100 Most Unbelievable Discoveries That Changed History

KirTop Top 100

Ready for a wild ride through the weirdest discoveries that shaped history? From ancient beer and lost cities to mysterious pyramids and even a guy who tripped over his own beard—this video has it all! Dive in and let your curiosity run wild. Don't forget to subscribe for more awesome adventures and drop a comment sharing your favorite discovery! #history #archaeology #mystery #science #ancient  👉 This channel was created in collaboration with https://www.youtube.com/@kirtop-100samyh  0:00:00 - Unusual Ancient Discoveries Worldwide 0:11:19 - Unexpected Finds Impacting Civilization 0:21:00 - Artifacts, Mysteries, and Ancient Wonders 0:27:23 - Iconic Individuals, Manuscripts, and Legendary Events 0:34:41 - Photographic Records to Unanswered Mysteries 0:42:32 - Innovations and Ancient Technologies 0:52:39 - Prehistoric Peoples and Archaeological Wonders 1:01:56 - Recent Finds, Human Stories, and Societal Lessons  We're now available on Spotify! Listen now https://open.spotify.com/show/03446rMw7NEQKZvD764T3X

Transcript

00:00:00Kirtop here and these are the 100 most unusual discoveries that changed history.

00:00:08The oldest mineral on earth. In 2001 a unique zircon crystal was discovered in Australia

00:00:15which is recognized as the oldest mineral on earth. Its age is an impressive 4.4 billion years

00:00:23which makes it a witness to the earliest stages of our planet's formation. This tiny crystal gives

00:00:29scientists the opportunity to understand how the earth cooled and formed during its first few

00:00:33billion years. Today this rare artifact can be seen at the Geology Museum of the University of

00:00:38Wisconsin in Madison USA. Zircon is interesting not only because of its age but also because

00:00:44its resistance to destruction allows it to preserve information about ancient processes that took place

00:00:50on earth making it a true keeper of our planet's history. The oldest bread in the world. During

00:00:56excavations two years ago in the famous ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük archaeologists

00:01:03discovered a large structure which was used as a communal oven. Traces of plant and food remains

00:01:09were also found. Among them was an unusual porous residue with an interesting texture. Research has

00:01:15shown that this strange substance is actually the remains of fermented bread which according to

00:01:21radiocarbon analysis was made around 6600 BC. It can be said with confidence that this find in Çatalhöyük

00:01:29is the oldest bread in the world. Researchers were able to determine that this was an ordinary small

00:01:35size bread and was probably regularly consumed by a significant portion of the 70 000 inhabitants

00:01:41Çatalhöyük in 6600 BC. Interestingly the bread was actually not baked in the large oven where it was found.

00:01:49Technically speaking claiming that the discovered bread is the oldest in the world is incorrect.

00:01:55A few years ago archaeologists discovered remains identified as flat bread at a 14 000 year old

00:02:02hunter-gatherer site in Jordan known as Shubayka. And recently there was a report about bread that is

00:02:0834 000 years old in Australia. But the new discovery is the oldest form of leavened bread ever found which

00:02:15gives the Çatalhöyük artifact particular significance. Egypt is rewriting history. Archaeologists in Egypt

00:02:23have stumbled upon something absolutely astonishing. In Hierakonpolis, an ancient city on the banks of the

00:02:30Nile that was Egypt's cultural center before the pyramids, a cemetery was discovered but it was unusual.

00:02:36Dr. Renée Friedman and her team were expecting a routine excavation but what they found made them gasp in

00:02:42amazement. In the tombs alongside human remains there were unexpected guests. Baboons, wild cats,

00:02:49even hippopotamuses. You don't usually find these animals in Egypt. The most amazing thing is that all

00:02:54these animals were well cared for. They received treatment, were fed and even lived in captivity for

00:03:00a long time. According to Friedman this could have been the world's first zoo exhibit. These animals were

00:03:05symbols of power and might, demonstrations of wealth and control over the wild. This zoo is one of the

00:03:12most amazing discoveries in Egypt. Imagine how these ancient Egyptians cared for their wild pets using

00:03:19them in religious rituals and displaying their power. A statue of Buddha in Egypt. As part of a joint

00:03:27American-Polish archaeological expedition scientists made a remarkable discovery in Berenike, an ancient

00:03:34Egyptian port city from the Roman Empire era on the Red Sea. During the excavation, researchers found

00:03:40the marble statue of Buddha almost a meter tall. Buddha is depicted holding his robe in one hand while

00:03:46the other part of the figurine is missing. Behind the statue is a mandorla, symbolizing an enlightened mind

00:03:53with rays of light drawn in. In addition, there is a blooming lotus at the base. The artifact is dated

00:03:59to

00:03:59the 1st or 2nd centuries AD. This find testifies to commercial relations between Egypt and India in

00:04:06ancient times. Such connections may have begun before the 4th century BC. Soap is one of the oldest

00:04:13hygiene products. The first mention of soap was found by archaeologists on clay tablets from Mesopotamia,

00:04:20which are about three and a half thousand years old. However, many scientists believe that soap was used

00:04:26even earlier. In ancient Egypt, papyri found in the tombs of pharaohs contain mentions that rulers

00:04:32washed themselves using soap. At that time, soap was made from a mixture of fats and ash, which,

00:04:37when undergoing a chemical reaction, formed a soapy solution. This ancient product was important not

00:04:43only for hygiene, but also for treating skin diseases. Over time, soap recipes improved, and in ancient Rome,

00:04:50soap became more widespread. Thus, the history of soap spans thousands of years, and it has always played

00:04:57a key role in maintaining cleanliness and health. Mice ate an important message. Sometimes archaeologists

00:05:04make such amazing discoveries that it's hard to believe. One of the most unusual, extraordinary

00:05:09discoveries was an ancient Greek letter that was eaten by mice. It was written on a wooden tablet and

00:05:15contained an order to kill the messenger. Researchers were never able to prove whether this order was

00:05:20carried out. The letter, written between 257 and 248 BC, belonged to a man named Epharmostos. He sent it

00:05:29to his brother Zenon. The letter said, Greetings. The letter you wrote to Menon about Alekon's money was

00:05:36eaten by mice. You would do me a favor if you write quickly so that Kelekon is not delayed. Goodbye.

