New discoveries change everything known about black holes, and using the latest science and technology, experts reveal secrets of the mysteries behind these strange and deadly places.
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LearningTranscript
00:01black holes the most mysterious objects in the cosmos the universe is bizarre but if you were
00:10to make a list and say what's at the top black holes black holes excite the imagination the
00:17fact that we see them at all is extraordinary their immense gravity makes black holes the
00:23most destructive objects in the universe they can rip apart a star in seconds but they have another
00:31side these are not horrible dangerous things these are wonderful mysterious parts of the
00:39universe to unlock the secrets of black holes we will strip them apart
00:47we will reveal how black holes are born
00:53how they wage the most violent battles in the cosmos
00:58and how one day humans could travel through them
01:17black holes
01:21the most powerful objects in the universe
01:26capable of destroying entire worlds
01:32for decades they have terrified us
01:38with their mystery and darkness the reason why we call a black hole black is because light cannot be
01:46emitted from inside the black hole it's a one-way street it can go in but it can't come out
01:53if you're close to a black hole they're terrifying there's huge amounts of matter that can fall into
01:58them this matter gets very hot it gets torn apart it falls into this basically infinitely deep hole in
02:05the universe itself
02:08but there's more to black holes than chaos
02:10and destruction
02:12the more we learn about black holes the more we understand they have a real purpose in our
02:17universe they're sort of cosmic organizers they bring things together
02:22could new discoveries change how we see black holes
02:26I definitely think it's time for an image makeover for black holes
02:31black holes are more than darkness
02:40stripping away a donut-shaped shroud of cold dust on the outside
02:49reveals a huge disk of cosmic debris spinning at millions of miles an hour
02:57this is where the black hole feasts
03:01gas dust shattered stars and planets all descend into the gaping mouth of the black hole
03:09it's called the event horizon
03:15it's a perfectly dark sphere from which no light can escape
03:21inside the laws of the cosmos break down
03:28black holes are a place where some of the rules we think about in the universe
03:32don't apply as well as they do out here
03:35when you're falling into a black hole you move faster and faster and faster
03:38and you finally reach the speed of light as you pass into the black hole itself
03:42but then what happens inside of that we don't know
03:46we are confronting something that the human brain doesn't understand
03:49where space and time itself break down don't behave the way we think of them
03:54that's going to push us to evolve
03:57to understand the very nature of reality better
04:0330 years ago black holes were purely theoretical
04:08a mathematical prediction made by Einstein
04:13but now we know they're very real
04:19this is our galaxy the Milky Way
04:26stripping away its stars planets rocks and dust
04:33reveals a dark secret
04:37lurking in the shadows is a massive black hole
04:42sagittarius a star
04:45four million times the mass of our Sun and just 26,000 light years from Earth
04:53studying this Titan offers us a chance to understand how black holes truly work
05:03on top of Hawaii's tallest mountain
05:06Mauna Kea
05:07scientists at the Keck Observatory do just that
05:15astronomer James Light
05:17studies Sagittarius a star
05:23it's so unique to have a black hole
05:25that massive that close to us because all the other ones that are that massive are so far
05:30away and other galaxies
05:34getting to his office requires a 14,000 foot climb along a steep and winding dirt road
05:44I've loved telescopes for a long time and these are the these are the biggest and the best
05:49so if you want to get the faintest objects in the universe if you want to look at the finest
05:53detail you have to come
06:00today James prepares Keck's 300 ton telescope to monitor Sagittarius a star
06:09the telescope is going to come very close right behind me
06:12you know it takes a dedicated crew of 20 guys to get this thing running every night of the year
06:18it's a very complex machine
06:21the constant movement of the Earth's atmosphere
06:25bends light and makes stars twinkle
06:29this distortion stops scientists from getting a clear view of the Milky Way
06:35but the team at Keck has cracked this problem
06:39as night falls James shoots a bright laser 50 miles up into the atmosphere
06:45we take pictures of the return from that laser
06:48it gets fuzzed up by the atmosphere just the same way as the natural star does
