But beyond our local neighborhood, across the cosmos, there are over 2 trillion more galaxies.
00:17When we first began to observe galaxies, we collected them like butterflies.
00:22Little by little, we realized that they formed a web.
00:25The cosmic web is the infrastructure that connects every corner of the universe.
00:31You don't know anything about our universe if you don't understand the cosmic web.
00:35It feeds galaxies, it forms galaxies, it is made of galaxies.
00:41It's the architect of everything, and our cosmic future depends on it.
00:48The cosmic web is one of the most important parts of our universe.
00:52It plays a key role in the evolution of the cosmos.
00:56Without the cosmic web, there would be no stars, no planets.
01:00Nowhere in the universe where the conditions of life could exist.
01:04How did the universe go from a hot soup of gas to a cosmic web sprinkled with galaxies, planets, and us?
01:14How did the universe go from a hot soup of gas?
01:17How did the human place go from a hot soup of gas?
01:19How did the ocean air come from a hot soup of gas?
01:20How did the universe go from a hot soup of gas?
01:23How did the universe go from a hot soup of gas?
01:26The universe may appear randomly.
01:28Two trillion galaxies spread across the cosmos.
01:32But in this cosmic chaos, scientists detect oil.
01:35the cosmos but in this cosmic chaos scientists detect order when we first
01:46saw that the universe was full of galaxies it seemed like overwhelming
01:50chaos but it's not they are all connected
01:54galaxies link up in a gigantic cosmic network spanning the entire universe
02:01how this pattern emerged may be cosmology's biggest puzzle in some senses
02:09you don't understand something unless you understand how it comes into existence
02:13and how it's formed and galaxies are the basic building block of our universe to
02:20solve this mystery scientists need to go deep to the very edge of the observable
02:26universe and study light from the first galaxies
02:35chile 2021 scientists point the vlt or very large telescope towards the hubble ultra deep field
02:45it's a patch of sky famously photographed by the hubble space telescope in 1995. the vlt's power
02:54allows astronomers to see much deeper into space imagine you take a grain of sand and you put it
03:01on your fingertip and you hold your arm out like this and you block a part of the sky looking at that
03:07grain of sand that's the size of the hubble ultra deep field and yet it contains thousands of galaxies
03:15in it the telescope stares at those galaxies for 155 hours and picks up the faintest of glows
03:27ancient hydrogen gas concentrated along a strand of space 15 million light years long
03:35the filaments are just one tiny section of the cosmic web the largest known structure in the universe
03:48the scale of the cosmic web is enormous it is by definition the largest thing that we can see
03:54in our universe today the cosmic web is a lattice of filaments linked streams of hydrogen gas that form
04:04an intergalactic network spanning the entire universe inside the nodes of the cosmic web you'll find
04:11galaxies stars black holes along the filaments you'll find gas that connects these nodes and the gas will
04:19connect to the other galaxies and clusters of galaxies it's this beautiful superhighway of large cities
04:27that are connected through these filaments we can see the cosmic web about as far back as we can look
04:35and really galaxies are forming along that web all the way back this cosmic infrastructure dates back to
04:43the earliest days of the universe
04:4813.8 billion years ago the universe ignites in a tiny ball of super hot energy
04:58it expands and begins to cool
05:03energy transforms into primitive subatomic particles of matter the heat from the big bang
05:11is so intense gravity is effectively powerless the very early universe was super hot super energetic
05:20and regular particles of matter were zipping around so fast that not even gravity could hold them together
05:26but regular matter wasn't the only thing in the early universe
05:30in the background gravity is working on something else
05:35regular matter's ghostly cousin the invisible substance known today
05:41as dark matter it makes up about 85 percent of all the matter created in the early universe
05:49normal matter and dark matter both existed around the time of the big bang
05:53big bang but the way they played out was very different
05:56just 10 seconds after the big bang the infant universe is billions of degrees fahrenheit
06:03still far too hot for regular matter particles to clump together
06:08but dark matter plays by different rules
06:10dark matter isn't affected by the big bang's intense radiation in the same way that regular matter is
06:18and so because it's able to cool it clumps together in a way that regular matter doesn't
06:23it as dark matter clumps grow they exert a gravitational pull and begin to form shadowy structures
06:33as soon as the dark matter gets a foothold we have a place where there's a bit more stuff
06:37then that attracts more and more dark matter
06:41380 000 years after the big bang the intense heat drops to a few thousand degrees
06:49normal particles of matter move around more slowly protons and electrons bind together