00:05:42The ancient Greeks often wrote letters on various topics. Family stories, news, love messages, political

00:05:48views. Letters were an important means of communication and literary expression. The first

00:05:53mention of a letter in Greek literature appeared in Homer's Iliad, where the king gives a tablet to

00:05:58Bellerophon. In the 6th century BC, Herodotus describes correspondence between King Amasis and the

00:06:04tyrant Polycreatic. Letters were written with a reed pen and ink on papyrus, which was then rolled up and

00:06:10tied with a thread. Official documents were sealed so that only the recipient could open them. In addition to

00:06:16papyrus, they used metal, wood, beeswax, clay tablets, limestone or animal skin. The oldest Greek

00:06:23letters were written on lead tablets around 500 BC. A Gothic cemetery with treasures. In Poland,

00:06:31in a quiet corner of a nature park, archaeologists discovered a real historical treasure. A 2000-year-old

00:06:37Gothic cemetery. It was there that members of the Goth tribe were buried. A people who played a key role

00:06:43in the events that led to the end of the vast Western Roman Empire and the beginning of a new

00:06:49era of medieval Europe. The first to come across this site was archaeologist Olaf Papkevich near the

00:06:54village of Stara Zeka. Immediately after that, scientists rushed to study an area of about 250

00:07:00square meters and found as many as 50 burials. The Goths are ancient Germanic tribes who left a huge mark

00:07:06on the history of Europe. During the excavation, archaeologists discovered amazing items. A shiny silver

00:07:12necklace, jewelry with snake motifs and even an entire urn. Scientists are sure that this is just

00:07:19the tip of the iceberg. Stone Age Bag. Around 2500 BC, a Neolithic resident in what is now Germany found

00:07:29a unique way to decorate his bag. During excavations near Leipzig in 2012, archaeologists discovered more

00:07:37than 100 dog teeth carefully arranged in a grave, which led them to believe that they decorated the

00:07:43flap of a bag. Archaeologists noted that over time the leather or fabric of the bag disappeared,

00:07:48leaving only the teeth all pointing in one direction. These teeth probably decorated the outer part of the

00:07:54bag. They are all arranged in the same way, which resembles a modern flap. These finds were made

00:08:00a deprofen quarry. Other important artifacts were also found in the same area, including the burial of

00:08:06a woman who lived around 1950 BC buried with half a kilogram of gold jewelry. However, even among such

00:08:13rich finds, the bag with dog teeth turned out to be a remarkable find. This is the first time archaeologists

00:08:19have found direct evidence of the existence of such an accessory. To decorate this bag, teeth from about 10 dogs

00:08:26were needed. In other burials from that time, archaeologists also found wolf teeth, dog teeth and shells,

00:08:32which apparently were used to decorate blankets and clothing. When the fabric decomposed, only these

00:08:38decorative elements remained. Bosnian pyramids. Mysterious structures have been discovered in Bosnia,

00:08:46which, according to some researchers, could be ancient structures about 12 000 years old. These massive

00:08:54formations first attracted the attention of archaeologists and enthusiasts in the early 2000s,

00:08:59when they were pointed out by the Bosnian archaeologist and businessman Semiros Managic.

00:09:04He claims that the pyramids were built by ancient people, and that they are much older than the

00:09:08well-known pyramids in Egypt. The complex consists of several pyramid-shaped structures, including the

00:09:13Pyramid of the Sunday, the Pyramid of the Moon, and the Pyramid of the Dragon. The Pyramid of the Sunday

00:09:19is

00:09:19the largest and reaches a height of about 220 meters, which makes it one of the tallest pyramids in the

00:09:25world. Osmanagic and his team have conducted numerous studies, including ground-penetrating

00:09:30radar scans and excavations, claiming to have found traces of ancient tunnels and stone blocks that

00:09:36indicate the pyramids are man-made. However, not all scientists agree with this point of view.

00:09:42Many geologists and archaeologists claim that these structures are natural formations created by

00:09:48geological processes. They point out that the geological structure of the region and the shape

00:09:55of the pyramids can be explained by natural forces such as erosion and tectonic movements. They remain

00:10:01one of the most mysterious and debated discoveries in modern archaeology. Ancient dice research at the

00:10:10Celtic settlement in Samborovice, Silesia, yielded a unique find, a 2000-year-old gaming die,

00:10:17the oldest one found in Poland to date. The Celts inhabited regions of modern southern Poland,

00:10:22including the Gubczyce Plateau, from the 4th to the 2nd century BC archaeological excavations in this

00:10:28area have been ongoing for 11 years. The most interesting find of this year was a die, discovered

00:10:34in a semi-subterranean structure. The die is made of bone or horn. Archaeologist Sojda explains that,

00:10:41although such dies are mainly known from settlements in Lower Austria, Bohemia and Moravia,

00:10:45they are rarely found in Samborovice. A few years ago gaming tokens were found there. A well-preserved

00:10:52iron fibula, a decorative clasp, was also discovered. This is a unique find in excellent condition,

00:10:58thanks to the protective layer that formed when it was exposed to fire. Every year the discoveries

00:11:04allow us to learn more about the life of the Celts in this region. An unusual resident of Tokyo, in

00:11:112006,

00:11:12an unusual discovery was made in Tokyo that shocked both the local population and the global community.

00:11:19In one of the city's apartments, a man discovered that strange things were happening in his home.

00:11:25Food was disappearing and things were moving around. But the most astonishing thing was that

00:11:30all the doors and windows always remained closed. After installing a video surveillance system,

00:11:36the man discovered something amazing. A woman would come out of a large overhead cabinet and use his

00:11:41food and belongings when the owner was not at home. It turned out that she had been living in that

00:11:45cabinet for several years. When she was apprehended, the woman explained that she had no permanent place

00:11:52to live and decided to settle in the cabinet when the apartment was empty. She would carefully hide when

00:11:57the owner came home and come out when he was away. Brewing. The history of beer dates back to the

00:12:05Neolithic era, more than 11,000 years ago. It is one of the oldest beverages that accompanied humanity in

00:12:11the early stages of its development. Some scientists even hypothesized that people started growing grain not for

00:12:18food but to brew beer. This beverage may not have just been a way to quench thirst but also played

00:12:23an

00:12:23important role in rituals and communication. Brewing is mentioned in one of the oldest literary works,

00:12:30the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is about 3,800 years old. This text created in Mesopotamia shows that even

00:12:38then beer was known and valued in society. Beer also played an important role in the legislation of that time.