06:53by altering the telescope's mirrors
06:55James brings this beam of light into focus
07:02this allows him to calibrate the telescope
07:04and obtain the sharpest images ever seen of objects in the Milky Way
07:09it's a revolution in astronomy
07:11this is technology that was dreamed about for years
07:14it's a bit of a game changer
07:16we now can see things that we never could see before
07:20James and his team are making startling discoveries
07:23that are changing our understanding of how black holes work
07:30they have detected a mysterious object close to Sagittarius a star
07:36it's called G2
07:39a cloud of interstellar gas which may contain a star
07:46its future is bleak
07:50scientists believe the black hole will slingshot part of the cloud into space
08:00and then gorge on their remains
08:04growing even more massive and powerful
08:11G2 happens to be one of the closest objects to the black hole
08:16anytime you get that close to that extreme of environment
08:21you'll get to see new physics you get to see fantastic things
08:26soon the team will see a black hole feeding for the very first time
08:34Sagittarius a star
08:35is four million times more massive than the Sun
08:41but 300 million light years away
08:44there's a black hole 5,000 times larger
08:50deep inside a galaxy called NGC 4889 is the biggest black hole ever found
09:02it's so powerful
09:03it can shred supergiant stars that come too close
09:10what gives black holes the power to destroy entire worlds
09:3326,000 light years from Earth
09:35a black hole called Sagittarius a star is about to shred and swallow a gas cloud
09:45why do black holes have such massive power
09:52and how do they form
09:58the way that a black hole can form is by the death of a massive star
10:04you need a star that has at least
10:058, 10, 20 times the mass of the Sun
10:10and they can actually produce millions of times the energy that the Sun produces
10:15putting out in just a few seconds
10:17as much energy as the Sun does in an entire year
10:23these are the hypergiant
10:26the biggest stars in the universe
10:30as they run out of fuel they begin to die
10:35when they can no longer hold up their own weight they collapse
10:40releasing a massive burst of energy
10:47a supernova so powerful that only the Big Bang was bigger
10:55the remaining core keeps collapsing and squeezing into a single point in space smaller than an atom
11:05a black hole is born
11:10this observatory in Southern California
11:13is the workplace of one of the few people on Earth to witness this process
11:19Doug Leonard hunts for black holes
11:22in 2005 an alert went out that a new supernova had appeared in the galaxy NGC 266
11:30my reaction was to try to get a very close-up detailed picture of the supernova right around it
11:38and that's what we did with this picture
11:42Doug scoured the archives of the Hubble Space Telescope
11:46and discovered that before the star collapsed
11:49it was a hypergiant
11:53and this made me very excited
11:55because it's just the kind of star that we think after it dies
11:59leaves behind a black hole
12:02if Doug looks at this point in space now
12:05it is no longer bright
12:07and according to our best theories and calculations
12:11right there is a brand new black hole
12:16that looks good
12:18beautiful night
12:19no clouds
12:19despite nine years of searching
12:22Doug hasn't found another supernova big enough to form a black hole
12:27alright we're ready to roll
12:29let's go
12:30now he studies the biggest black holes in the universe
12:36those like Sagittarius A star
12:38with millions of times the mass of our sun
12:43the supermassive black holes
12:47as supermassive black holes grow
12:49their increasing gravity pulls more and more objects
12:53into a gigantic revolving disc
13:00inside friction builds up
13:05and the disc starts to glow
13:09the faster the disc spins
13:12the greater the friction
13:13and the brighter it becomes
13:19Doug's team can measure the intensity of this glow
13:22and then calculate the power and size of a black hole
13:27very simply the faster things orbit the black hole
13:30the more massive the black hole has to be
13:32because more gravity has to be tugging harder on the object
13:36to make it orbit more quickly
13:39using this technique
13:41Doug is finding black holes
13:43tens of millions of times the size of the sun
13:48hopefully
13:48we can push these kinds of studies
13:51to greater and greater distances
13:52and better understand the dynamics
13:54of all supermassive black holes
13:58black holes are the dark horses of the cosmos
14:02but supermassive black holes are linked
14:04with far far brighter lights
14:08back in the 1960s
14:10when people were pointing radio telescopes
14:11and x-ray telescopes in the sky