06:56and form atoms of hydrogen and helium gas then gravity from dark matter starts to work on regular matter
07:06before you know it you have this very clumpy universe with these huge dark matter halos
07:12that can now start to draw in also ordinary matter in the form of gas
07:18a billion-year building project begins the dark matter clumps pull in clouds of gas
07:26the foundations of the cosmic web and the galaxies just as when you build a building you know there's
07:34a lot of work that happens before the building goes up our universe spent a lot of time laying the
07:39groundwork for this cosmic web before it switched on the lights the foundations are complete but the job
07:48isn't finished how did those clouds of gas transform into the greatest structure in the universe
07:56the secretive dark matter that brought the gas together is also on site managing the build
08:05it was really the dark matter that called the shots in in cosmic clustering because it outweighed
08:11the ordinary stuff by by a big factor in essence the cosmic web is made of dark matter tendrils of
08:19material are stretched out across the cosmos as the sprawling structure builds its gravitational
08:26pull strengthens pulling in more dark matter the clumps begin to collapse and shrink down
08:34into filaments these meet at even more tightly packed clusters creating a huge dark scaffold that
08:42drags in more hydrogen gas imagine drops of dew on a spider web that's like hydrogen blobs being
08:50pulled into dark matter's cosmic web after tens of millions of years of construction strands of gas
08:59stretch across the cosmos fast forward to now the web appears in all its star-spangled glory lit up with
09:10galaxies we know at some point stars and galaxies formed the big question is when what were the first
09:16galaxies like that's a big mystery so how then did the lights of the cosmos switch on evidence suggests
09:25that as the universe assembled its web of dark matter and hydrogen gas the biggest stars that have ever
09:32lived set the cosmos ablaze 2018 scientists study an ancient galaxy the catchily named macs 1149-jd1
09:52there they find some of the oldest stars ever detected this particular galaxy is exciting because
10:03it's forming stars just a very short time after the big bang those stars could hold clues as to how the
10:11cosmic web that supports the universe first lit up but as astronomers study starlight from when the
10:18universe was just 250 million years old they get a shock the stars are not just made up of hydrogen
10:28and helium produced in the big bang they also contain what astronomers call metals metals in astronomy is
10:38everything heavier than hydrogen and helium no matter where it is on the periodic table if you're not
10:44hydrogen or helium you are a metal even though that makes no sense if i were king of astronomy metals is
10:51right out the big bang only made hydrogen and helium anything heavier than that was churned up in the cores
11:00of dying stars the bright stars of this ancient galaxy dating back to just 250 million years after the big bang
11:10contain chemicals that were created in even earlier stars
11:17some of them seem to be nearly the age of the universe extremely old and yet they contain elements
11:23that guarantee they can't have been the first generation as old as these stars are there must have been
11:29something that came before the earlier first generation of stars remains cloaked in mystery
11:36how did the first stars ignite and did they kick start the formation of the first galaxies
11:47it sounds like like a classic creation myth it's out of the darkness out of nothing structure
11:54arrived and from that structure the galaxies the lights in the universe turned on
12:00we've never seen a first generation star but physicists have a theory of how they formed and what they were like
12:12let's step even further back in time to around a hundred million years after the big bang
12:18the early cosmic web is dark there are no stars to illuminate it
12:23but the universe is ready for stellar ignition
12:32cooled down after millions of years of expansion the gas clouds clinging to the dark matter scaffold begin to contract
12:43as the hydrogen gas clumps together larger clouds form super dense ultra hot cores
12:49if you can bring hydrogen together and actually get it hot and dense enough
12:56hydrogen will begin to fuse into helium there'll be a nuclear fusion reaction going on
13:03simulations suggest that some gas clouds are hundreds of times the mass of the sun
13:11the stars they produce are unlike anything that exists today
13:15so the stars around us today really top out at masses between let's say you know 70 to 100 times the
13:24mass of our sun there's nothing larger than that these first stars were up to a thousand times more
13:32massive than the sun so if you plopped it in our solar system it would extend all the way past jupiter
13:39so think about that that is incredibly big that scale is mind-blowing so what happened to these stellar behemoths
13:50the lifetime of a star has a lot to do with its mass the more massive a star is the more gravity
13:56crushes the interior up to high temperatures and it burns through its nuclear fuel even faster so