00:12:44In the Code of Hammurabi, the collection of Babylonian laws, drinking establishments were mentioned as

00:12:49places that were monitored especially closely. The owner of a tavern had to maintain order and if

00:12:55criminals gathered in his establishment, he could be sentenced to death. The ancient Egyptians were

00:13:01also great lovers of beer. The builders of the pyramids received a liter of beer every day for their work.

00:13:08Interestingly, high-ranking officials received as much as five liters a day which highlights how

00:13:13important beer was in ancient society. Lost ancient cities. Archaeologists have discovered ancient

00:13:21cities in the Amazon rainforests, where about 2,000 years ago up to 30,000 people could have lived.

00:13:27This was reported in the journal Science. Using ultrasonic radar, a team led by Steven Royston from the

00:13:33French National Center for Scientific Research explored the area and found many structures and roads

00:13:39underground. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Quilomope and Upanu peoples lived here.

00:13:45Royston called this place the Lost Valley of Ancient Cities, emphasizing its uniqueness and importance

00:13:50for understanding the history of the Amazon. The discovered cities, built over a vast area,

00:13:55included residential and public buildings surrounded by agricultural fields with drainage canals.

00:14:01Roads connected the cities, some of which reached up to 20 kilometers in length. Royston notes that the

00:14:07locals used clay instead of stone for construction. These cities existed from 500 BC to 300-600 AD.

00:14:16They existed in parallel with the Roman Empire in Europe and lasted for about 1,000 years.

00:14:22Thracian Chariot. In November 2008, archaeologists discovered in southeastern Bulgaria,

00:14:28in an ancient Thracian tomb, a unique bronze chariot dating back to the end of the 2nd century AD,

00:14:34this richly decorated chariot is one of the few found in Bulgaria and serves as evidence of ritual

00:14:40practices that accompanied the funerals of prominent figures of the Thracian people who believed in a

00:14:46better life after death. The deceased were offered all the items they needed in life and the higher

00:14:50the status of the deceased, the richer the burial gifts were. The bronze chariot, covered with wood,

00:14:55is decorated with scenes from Thracian mythology, with images of the god Eros, a leaping panther,

00:15:01and a mythical creature with the body of a panther and the tail of a dolphin. The wheels of the

00:15:06chariot are

00:15:06about one and a half meters in diameter. The discovery of a four-wheeled chariot, especially with such large wheel

00:15:13diameters, is extremely rare. Well-preserved wooden parts of the chariots were found at the archaeological

00:15:19excavation site, tableware, glassware, wooden and leather items, probably parts of horse harnesses,

00:15:25and other offerings that were used for the burial of a wealthy Thracian noble.

00:15:31The oldest Christian church. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of an Armenian church that

00:15:37is almost 2000 years old, which makes it one of the oldest in the world and the oldest in Armenia.

00:15:44The University of Münster in Germany, which cooperated with the Armenian Academy of Sciences during the

00:15:49excavations, called this discovery sensational evidence of early Christianity in Armenia. The

00:15:54church was found during excavations in Artashat, which was once a thriving center of metallurgy.

00:15:59The church was located in the metropolis and capital of the ancient Armenian kingdom. Experts believe

00:16:04that the church was built in the 4th century AD at the same time as the Etchmyadzin Cathedral,

00:16:09the first Armenian church, which is considered the oldest in the world. The discovered building is the

00:16:16oldest archaeologically confirmed church in Armenia. This is the first known octagonal church in Armenia.

00:16:23Similar structures are found on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and also date to the 4th

00:16:28century. The church resembled early Christian memorial buildings. Its diameter was about 30 meters.

00:16:33The floor was made of a mixture of sand and cement and the walls were made of terracotta, probably brought

00:16:40from Greece or Italy. Scientists also discovered traces of wooden platforms, which made it possible

00:16:46to accurately date the structure using radiocarbon analysis. The Hieroglyphic Stairway in Copan

00:16:53The ancient city of Copan, located in the western part of modern Honduras, is known for its outstanding

00:17:00architectural structures and numerous monuments that testify to the high development of this civilization.

00:17:06One of the most famous monuments in Copan is the Hieroglyphic Stairway, which is considered one of

00:17:11the largest and most complex Maya inscriptions. The Hieroglyphic Stairway in Copan consists of 63 steps

00:17:18on which more than 2200 hieroglyphs are carved. The stairway serves as an important source of information

00:17:24about the dynastic history of Copan and its rulers. The Hieroglyphs on the stairway tell about the feats

00:17:31and achievements of the kings, as well as about religious and ritual events associated with their reign.

00:17:36Ernst Forstemann, an outstanding German scholar, played a key role in deciphering the Maya Hieroglyphs.

00:17:42At the end of the 19th century, he made significant progress in understanding the Maya writing system,

00:17:47which allowed him to read many texts, including those found on the Hieroglyphic Stairway.

00:17:52The Maya Hieroglyphs represent a complex writing system that combines phonetic and ideographic elements.

00:18:00Modern technologies have greatly advanced the study of Maya Hieroglyphs.

00:18:04The use of 3D scanning and photogrammetry for digital analysis allows researchers to create accurate

00:18:10models of hieroglyphic texts and analyze them with a high degree of detail. Machine learning and artificial

00:18:16intelligence technologies help automate the processes of deciphering and comparing texts,

00:18:21methods, which speeds up and simplifies the work of scientists.

00:18:24A man who was killed by his own beard.