14:13they were detecting really powerful sources of energy
14:17scientists call them quasars
14:20they weren't explosions
14:22just very intense lights
14:24that outshined entire galaxies
14:28when we first realized how bright quasars really were
14:32we couldn't account for the amount of energy
14:34what could possibly be creating that much energy
14:36so imagine you've got a source of energy
14:39which you know is very far away
14:41and is very bright
14:42which means it's incredibly powerful
14:44it must be fantastically luminous
14:47something must be generating that energy
14:50what could possibly be an engine big enough
14:53to power something so big
14:55you can see it clear across the universe
15:01the answer is a supermassive black hole
15:06if too much matter squeezes into its mouth
15:11collisions become so violent
15:13they release gigantic amounts of energy
15:19immense luminous jets spray out hundreds of thousands of light years into space
15:26this is a quasar
15:29the brightest light in the cosmos
15:34black holes are such voracious eaters
15:36that they eat like the cookie monster
15:38most of what they eat does not end up inside
15:40a lot of it gets spit out
15:42and it gets heated to these immense temperatures
15:44and that matter glows very very brightly
15:48as material falls down this giant gravitational well into a black hole
15:52it's almost like it's in a particle accelerator
15:55it accelerates faster and faster
15:58it gets hotter and brighter
15:59and all of a sudden you can see these things from clear across the universe
16:06some quasars are epic
16:123 billion light years from Earth
16:15astronomers have discovered a quasar called 3C273
16:20the brightest known object in the universe
16:25at its heart is a supermassive black hole
16:28a billion times heavier than the sun
16:32it consumes 600 times the mass of the Earth every minute
16:38and spits out a hundred times more energy
16:41than all 300 billion stars in the Milky Way combined
16:49astronomers are now detecting these bright lights all over the universe
16:53as we scan the cosmos and we look ever deeper
16:57we see more and more quasars
17:00and there's only one way to form a quasar
17:02that's a supermassive black hole
17:04and we're finding them by the millions
17:06so these things are everywhere
17:10once we thought black holes were purely theoretical
17:15now we know that billions exist across space
17:20why are there so many black holes in the universe?
17:40black holes
17:41black holes
17:42once scientists thought they were extremely rare
17:46but now they're discovering billions of them across the cosmos
17:51why are there so many?
17:55there's this idea and it's strange
17:58that every major galaxy in the universe
18:01has a supermassive black hole in its center
18:05and then people started to look over their shoulders
18:07and wonder
18:08could there be one at the heart of our own Milky Way galaxy?
18:13at 4 million times the mass of the Sun
18:16Sagittarius A-star is a supermassive black hole
18:21could this be the center of the Milky Way?
18:28in Los Angeles a team of scientists tackles this question
18:32the first time of the Sun
18:35the first time of the Sun
18:39astronomer Andrea Ghez
18:40pins down the role of Sagittarius A-star
18:46black holes themselves are very dark objects
18:49you can't see them directly
18:51what is available to us is the influence of its gravitational field
18:56so we're studying the stars that are the closest to the black hole
19:00and watching how these stars move
19:03after two decades
19:05the team is discovering something remarkable about Sagittarius A-star
19:10all these stars that we measure are all going around the black hole
19:15they're just going around on different timescales
19:18the immense gravity of Sagittarius A-star
19:22holds all these stars in their orbits
19:29stripping back the dust and gas in the Milky Way
19:32reveals these stars are not alone
19:38every single object in the Milky Way
19:41orbits around a single point in space
19:45the supermassive black hole
19:48Sagittarius A-star
19:51the center and master of our galaxy
20:01it is 26,000 light years away from Earth
20:05but even at this distance we cannot escape the grasp of this supermassive black hole
20:14the Earth is also moving around the center of the galaxy
20:17and we are traveling at 500,000 miles per hour
20:26Sagittarius A-star is not the only black hole that controls the galaxy
20:32as scientists scan more and more galaxies across the universe
20:38they are discovering a supermassive black hole at the center of every single one
20:46far from being rare
20:48supermassive black holes are everywhere
20:52there is millions and hundreds of millions of galaxies in the observable universe
20:56and there is a supermassive black hole at the center of each one?