14:01incredibly the more mass there is the shorter a lifetime you get for a star
14:06the first generation of stars the first generation of stars are sort of like the rappers and rock stars of
14:13the universe they live fast they die young
14:19first generation stars didn't live long enough to form complex galaxies
14:24but they did set the process in motion
14:28the lives of the first stars may have been rock and roll
14:31but their explosive deaths in supernovas pump the universe full of heavy metal
14:40in the galaxy today we see a supernova maybe every couple of years close to us every couple of decades
14:46this must have been a firework show giant supernovas going off all the time all around you
14:52that act of destruction is actually an act of creation what a star does in its core
15:00is it creates heavier elements from lighter elements
15:05that first generation of stars must have been absolutely incredible
15:09simply exploding so quickly and unloading all of this wonderful new chemistry into the galaxy
15:15two hundred million years after the big bang the remains of the first stars flood the interstellar
15:23medium with heavier elements like carbon oxygen silicon and iron crucial ingredients for the next wave of stars
15:36it's such a beautiful story because suddenly the whole process of star formation changed
15:41and it literally became easier to make a star
15:46heavy elements suck heat out of the surrounding gas cooler clouds crunch down much faster
15:53the smaller second generation stars form rapidly and in much greater numbers
16:00somehow this mess of stars transformed into a network of young galaxies but it wasn't easy
16:07because as these baby galaxies formed a breed of matter-hungry monsters appeared in the young cosmic web
16:2313.6 billion years ago the dark scaffold that supports all the regular matter in the universe
16:30emerges ablaze with stars
16:32but how did this stellar array evolve into a structure littered with organized galaxies
16:41it seems they formed under constant threat of destruction
16:50october 2020 astronomers discover a monster lurking among the cosmic web's earliest structures dating to 900
17:00million years after the big bang a super massive black hole six galaxies surround this cosmic giant
17:09caught in its grip seemingly linked to the super massive black hole by filaments of the developing cosmic web
17:19it's like the universe has given super massive black holes an umbilical cord
17:24it's like an all-you-can-eat buffet right there super massive black holes are hungry beasts
17:33they feast on any matter that gets too close to them super massive black holes are likely some of the most
17:41powerful objects in the universe they can be anywhere between a hundred thousand to ten billion times the mass of the sun
17:49super massive black holes have been a nemesis for generations of scientists not because of their
17:56fearsome nature but because nobody knows how they grew so large so early i wish i knew where super massive
18:05black holes came from if i knew i would have a nobel prize hanging around my neck and i would wear it every
18:10single day as someone who deeply loves super massive black holes whose career is based on studying
18:19super massive black holes it is very frustrating to not know where they come from regular stellar black
18:27holes are the collapsed cores of dead stars ranging from three to thousands of solar masses but super massive
18:35black holes those are a different beast 13 billion years ago not enough stars had lived and died
18:44to build something as huge as a super massive black hole
18:51now the cosmic web offers scientists clues about the black hole conundrum we now know super massive black
19:00holes grow among the lattice of the young cosmic web gorging on the hydrogen gas that travels along the
19:08filaments at the same time when the cosmic web is lighting up super massive black holes appear to be stealing
19:17star fuel from the young universe you might think that would kill a growing galaxy and yet most mature galaxies
19:27have a super massive black hole they really dominate the physics of what happens in the centers of
19:33galaxies and even how galaxies can evolve we think these galactic monsters have been around from the start
19:41how then did the web's young galaxies develop around supermassive black holes the milky way's supermassive
19:50black hole is called sagittarius a star it's around 27 million miles wide and weighs in at just over 4
19:59million solar masses the environment around sagittarius a star is very dynamic it can actually be a really
20:10hellish place there's this accretion disk that's full of plasma seated to thousands of degrees so you
20:17wouldn't necessarily think that that's a great place for star formation to happen but that's exactly
20:25where astronomers decided to look using the atacama large millimeter array or alma for short scientists
20:34scanned the heart of the milky way for dense cores of gas and dust stellar embryos they found more than 800
20:44within just a thousand light years of sagittarius a star including more than 40 embryos with energetic
20:52jets blasting from their cores the telltale sign of the birth of stars
21:02it's really surprising to find those stars there it's like hearing babies cries from a wolf's den