00:18:27Hans Steininger, a famous Austrian politician of the 16th century, is famous not only for his work

00:18:34as mayor in Brunau M. Inn, but also for his unusually long beard. His beard reached about 1.5 meters

00:18:41and required special care, including carrying it in special bags. However, it was this luxurious beard that

00:18:47led to his tragic end, according to one version. On September 28, 1567, when a fire broke out in Brunau

00:18:55M. Inn,

00:18:55Steininger hurried to calm the townspeople, but forgot to put his beard in the bag. Tripping over it on the

00:19:01stairs,

00:19:01he fell and broke his neck. According to another version noted by the 19th century traveler Eosif Kiselak,

00:19:07the tragedy happened when Steininger was running to meet the prince and tripped over his own beard.

00:19:12This case is considered one of the few documented cases of death by beard in history.

00:19:17In honor of Steininger, a stone statue was erected in the city,

00:19:21reminding people of him as the famous mayor with an unusual beard.

00:19:25Tourists can see this monument, which has become one of the attractions of Brunau Amin.

00:19:30And what do you think? Could a beard really be the cause of the mayor's death?

00:19:34Write your opinion in the comments below the video.

00:19:37Parasite eggs that are 200 million years old.

00:19:41Modern parasites, as we know, play a key role in ecosystems.

00:19:46However, paleontologists from Mahasarakam University in Thailand have made a breakthrough

00:19:50in understanding their historical presence. By examining the fossilized excrement of ancient

00:19:55animals, they found ancient parasites in them, including roundworms and ascarids.

00:20:00This discovery followed a report about the revival of an ancient worm from

00:20:04the Siberian permafrost by Russian scientists. Working with coprolites about 200 million years

00:20:09old, scientists discovered structures corresponding to five species of parasites.

00:20:14Interest in these fossils arose thanks to local residents of Thailand

00:20:17who considered them talismans and good luck charms because of their unusual shape.

00:20:22This is the first known example of finding parasites in a terrestrial vertebrate

00:20:26from the late Triassic period in Asia.

00:20:28It is also one of the few records of preserved ascarid eggs in the coprolites of ancient animals.

00:20:34These parasites were found in the excrement which apparently belonged to a phytosaur or

00:20:39another crocodile-like reptile from the Triassic period.

00:20:42The discovery enhances our understanding of how parasites interacted with their hosts in ancient times.

00:20:50Board games. Humanity's love for board games began thousands of years ago.

00:20:54These games appeared before many civilizations and have accompanied people for millennia.

00:21:00The oldest game, according to archaeologists, was dice games. Dice found during excavations and

00:21:06dated to more than 5000 years ago are almost indistinguishable from modern ones. This confirms

00:21:12that the excitement for games existed even in prehistoric times. One of the oldest board games with pieces is

00:21:18the Egyptian game Senet, which originated around 3500 BC. According to legend, it was invented by the

00:21:25god of wisdom Thoth to lift a curse from the sky goddess Nat, which had been placed by the moon

00:21:30god Konsu.

00:21:31Senet was not just entertainment, but also a game with sacred meaning, symbolizing the struggle between

00:21:36good and evil, as well as the soul's journey to the afterlife. In the east, one of the oldest games

00:21:41is

00:21:41considered to be Go, whose history dates back to around 2000 BC. This strategic game, still popular today,

00:21:49symbolized wisdom and concentration. Backgammon, on the other hand, probably originated in ancient Iran

00:21:55and appeared about 5000 years ago, although the rules were only documented in Byzantium in the 5th century AD.

00:22:01The Romans also loved board games and played them in taverns where they ate and entertained themselves.

00:22:06Often, game boards were carved directly into the tables. Although gambling games were prohibited

00:22:12on the streets, they could be played freely indoors. Archaeologists have also discovered loaded dice

00:22:18with weights inside, which shows that people tried to cheat even in ancient times. The mummy of Hanna

00:22:25Beswick. The fear of being buried alive is not just myths and legends. Tapophobia, or the fear of premature

00:22:31burial, troubled the minds of many famous people, such as Chopin and Gogol. However, the story of Hanna

00:22:38Beswick, a resident of Falesworth in the 18th century, is especially striking. Hanna was shocked by the

00:22:44case of her brother John, who narrowly escaped being buried alive. He was found in a state of lethargic

00:22:50sleep during his own funeral. This incident affected Hanna so much that she resorted to unusual measures to

00:22:56protect herself from a similar fate. She turned to Dr. Charles White to confirm that she was truly dead

00:23:02before burial. Dr. White, known for his interest in pathological anatomy, made the unusual decision

00:23:09to embalm Hanna's body. He removed all her internal organs and replaced them with a preserving mixture.

00:23:15In this way, he ensured that Hanna would not wake up in the coffin. However, after Hanna's death in 1758,

00:23:22her body was not buried. Rumors said that Dr. White used the money left for the funeral for his own

00:23:28purposes. Hanna's body was kept for a long time in an unusual container, the case of a large wall clock,

00:23:34and was later transferred to the Manchester Museum of Natural History. Only more than a hundred years

00:23:40after her death, in 1868 Hanna Beswick was officially declared dead and buried in the Manchester cemetery.

00:23:47Interestingly, after her burial, many people claimed to have seen her ghost, but it never harmed anyone.

00:23:54A cave with a primeval ancient forest? In China, researchers discovered a remarkable object,

00:24:01a giant karst sinkhole. Inside of which is hidden an ancient forest unlike any known before. This

00:24:08geological phenomenon is located in Lei County, Guangxi Lei. Many similar sinkholes have been found in this area,

00:24:15but the size of this one defies imagination. This sinkhole has a volume of 5 million cubic meters,

00:24:22its depth is 192 meters, its length is 306 and its width is 150. However, the real wonder is hidden

00:24:30inside. After descending to the bottom, a group of speleologists discovered an amazing forest there,

00:24:35with ancient trees up to 40 meters tall. These trees are surrounded by dense undergrowth, almost as tall

00:24:41as a person indicating a unique ecosystem. Experts from the Institute of Karst Geology believe that

00:24:47plants unknown to science may be growing here. This place presents a unique opportunity to study the

00:24:52ancient world and possibly discover new forms of life. This ancient forest in a giant karst sinkhole in

00:24:58China is a real mystery for science. Scientists from all over the world are already prepared to come and

00:25:04conduct research, possibly discovering new species of plants and animals. When the research is completed,

00:25:10this place may open to tourists, allowing us to personally see this amazing corner of nature.