20:59that is insane
21:04but it gets better
21:14supermassive black holes don't just anchor galaxies
21:19they may also build them
21:24a black hole's intense gravity pulls passing stars into orbit
21:30their combined mass attracts more and more stars
21:36and slowly forms the galaxies we see today
21:41with this supermassive black hole at their centers
21:44that is both master and maker
21:47this is forcing us to re-evaluate the way we thought galaxies formed in the first place
21:51and it also is making us re-evaluate the role that black holes have in the universe
21:56so you need black holes to get galaxies
22:00you need galaxies to form stars
22:03you need stars to form planetary systems
22:06you need planets to host beings like us
22:11and so the black hole is in fact an anchor for our very existence
22:20black holes are shaping our universe
22:23black holes are shaping our universe
22:25but could they also threaten the future of our galaxy?
22:42our universe may seem like a serene and peaceful place
22:48but looks are deceptive
22:52space looks really tranquil when we look at it from Earth
22:55it looks beautiful and peaceful
22:57but really there's a lot of violence going on out there
23:00stars are exploding
23:03galaxies are colliding
23:04so I see myself surrounded by a universe of drama
23:09our galaxy, the Milky Way, is heading for one of the most dramatic events in the cosmos
23:19in 4 billion years, it will smash into our nearest neighbor
23:25the Andromeda galaxy
23:29at 250,000 miles per hour
23:34the two galaxies will start to merge into a new super galaxy called
23:40Milkdromeda
23:42and their black holes are predicted to collide
23:51across the universe, black hole collisions are common
23:59but their dark nature makes it impossible to see what happens
24:02during these impacts
24:08Jameson Rollins hunts for these collisions
24:13he doesn't look at black holes
24:15he listens to them
24:19these are his ears
24:22LIGO, a 1 billion dollar network of tunnels and lasers
24:26we're really opening up a new window on the universe
24:31we're starting to listen to the universe in a way that we've never listened to it before
24:39the immense gravity of a black hole causes ripples in the fabric of space
24:48once online, LIGO will listen out for these gravitational waves
24:54LIGO is an L-shaped instrument where the lengths of the arms of the L are 2.5 miles long
25:00and we essentially shoot laser beams down the arm
25:05and we can very, very, very precisely measure the length of the space in the arm
25:12when a gravitational wave comes by
25:14it causes that space to very slightly shrink and expand
25:19and we can measure that
25:27this movement is tiny, less than the width of an atom
25:31but once the team completes LIGO in a few months
25:35they will be able to hear the sound of black holes colliding
25:40when they're orbiting around each other at a sort of constant rate
25:44you hear a single tone
25:46but as they emit the gravitational waves
25:49they get closer together
25:51they move faster
25:52and the signal goes up in pitch and in amplitude
25:56so it makes a chirp
25:59until they eventually collide and explode
26:05the sounds they will detect are just faint echoes of the real event
26:12the violence of a black hole collision is inconceivable
26:19deep inside a beam-shaped cloud of hot dense stellar debris
26:25the black holes fight for supremacy
26:31they accelerate as they get closer and closer
26:36finally, they smash into each other
26:42sending a massive shockwave tearing through the cosmos
26:49it's hard to say what I'm going to be feeling when the first signals come in
26:54I mean, I've been working on this my entire career
26:58and it will be incredibly exciting
27:01I'm sure we'll have a big party
27:04but if LIGO confirms our theories on black hole collisions
27:08the future looks grim for our galaxy
27:15when the black holes of the centers of the Milky Way and Andromeda merge
27:21they will create a monster
27:25a black hole powerful enough to consume millions of stars
27:32the survivors will face brutal reorganization under the new master
27:38the black holes extreme gravitational pull
27:41will throw planets into new orbits and cause stars to collide
27:48chaos will reign
27:51a single black hole will control the fate of trillions of stars and planets
27:59you might think the sun is powerful
28:01you might think even a big massive star is powerful
28:04but the most powerful of all is a black hole
28:09scientists have discovered how black holes form galaxies and dictate their futures
28:16but one big mystery remains
28:20what happens deep inside a black hole
28:42black holes were once just a theory
28:46black holes were once just a theory
28:54the galaxies and power the brightest lights in the cosmos
29:04but they still hide a secret
29:06something that even Einstein couldn't see
29:14what happens if we venture inside the event horizon
29:18the boundary surrounding a black hole from which light cannot escape
29:27I think that would be a pretty cool mission