21:08it's not the place you would expect this to happen but in fact stars are forming there now it's not
21:16as efficient as it is out here in the suburbs where things are quieter but it works baby stars igniting
21:24and thriving around a supermassive black hole the kind of hostile environment we know existed in the
21:31young cosmic web star birth is a key part of kick-starting young galaxies this evidence suggests that star
21:40formation is more resilient than researchers thought and they've developed a theory to explain it gas and
21:49dust race around the black hole in the accretion disk heated to incredible temperatures plumes of gas
21:56break off and blast into space the gas rapidly cools collapses and forms baby stars these accretion disks
22:06are the most chaotic of stellar nurseries you see this mechanism that you think is violently inhibiting
22:13star formation and at the same time it's triggering the birth of new stars matter clumps at the cosmic
22:21web's intersections feeding the supermassive black holes around them stars burst into life slowly building
22:31galaxies this could be how our own milky way formed among the filaments of the young cosmic web
22:40but new research suggests that growth in these baby galaxies requires murder and mayhem and without them
22:48we wouldn't exist
22:58the infant universe is a dramatic place stars ignite and stars die even in the violent surroundings of super
23:08massive black holes baby galaxies form with the cosmic web
23:14but how do they grow scientists believe the critical factor is galactic turmoil
23:24the universe does need to churn things up you need to break some eggs to make an omelet you need
23:28to introduce some chaos into your galaxy to rapidly form stars or grow black holes
23:35smashing things together is how the universe came to be
23:39the hubble space telescope discovers many distorted galaxies twisted battered and torn
23:49victims of violent collisions on a cosmic scale
23:55galaxies are never sitting quietly doing nothing they're always undergoing change they're constantly
24:02encountering and slamming into and colliding with and mixing with other galaxies
24:06you can see images in hubble of total car wrecks of galaxies that are trying to merge with each other
24:16we know that galaxies collide now
24:19but what about in the early universe when the cosmic web was beginning to take shape
24:26astronomers study a strange galaxy named himiko born just 800 million years after the big bang
24:33three bright light sources suggest intense star formation detailed analysis reveals not one galaxy but three baby galaxies not yet fully formed
24:50scientists call these youthful star systems proto galaxies the trio that make up himiko are in mid collision
24:59computer simulations of the early universe suggest proto galaxies smashed together with frightening regularity
25:10these violent shake-ups trigger star birth
25:15proto galaxies are rich in gas and when they collide and merge those gas clouds collide and collapse and form
25:21stars sometimes at prodigious rates and after a billion years or so all of that structure forms and you get a formal galaxy
25:30picture the early universe 500 million years after the big bang it's smaller and more compact than today
25:38cosmic collisions are common
25:42imagine taking a bunch of cars and just letting them drive around in nevada where there's nothing but space
25:47right you're not going to get too many collisions now squeeze them into a tiny little city block
25:52someplace and you're just going to have accidents everywhere well it's the same thing with the universe when the
25:57universe was younger it was smaller and these proto galaxies were everywhere it was crowded you were bound
26:03to get collisions between them back then more and more baby galaxies form at the growing webs gas rich
26:11intersections a collision between small proto galaxies might trigger modest amounts of star formation
26:18when regions of dense matter come together
26:21but a merger involving proto galaxies with rich reserves of gas can rev up the rate of stellar
26:31ignition supercharging a growing galaxy
26:35gas rich mergers can generate star burst galaxies where we see incredibly vigorous events of star formation
26:42astronomers think one such smash up around 10 billion years ago kick-started the growth of the milky way
26:51a group of stars called the gaia enceladus cluster in the outer reaches of the galaxy
26:57behaves strangely compared to other stars around it the stars in the gaia enceladus cluster
27:06they're different they move differently they act different they're like they're like kids from the
27:10next town over showing up at your school you just know that they don't belong the milky way had already
27:17largely formed and then this massive cluster comes screaming in it was a violent event that eventually
27:27ended up absorbing the stars from this cluster into the body of the milky way itself galaxies are built
27:35from these kinds of collisions less than a billion years after the big bang the dark scaffold of the cosmic
27:43web begins to glow matter channeled down the web's tendrils creates dense clumps of gas even in the