00:25:15A REAL INDIANA JONES DISCOVERY

00:25:20Archaeologists made an amazing discovery under one of Jordan's largest tourist attractions.

00:25:25Twelve completely preserved skeletons found in a tomb beneath the famous

00:25:30structure in Petra, known as the Treasury. This place became famous thanks to the movie Indiana

00:25:36Jones and the Last Crusade. The Treasury, which is believed to be a mausoleum, was carved by the

00:25:41Nabataeans about 2000 years ago. Petra was the capital of the Nabataean kingdom and its majestic

00:25:47structures carved from pink stone still capture the imagination. This discovery will help us learn more

00:25:52about the ancient Nabataeans. Many other tombs in Petra contained only fragments of human remains,

00:25:57but in this tomb, twelve complete skeletons were found. This important discovery will allow

00:26:03researchers to study the rituals related to the life and death of the Nabataeans,

00:26:07as well as their way of life, based on the analysis of teeth and bones. A preliminary dating of the

00:26:13tomb

00:26:13places it between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD at the height of the Nabataean kingdom,

00:26:19which was annexed by Rome in the year 106. In one of the skeletons, a ceramic vessel was found that

00:26:25resembles the famous cop from the Indiana Jones movie, which added extra intrigue to the discovery,

00:26:31a portal to the Underworld. Last year, a unique artifact, a portal to the Underworld,

00:26:38was returned to Mexico after being stolen and taken to the United States in the 1960s.

00:26:43Recently, scientists completed the restoration and returned it to its original location in central

00:26:48Mexico. This monument, created by the Olmec civilization, was long considered a gateway to the

00:26:55Otherworld. In the 1960s, it was stolen from Chalcatsingo, a well-known Olmec archaeological site,

00:27:01where it depicted a mythical cat with gaping jaws, a symbol of entry into the spiritual world.

00:27:07The monument dates back to the pre-classic period, between 1900 and 400 BCE. The thieves smashed the

00:27:14artifact with hammers to make it easier to transport, but they did not damage its main features. It was

00:27:20smuggled into the United States, where it ended up on the illegal antiquities market. In 1968, the

00:27:25artifact ended up in a New York museum under the name Earth Monster. Archaeologist David Grove recognized

00:27:31the Olmec origin of the monument and noted its similarity to other sculptures in Chalcatsingo,

00:27:36especially the eyes shaped like the Olmec cross and the bromeliad flowers near the horn.

00:27:41The aluminum wedge, the aluminum wedge of AIUD, also known as the AIUD object, is one of the most

00:27:48mysterious and controversial discoveries of our time. According to various sources, it was discovered

00:27:54in 1973 in Romania on the bank of the Muresh river under a layer of sand about 10 meters deep,

00:28:01next to the

00:28:01bones of a mastodon. The main reason for the conspiracy theory surrounding the aluminum wedge of AIUD,

00:28:07is that it is made of aluminum, a material unknown to humanity until the 1800s, while it is believed

00:28:15that the wedge is about 10,000 years old. The composition of the wedge includes 89% aluminum,

00:28:216.2% copper, 1.8% zinc and other elements. The production of aluminum requires a temperature

00:28:29of 1000 degrees and mass production only began in 1885. The wedge is covered with a thick layer of

00:28:36oxide, which is estimated to be 300 to 400 years old. After its discovery, the object was transferred

00:28:41to the Cluj-Napoca Archaeological Institute for research. However, the dating method is not specified.

00:28:47The basis for the theory of the wedge's extraterrestrial origin is its aluminum composition.

00:28:52Romanian ufologist Florin Georgita and other researchers consider the wedge to be evidence of

00:28:57extraterrestrial activity in the past. However, there are also scientists who believe the

00:29:01find is a forgery, with its purpose and origin remaining unclear. Since 1995, the AIUD wedge has

00:29:08no longer been displayed publicly and is kept in an unknown location, although there are photographs

00:29:14confirming its existence. The cat was kneading dough. This discovery was made during excavations on Mount Zion

00:29:22in Jerusalem, where among numerous finds, a fragment of a clay jug was discovered with cat paw prints

00:29:28and claw marks. These marks belonged to a cat that probably needed the clay while it was still drying

00:29:34before firing. This is the first such find in archaeology, confirming that the cat felt comfortable

00:29:41enough to display typical feline behavior on the clay. The fragment of the jug dates back to the

00:29:47Abbasid era, around 750 AD. The traces were not discovered immediately during the excavation,

00:29:54but in the laboratory, when the laboratory director, Gret Henkotter, was carefully studying the materials

00:30:00found on Mount Zion. The size of the paw print is about 3 by 3 cm, and the depth of

00:30:05the claw marks

00:30:06indicates that the cat probably stretched and extended its claws, leaving deep marks on the wet clay.

00:30:12Cat kneading is an instinctive behavior that is usually associated with a sense of security and contentment.

00:30:19Cats do this when they feel relaxed and content. Such animal prints on clay artifacts are not uncommon

00:30:26in archaeology, but this is the first time evidence has been found that the cat left claw marks during

00:30:31kneading. Other animals, such as dogs or birds, often left tracks on clay that was drying before firing.

00:30:37This case is unique not only because kneading was recorded on a ceramic artifact for the first time,

00:30:43but also because this ancient feline behavior has changed very little over thousands of years.

00:30:49Cats continue to knead soft surfaces, whether it's a blanket, pillows or our laps, which brings them a

00:30:55sense of calm and pleasure. The sarcophagus of Lord Pakal. Lord Pakal, also known as Pakal the Great,

00:31:03was a ruler of the city of Palenque in the Maya civilization. He ruled from 615 to 683 AD and

00:31:10is

00:31:10known for his significant contributions to the development of the city and its culture.

00:31:15Pakal the Great left behind many architectural achievements, including the Temple of the

00:31:19Inscriptions, where his sarcophagus was discovered. The lid of Lord Pakal's sarcophagus is decorated with

00:31:24intricate images that have sparked many interpretations and debates. It depicts Pakal sitting in an unusual pose,

00:31:30surrounded by symbols and hieroglyphs. His position and surroundings have given rise to various

00:31:36interpretations, including theories about contact with extraterrestrial civilizations.