29:29just the idea of exploring something like that
29:32I think that would be quite an opportunity for the astronauts of the future
29:37we actually have a pretty good understanding of what happens outside of a black hole
29:41but we don't know what happens at that final split second
29:44that shaved slice of time
29:47when you pass that point of no return and hit the event horizon
29:52in Scotland
29:53a remarkable experiment intends to reveal
29:56what's beyond the event horizon
30:04it's the brain child of Daniele Faccio
30:07it's basically unexplored territory
30:09and that's where we can really push the boundaries of our knowledge
30:13Faccio doesn't use a telescope
30:17and he's not an astronaut
30:20instead he makes black holes in his lab
30:25his key ingredient is light
30:29we have extremely powerful lasers
30:31which force the light to start to behave
30:34and start to flow as if it were a fluid
30:43near a black hole
30:44space also flows like a fluid
30:48it moves towards the event horizon
30:50like a river heading downstream
30:55imagine a flowing body of water
30:56and you're trying to swim against this flow
30:59what you'll feel is the river will try to drag you along with it
31:03and this is exactly what a gravitational field is doing
31:06outside the black hole
31:09Faccio forces light into a tight whirlpool
31:13just like matter descending into a real black hole
31:18and he's making scientific breakthroughs
31:23when he fires a wave of light towards one of his black holes
31:28something strange happens
31:30you can see these waves
31:32which aren't moving
31:34they're essentially frozen
31:37at the boundary of the horizon that we've generated
31:40these frozen waves confirm a prediction of Einstein's most famous theory
31:46relativity
31:52Einstein thought that near a black hole
31:55gravity would start stretching time
31:58a second would expand to years
32:01or even centuries
32:04seen from a distance
32:05objects would seem frozen in time
32:12exactly what Faccio sees
32:14with his experimental black holes
32:17he is confident
32:18the same thing happens in space
32:21if you were to observe a spaceship
32:24or someone falling into a black hole
32:26from very far away
32:27you would actually never see
32:29that person pass through
32:31the event horizon
32:33you would see them approach the event horizon
32:36time as seen from us
32:37would slow down
32:39and we'd see them slow down
32:40and essentially remain frozen
32:42on the event horizon forever
32:46but the astronauts inside the spaceship
32:49wouldn't notice time being stretched
32:53they'd experience the same gravity changes as their surroundings
33:00for them time passes normally
33:03while gravity drags them to the event horizon
33:10even Einstein didn't know what happens next
33:15but Faccio thinks his experiment
33:17will one day solve this scientific mystery
33:22it's as if this was a slice
33:25directly through the sphere
33:26of a real black hole
33:28this allows him to see beyond the event horizon
33:31and prove the inner workings of a black hole for the first time
33:37this is really exciting
33:38I think this is where all the new physics is hiding
33:43with this new scientific knowledge
33:46we would finally explain
33:47what happens inside a black hole
33:51for now
33:52what lies beyond the event horizon
33:56remains a mystery
33:59some think
34:00there's a fiery inferno
34:02it could be like a giant fire wall
34:04that everything gets sucked in at once
34:05that all smashes together
34:07and kind of vaporizes in a big explosion
34:09others predict something called
34:11a singularity
34:14it's where all space and time
34:16converge into a single point
34:18and time too
34:20time comes to a stop
34:21which is crazy to think about
34:25while some think the black hole
34:27spaghettifies everything that enters
34:30if you go into a black hole feet first
34:32then the force of gravity at your feet
34:34will be much stronger than the force of gravity at your head
34:37and you get stretched out into this long thin strip
34:40till eventually your molecules break apart
34:43and your atoms break apart
34:44and you basically go into the black hole
34:46as a thin strip of vapor
34:51black holes defy understanding
34:56but theoretically there could be something even stranger out there
35:03a black hole
35:05a black hole reversed
35:08a white hole
35:12instead of sucking matter in
35:15it spits it out into a frantic volcano of energy
35:21white holes could open up new horizons for humanity
35:28one of the amazing properties of black holes and white holes
35:31is that sometimes they can link to form a wormhole
35:34and when that happens
35:36you can enter the black hole at one place in the universe
35:39and exit the white hole at a very different place
35:42so in essence the black hole sucks you in
35:45and the white hole spits you out
35:48if these bridges exist
35:50they offer a tantalizing opportunity
35:56could we travel through these wormholes
36:00and what would this journey be like?