27:53turbulent neighborhoods of supermassive black holes stars burst into life baby galaxies collide and the
28:02young universe sparkles with light but an important question remains in the mayhem of the early universe
28:12how did galaxies like our milky way survive and thrive galaxy evolution is very dynamic our
28:23understanding of galaxy evolution is very dynamic and there's so much that we still don't know there's
28:30a lot of different competing theories right now as to how galaxies grew into the galaxies that we see today
28:38it's a huge open question and it's something that's a big deal in science right now
28:43new research suggests that life and death in the cradle of the universe lay within the cosmic web
28:5813.6 billion years ago a proto galaxy the infant milky way forms in the tendrils of the young cosmic web
29:0713.6 billion years ago today it bears the scars of many collisions each one could have torn it apart
29:15so what controls if a young galaxy lives or dies may 2020 scientists image a graceful galaxy that existed
29:27just 1.4 billion years after the big bang analysis of its light shows this is a starburst galaxy pumping
29:37out newborn stars galaxies like our milky way are old and rather stately and they don't form stars very
29:45rapidly about the equivalent of the mass of the sun every year well starburst galaxies yeah they form
29:51them a lot more quickly hundreds of solar masses per year but bri 1335 0417
29:574 650 times the mass of the sun every year it is blasting out stars
30:08some young galaxies in the early universe
30:104.6 billion years after the sun every year it appears to be supercharged with star fuel how can
30:15they grow at such an incredible pace
30:174.6 billion years after the sun every year it appears to be supercharged with star fuel
30:20scientists think the answer lies in the mysterious substance that's controlled the flow of gas
30:26since the beginning the dark structure whose tendrils stitch the universe together
30:34but exploring this cosmic network is no easy task when it comes to dark matter we're flying blind
30:42may 2021 an international team of researchers investigates dark matter in the local universe
30:54by observing its effect on the path of light gravity affects light a massive object causes light to curve
31:05through space even if that object is invisible like dark matter
31:10we can't see the dark matter directly but we can see what it's doing to the light it's stretching
31:16it it's bending it it's creating arcs in ways that would never happen unless the dark matter were there
31:23using an ai program the team analyzes 100 million visible galaxies looking for warped galactic light
31:32because the model is artificially intelligent it gets better and better at finding dark matter
31:40what's very clever about this kind of algorithm is that it's learning as it goes it uses the
31:48information that it has to predict the existence of new structures
31:55as the model teaches itself to see the dark matter behind the stars
31:59it maps out new dark structures never before seen highways between galaxies there's a lot more
32:07filaments there's a lot more intricacies there's a lot more cosmic web there than what meets the eye
32:15it's like if you look how manhattan is connected to to the land around it you can see all the bridges
32:22but now we're also seeing the underwater tunnels
32:25the new layout of dark matter reveals the local universe is a bird's nest of hidden channels feeding galaxies with gas
32:38galactic structures seem to thrive at the cosmic web's most densely knotted intersections
32:46because multiple filaments are intersecting in those locations and that is a location of very
32:52enhanced gravity relative to other locations then material will be drawn in so these galaxy clusters
32:59are likely feeding off the cosmic web this connectivity could be the key to the rapidly forming galaxies in
33:08the early universe but there's a catch sitting right at the densest regions of the cosmic web can be
33:17really good for galaxy growth you have all of this gas being funneled in for new star formation
33:23but being that plugged into the network isn't all good news there is evidence that though the cosmic web
33:30gives life it can also take life away scientists studying some of the universe's most heavily connected
33:38galaxies found something unexpected plummeting rates of star birth in some ways it's a little bit
33:45counterintuitive right if if these nodes are meeting grounds for all of this gas right why aren't you
33:53forming more stars there one explanation in the all-you-can-eat buffet of the cosmic web's matter-rich
34:01junctions a young galaxy might overindulge as the cosmic web funnels more matter towards a junction and
34:11its growing galaxies the gas influx doesn't just boost star formation it fattens up the supermassive
34:18black hole at the galaxy's core for a young galaxy that's dangerous because when this monster
34:26overeats it produces high energy jets and belches out super hot wind these black holes radiate tremendous
34:37amounts of energy when they grow and that radiation can slam into the material around them in the
34:42galaxy and blow it all out of the galaxy launch it away or heat it up to super high temperatures