00:31:41Erich von Daniken, a proponent of the ancient astronaut theory, interprets the image on the

00:31:46sarcophagus lid as evidence of the Maya's contact with aliens. He claims that Pakal is depicted in the

00:31:51position of a spaceship pilot, with his hands, feet and back supposedly operating some kind of device.

00:31:57According to Daniken, this suggests that Pakal might have been connected to extraterrestrial technologies.

00:32:03Archaeologists and historians suggest alternative explanations. They believe that the image on the

00:32:08sarcophagus symbolizes Pakal's journey to the afterlife and his connection with the Maya deities.

00:32:14According to them, Pakal's pose represents him as a mediator between the earthly world and the spirit

00:32:19world, not as a pilot of a spaceship. Could Lord Pakal really have been an alien? This hypothesis remains highly

00:32:26controversial and lacks scientific evidence. Despite the interesting interpretations proposed by Daniken,

00:32:32most scientists tend to consider these theories as fantastical and not based on real data.

00:32:37Other artifacts found in Palenque and other Maya cities support traditional interpretations.

00:32:42For example, numerous inscriptions and images depict scenes from Maya life,

00:32:47their religious rituals and mythological beliefs. These findings confirm that Pakal and his sarcophagus were part of

00:32:54the Maya cultural and religious context, not evidence of extraterrestrial contact.

00:33:01Aztec Macuahuitl, 600 years old. The Aztec Macuahuitl is not just a weapon.

00:33:08It's a symbol of the greatness and power of the Aztec empire, combining ruthless efficiency and sacred

00:33:14significance. In shape, it resembles a wooden sword, but its unique feature is that the blade is made of sharp

00:33:20shards of obsidian volcanic glass, which the Aztecs used alongside metals. The Macuahuitl was not just a

00:33:27weapon of war, but also a sacred symbol. According to legend, these swords were used by the god of war

00:33:34and Sunday Huitzilopochtli himself. It could cut a person in half with a single blow. Its astonishing

00:33:40cutting ability was so great that it was believed it could sever a horse's head with one strike. Despite its

00:33:46effectiveness, the Macuahuitl also had symbolic significance. In Aztec culture, wars were often

00:33:53waged not to destroy the enemy, but to capture prisoners who were then sacrificed to the gods.

00:33:58Thus, this sword became an instrument connecting earthly warfare and religion with the divine.

00:34:05The making of the Macuahuitl was a complex process. To create the blade, the sharpest and highest quality

00:34:11pieces of obsidian had to be selected. Then they were inserted into a wooden base and secured with natural resins.

00:34:18A life buoy? The Assyrians are known for their military achievements and technological innovations,

00:34:25which had a significant impact on history. They created the first regular army, introduced cavalry,

00:34:31replaced chariots, built ladders and developed military engineering units with siege weapons.

00:34:36These innovations made the Assyrians one of the most powerful military forces of their time.

00:34:41But aside from their notorious brutality on the battlefield, there's an interesting fact about

00:34:46how they solved the problem of crossing rivers. One of the unique inventions of the Assyrians was an

00:34:52individual flotation device, a prototype of the modern life ring. These skin bags, made from animal hides,

00:34:58were easy to inflate and help them stay afloat, allowing warriors to cross rivers safely and avoid the danger of

00:35:05drowning.

00:35:05This simple yet ingenious idea was extremely effective and allowed the Assyrians to move quickly even

00:35:11through difficult water obstacles, giving them a tactical advantage. This invention can be seen as an

00:35:17early predecessor of modern life buoys. Such skin bags helped not only warriors, but were also used in

00:35:24everyday life for ferrying people and goods. This method was practical and widely used in regions with large

00:35:30rivers and bodies of water. The most dangerous manuscript in the world. Marie Curie is a well-known

00:35:37experimental scientist, an outstanding chemist, a researcher of radioactivity, who received two

00:35:43Nobel prizes, one in 1903 in physics and the second in 1911 in chemistry. But why are her notebooks

00:35:51considered dangerous? The answer lies not in the knowledge they contain. Maria Curie, together with her

00:35:56husband Pierre Curie, discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium and developed methods

00:36:01for isolating radioactive isotopes. When the scientists discovered radium, they had no idea about its

00:36:07harmful effects on the body, so they took no protective measures. They carried samples of the

00:36:12substance in their pockets and stored them without precautions.

00:36:15Maria Curie died in 1934 from a plastic anemia, a blood disorder caused by radiation. Many scientists

00:36:23who worked with her also died from leukemia and other radiation-related diseases. During her work in the

00:36:29laboratory, Curie received a huge dose of radiation and became radioactive herself. After her death,

00:36:36she was buried in a lead coffin that blocks radiation. Personal belongings, including notebooks,

00:36:41were transferred to the National Library of France, where they are kept in lead boxes because they

00:36:46remain radioactive. Today, access to Marie Curie's notebook is restricted. To view her manuscripts,

00:36:53you need to sign a liability waiver at the National Library of France and get permission. The records can

00:36:59be viewed only in a special room, away from the other reading rooms. The visitor must wear protective

00:37:05clothing and use a dosimeter. Experts have determined that the radiation dose for a person in protective

00:37:11gear working with Curie's notebooks is negligible. Even with regular contact throughout the year,

00:37:17the maximum radiation dose will be about 10 microsieverts per hour-hour. For comparison, during a

00:37:22flight at an altitude of 10 kilometers a person receives 5 microsieverts per hour-hour. Thus, a two-hour

00:37:28flight from Berlin to Barcelona will give you the same radiation dose as a year of working with Curie's

00:37:33notebooks. Curie's notebooks remain the most dangerous among known manuscripts due to their radioactivity.

00:37:39Reading them without protective gear is extremely dangerous. Marie Curie's personal belongings cannot

00:37:44be touched without protection for about another 1500 years, since the half-life of Radium-226 is 1600 years.

00:37:54The moment Ernest Shackleton's ship sank, the discovery of the Endurance under the Antarctic ice in 2022 was a

00:38:01real miracle. Now, thanks to modern 3D scans, we can see the ship that sank in 1915 in the finest

00:38:10detail.