36:18once they were a science fiction writer's wildest dream
36:23but now scientists believe wormholes are very real
36:29and they could revolutionize space exploration
36:35the beauty of a wormhole is that it allows us to travel
36:38vast distances in almost no time at all
36:40imagine if I wanted to travel to the Milky Way galaxy
36:42that in this example is at this end of the paper
36:44to the Andromeda galaxy at this end of the paper
36:47that's 2 million light years
36:49even if I traveled at the speed of light
36:51it would take me 2 million years
36:53but with the wormhole you can bend space sufficiently
36:56that you can go from this side to that side
37:00in almost no time at all
37:06entering a wormhole would make unimaginable journeys possible
37:14we could take trips in days or even hours
37:17that would previously take billions of years
37:24barreling through this tear in the fabric of space
37:29the white hole would catapult you out in a completely different place
37:34and maybe even time
37:37if we can overcome one technical obstacle
37:41the problem is as soon as you enter the mouth of a wormhole
37:45it collapses
37:46it's like trying to get inside of a soap bubble
37:48as soon as you pierce that bubble
37:49it pops
37:53so there have been some scientists
37:55who say
37:56gee, maybe there's a way we can stop them from disappearing
37:59what do you do if you're at a restaurant
38:00and your table is a little bit wobbly
38:02and your drinks keep spilling
38:03well you wedge something under it
38:05to make it so it doesn't shake
38:06and it's nice and stable
38:07it's possible that something like that might exist for wormholes
38:13the cosmos is full of minute particles
38:16like electrons and protons
38:20when they interact
38:21they project short-lived bursts of energy
38:26scientists called them virtual particles
38:29and believe these surges in power
38:32could pry open a wormhole
38:37it sounds like science fiction
38:40but in Los Angeles
38:41a group of scientists is attacking the problem
38:48Umar Moheddin is building a device he hopes
38:51could allow humans to enter a wormhole
38:54it's exciting to be doing this kind of research
38:57I mean it's very motivating
38:59and there is the opportunity to make new discoveries
39:03you know that's part of the excitement of doing the research
39:06a component deep inside his machine
39:09has the power to revolutionize space exploration
39:14a microscopic metal ball
39:18Umar mounts this sphere next to a metal plate
39:21leaving only a minute gap between them
39:24the separation is very small
39:27in this case on the order of a micron
39:29which is about a 50th of the width of your hair
39:31so it's awfully small separation distance
39:34this tiny gap traps virtual particles
39:39and Umar thinks we can use these bursts of energy
39:42to try and force open a wormhole
39:46this is a frontier that you are trying to understand
39:49physical phenomena and properties of nature
39:51that are still under debate
39:54that's part of the excitement
39:59Umar's device only generates minute forces
40:06but a scaled up version could work
40:11to pry open a wormhole
40:13we'd have to build a huge metal sphere
40:15millions of miles wide
40:24then build another one right next to it
40:27no further away than a single atom
40:31finally we'd have to drop both spheres
40:34right into the mouth of a black hole
40:38then we could travel to the furthest corners of the universe
40:45when humanity
40:47has been able to expand the range over which we can travel
40:52and look
40:54and see
40:55and come to comprehend
40:57that has always led to new knowledge
41:00that we've used to increase the quality of human life
41:04mastering wormholes would likely continue that process
41:11just because we don't have the technology today
41:13that doesn't mean we're not going to have in the future
41:16think about it
41:17it was just about a hundred years ago
41:18that the Wright brothers took to the air
41:23even if wormholes don't exist
41:25even if wormholes can't exist
41:26the mathematics, the science, the physics
41:29of figuring them out
41:30theoretically can lead to new discoveries
41:33and things that we can use
41:35things that do exist
41:36and that can benefit humanity
41:38it is always worth investigating things like this
41:41it's why we call it exploration
41:46black holes can devour planets and stars in the blink of an eye
41:52but now we know they have a more positive role as well
42:04they build and control galaxies
42:07keeping order in the cosmos
42:11and one day they may propel us
42:14to the distant corners of the universe
42:19far from fearing black holes
42:22maybe we should learn to love them
42:26or horizon
42:27of greater than their perhaps
42:27and others
42:27who think we are?
42:28there are many concerns
42:28is a wonder if the stars of the universe
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