34:48star formation requires stuff so if you blow that stuff away how are you going to form a star
34:57and what's left behind would be what we call a quenched galaxy that basically can't form any new stars
35:03the researchers found that although connectivity within the cosmic web can boost galactic growth
35:10it was the super connected galaxies that died the quickest choked and stunted like over watered plants
35:19perhaps our milky way got lucky you could say that the milky way galaxy is sort of in this goldilocks
35:27zone of galaxy formation it's been receiving enough gas over time that it's been able to keep up with
35:33its star formation but not so much gas that its central black hole has been fed enough that it would
35:40clear the galaxy out of gas the cosmic web determined if galaxies lived or died its construction project
35:50brought order to chaos the cosmic web is the architect the engineer the builder the construction worker
35:59even the interior designer of the cosmos but now work is shut down an invisible force threatens to tear
36:10apart the very fabric of the cosmic web what does this mean for galaxies and for us
36:20the cosmic web brought order to the early universe the gravitational attraction of its dark scaffolding
36:35helped build galaxies and fueled their development but growth tops out at the level of galaxy clusters
36:43nothing bigger will ever form
36:45something has stopped the formation of structure in our universe
36:53to understand what's going on we need to return to the big bang and the formation of the cosmic web
37:0313.8 billion years ago the universe sparks into life a tiny ball of pure energy cools and expands
37:15the energy transforms into regular matter and dark matter
37:21but another force appears at the same time dark energy
37:30dark energy as far as we understand it which is not much has always been here it's always been a part of
37:37the universe but it's been silent in the background dark energy is everywhere it's over here it's over there it's between you and me
37:47it's absolutely everywhere one theory is that dark energy never formed that it's just a constant in the laws of physics
37:55it has always been there and always will be
37:57the dark energy
37:59some physicists believe that dark energy is simply the force of emptiness
38:05people used to take for granted that space was empty vacuum
38:11but uh the discovery of dark energy has made some people wonder if space is actually
38:16more of a substance and um that space also might have pressure that causes things to push apart
38:23so yeah whatever space is it might be more interesting than we thought
38:29dark matter dominates the young universe
38:33but as the dark scaffold of the cosmic web grows it sows the seeds of self-destruction
38:41as the network of matter takes shape pockets of emptiness form between the filaments cosmic voids
38:49and these expanding hollow spaces dark energy grows the weirdest thing about dark energy is that it has
39:00constant density constant density means the more volume you have the more dark energy you have so
39:09the larger the voids get the more dark energy they contain
39:15dark energy pushes against the cosmic web opening up huge chasms in the architecture of the universe
39:23five billion years ago dark matter's strength of attraction is finally overwhelmed
39:30like bridge cables in a hurricane the cosmic web's filaments stretch and snap and the universe's
39:37substructure fails galactic construction freezes as the universe expands but darker times are ahead
39:47for the cosmic web as time goes on not only is it expanding but this expansion gets faster and faster and
39:56faster
39:58as the dark energy in the voids increases the entire structure of the cosmic web begins to break up
40:07the effects of dark energy will get stronger and stronger with time until the very fabric of
40:14space-time gets torn apart this isn't a superhero movie the bad guy wins the future of the cosmic web is
40:23looking bleak ultimately it's going to be a cold lonely universe our closest galaxies will accelerate away
40:34until they're just tiny pinpricks of light then the universe will go dark again
40:41everything will fade out so the universe started with a bang but it will die with a whisper
40:49the cosmic web transformed the universe from a hot mess to a sparkling structure it gave birth
40:57to billions of galaxies and us without it space would be a much less interesting place this giant
41:07structure the largest thing that we know of in the universe is responsible for nourishing the galaxies
41:12creating the stars making the conditions right to form life we would not be here talking right now if
41:19it were not for this cosmic web understanding the cosmic web is understanding dark matter is
41:27understanding dark energy is understanding our past is understanding our future really everything
41:34that we know about how the universe works is directly tied to the cosmic web it's amazing to think
41:41that the overall structure of the universe that we witness today began in the earliest times of the
41:48universe and has yielded beings like ourselves who can now discover it and ponder about its existence
41:56that's pretty dope
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