00:38:11These scans show what the ship looked like when it was trapped by ice during the Imperial

00:38:16Trans-Antarctic expedition led by Ernest Shackleton. The technology used for scanning made it possible to

00:38:23capture details such as plates scattered across the deck, a boot by the railing, and even traces of a

00:38:29signal flare fired as a farewell to the ship. It has been preserved almost in its original state,

00:38:35as if it sank just recently. These unique 3D scans allow scientists to study the ship,

00:38:40which, due to its remote location and ice cover, is considered one of the most inaccessible in the world.

00:38:47The mystery of Japanese figurines. There is a sense of mystique surrounding ancient Japanese art,

00:38:53especially among Western scholars, centered on what these small alien-like figures mean. The charming

00:38:59clay Dogu figurines found within the prehistoric Jomon period. Why do Dogu share such similar features

00:39:06despite the diversity of craftsmen and regents? And how can we make sense of works created by people

00:39:12with whom we have no way to communicate? They were mainly discovered in the Western part of Japan

00:39:18since the 17th century and have a unique appearance. To modern people, they may look similar to aliens

00:39:24because of their bulging eyes and exaggerated proportions. But it is assumed that they depict

00:39:30humanoid, probably female figures with wide hips and feminine breasts. Archaeologists and cultural

00:39:38experts are still not sure about the exact purpose of Dogu in ancient society. There is a theory that the

00:39:43figurines served as aids in childbirth or a symbol of fertility. Such similarities between Dogu and

00:39:49fertility figurines from other cultures suggest that they probably symbolize the pregnant female body.

00:39:55The Jomon period covers a vast span of time and includes various stages from early to late,

00:40:01each characterized by its own unique features. In the making of pottery and the use of Dogu for

00:40:07shamanistic or ritual purposes. In modern Japan, Dogu have gained new life becoming an icon in video

00:40:14games and pop culture, demonstrating their influence far beyond the historical Jomon period and expanding

00:40:20their presence in the modern world where they are embodied in various artistic and cultural forms.

00:40:27Eight hidden rooms in the pyramid. Specialists from Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg,

00:40:34while working on the restoration of the Sahure Pyramid, discovered eight previously unexplored rooms.

00:40:41This pyramid, built about 4,400 years ago, is the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Sahure from the 5th

00:40:47dynasty. Although the site was studied in the 19th and 20th centuries, the current work has led to new

00:40:54discoveries. The main task of the researchers was to reinforce the foundation of the pyramid to prevent

00:41:00its further destruction. Thanks to 3D laser scanning technology, detailed plans of the pyramid were

00:41:06created, including its internal chambers. As a result of the research, a secret corridor was discovered,

00:41:12leading to previously unexplored rooms. The condition of these chambers raises a number of questions,

00:41:18including questions about their original contents. After the discovery of the new rooms,

00:41:23restoration work began. Scientists intend to continue studying the pyramid in search of further

00:41:28discoveries. They believe that future findings may reshape our understanding of the history and

00:41:34architecture of pyramids. The oldest photographs of people. Among the old photographs in family albums,

00:41:41you can find rare pictures of ancestors born in the early 19th century. But who was the very first person

00:41:48to be photographed? Several historical figures whose photographs have survived to this day claim this

00:41:54title. Hannah Steeley Gorby. She was born in 1746 and lived in Delaware. Apparently Hannah was a housewife

00:42:04and a farmer. The photograph of Steeley was taken in 1839 when she was 93 years old. This is one

00:42:11of the oldest

00:42:12photographs of a person that has been preserved. Conrad Hare. This man was born in Aldo

00:42:18Borough when it was part of the province of Massachusetts Bay. He was born around 1753,

00:42:24although the year of his birth is disputed. It is believed that his photograph was taken in the early

00:42:301850s. Mary Manro Sanderson. Born in 1748 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Mary lived until 1852 when she

00:42:41was 104 years old. Aunt Moser. Her photograph was taken in 1852 at the time of the photo. According to

00:42:49various sources she was 103 years old. This also makes her one of the oldest women ever photographed.

00:42:57Ezra Green. Born in 1746 in Massachusetts, Ezra became a military surgeon. He lived to be 101 years old and

00:43:05died

00:43:05in 1847. The photograph of Green is one of the earliest surviving ones. John Adams. John was born

00:43:12in 1744 and in addition to serving in the army worked as a shoemaker. Two years before his death

00:43:19at the age of 104 he posed for a daguerreotype portrait which is considered one of the oldest.

00:43:25Baltus Stone. A veteran of George Washington's army born in 1747 posed for photographs at the age of 103

00:43:32shortly after that he passed away. John Owen. Born in 1735 in Salisbury. Owen lived to be 107 years old

00:43:41making him one of the longest lived people ever photographed. Caesar, an African slave, was born

00:43:48around 1737. During his life he outlived several generations of owners. At the age of 115 he posed for

00:43:56one of the earliest daguerreotype portraits of African Americans. Caesar died in 1852 leaving

00:44:02behind a rare testimony of the lives of black people in the 19th century. All these people left

00:44:08their mark on history not only because of their long lives but also because their images were preserved

00:44:13in photographs allowing us to see the past. A new Roman dodecahedron. New. In England, amateur

00:44:21archaeologists have discovered a unique dodecahedron from the Roman era. This find made in a farmer's

00:44:27field in Lincolnshire is a 12-sided metal figure about the size of a grapefruit. It was found during

00:44:32excavations where Roman coins had previously been discovered thanks to metal detectors. The discovery

00:44:38of a completely intact dodecahedron and one larger than usual was a surprise for the participants of the

00:44:44excavation. More than 100 similar dodecahedrons have been found in northwestern Europe dating from the

00:44:501st to the 3rd centuries AD and usually made of bronze they have holes of different sizes on each

00:44:56face and spikes on the corners. The purpose of these objects still remains a mystery to scientists.

00:45:02There are hypotheses that these could have been dice, maceheads, sling stones, rangefinders for Roman

00:45:08artillery or even objects for divination. An ancient marble disc. The underwater world of the

00:45:16Mediterranean sea hides not only colorful fish but also the secrets of ancient civilizations.

00:45:21Israeli diver David Shalom made an incredible discovery near Palmachim beach. On the sea floor

00:45:25he found a marble disc that is 2,400 years old. Only four such discs are known in the entire

00:45:31world.

00:45:32Ancient ships were decorated with these discs which served not only as decoration but also as protection

00:45:38against the evil eye. These sea amulets look like eyes helping sailors navigate the waters and warning

00:45:44them of possible dangers. This disc has a diameter of 20 centimeters. One side is flat, the other is

00:45:50convex. Most importantly traces of paint have still been preserved on it. Ancient banks. The practice

00:45:58of lending valuables at interest originated in ancient times, long before the appearance of money.

00:46:04Even back then people exchanged goods or services with the obligation to return more than they received.

00:46:09With the emergence of a monetary economy usury became the basis of credit operations.

00:46:14In one of the oldest legal documents, the code of Hammurabi, compiled in the 18th century BC,

00:46:20there are already articles. For example, Babylonian laws limited the interest rate and prohibited

00:46:27collecting debts from people affected by natural disasters which can be seen as an early form of

00:46:33borrower protection. Real banks, as full-fledged credit institutions, appeared in Babylon around

00:46:38the 8th century BC. These institutions provided services related to money storage, lending and

00:46:44currency exchange. In ancient Greece banking functions were performed by trapezites, people who were engaged

00:46:49in currency exchange. However, their activities were not limited to this. They opened accounts for their

00:46:55clients, provided loans and even carried out money transfers. Thus even then banks played an important role in the

00:47:01economy. In ancient times and the middle ages, lending and interest was often condemned and prohibited by

00:47:06religions. Christianity and Islam actively fought against usury, considering it an immoral practice.

00:47:14Nevertheless, the need for loans always existed and people found ways to bypass religious prohibitions.

00:47:20For example, in medieval Europe, Jews were involved in lending. Christian prohibitions did not apply to them

00:47:25and they often became moneylenders which made them an important part of the economic system of that time.

00:47:31The Mysterious Betts Sphere

00:47:34The origin of the Betts Sphere, which was found by a family from Florida in 1974,

00:47:39is still surrounded by conspiracy theories. Some suggest an extraterrestrial origin for this find.

00:47:45However, both the military and ufologists have concluded that the object was man-made.

00:47:50Nevertheless, the mystery of the sphere continues to live on. The Betts family found the sphere after a fire,

00:47:57assuming it was a cannonball from the time of the Spanish colonizers. However, the ball turned out

00:48:01to be completely clean and shiny, unlike any weapon from that era. In the house, the sphere began to

00:48:07display mysterious behavior, moving on its own and making sounds. Interest in the sphere grew after a

00:48:13series of expert studies which were unable to fully uncover its secret. Nevertheless, scientists tend to

00:48:19believe the sphere has an earthly origin, referring to its steel composition. Still, the Betts Sphere continues

00:48:25to intrigue people, becoming the subject of speculation and conspiracy theories. Some suggest it is connected

00:48:31to extraterrestrial civilizations, while others see it as merely a lost human artifact.

00:48:391,000 years old Among the many archaeological

00:48:43discoveries related to the Vikings, the Ulfbert swords hold a special place. These swords, made

00:48:49around the 10th and 11th centuries, are renowned for their unique strength and the quality of their steel,

00:48:55sometimes even surpassing some modern examples. Ulfbert is not just a name, it's a mark of quality.

00:49:01This exact inscription was forged onto the blade of most of these swords. But who or what stands

00:49:07behind this name is still a matter of debate. Some researchers believe that Ulfbert is the name

00:49:13of a master or blacksmith, while others think it's a kind of brand that guarantees the highest standard

00:49:18of quality. The mystery of these swords lies not only in their origin, their manufacturing methods are

00:49:25also astonishing. The steel for Ulfbert swords was refined to remove impurities with incredible precision,

00:49:30which in turn made them both incredibly strong and flexible at the same time. The secret of forging

00:49:36these swords remains unknown to this day. Some experts claim that techniques may have been used in

00:49:41the manufacturing process that were either forgotten or only rediscovered several centuries later.

00:49:47These swords were not just weapons, they were symbols of status, power and wealth. Owning an Ulfbert sword was

00:49:54a sign of high status in Viking society. The oldest fabric. Fabric is one of humanity's oldest inventions,

00:50:03and its history goes back tens of thousands of years. One of the oldest discoveries is a fragment of fabric

00:50:09estimated to be 34 000 years old. This amazing artifact was discovered in the Tzu Tzuana cave in Georgia.

00:50:16Its age indicates that even back then people knew how to make and use textile products. These ancient fabric

00:50:24fragments were made from plant fibers, which were twisted into threads and then woven. Such technology

00:50:30was a crucial step in the development of human societies, as it made it possible to create not only

00:50:35clothing but also various household items, such as baskets, nets for fishing and tools for carrying loads.

00:50:41This discovery shows that the skill of working with fibers developed in humans long before the

00:50:46appearance of complex tools and technologies. A tomb with unique frescoes.

00:50:52In a small Tang dynasty tomb in northern China, amazing frescoes depicting everyday life in the 8th

00:50:59century were discovered. The frescoes dated to the year 736 cover all the walls of the tomb except the

00:51:05floor and depict scenes from the life of the Tang dynasty. The tomb belonged to a man who died at

00:51:11the

00:51:11age of 63. The paintings are done in the Tang dynasty style using strong outlines and simple shading.

00:51:16They mostly appear to be two-dimensional. This style, called figure under the tree, was popular in

00:51:22Taiwan, the capital of Shanxi province. The frescoes also decorate the gates, the corridor and the pedestal

00:51:28of the tomb. On the outside of the gates guards are depicted. The frescoes do not portray well-known historical

00:51:34periods or important figures. In one scene people are performing everyday tasks such as grinding grain or

00:51:41drawing water from a well. In another, a woman with horses and a man with a whip are depicted,

00:51:46presumably from the Nihan ethnic group. The figures in the frescoes resemble the same man and woman,

00:51:53which leads archaeologists to believe that they were the owners of the tomb.

00:51:58The full-figured woman from Saliagos. The full-figured woman from Saliagos is a unique

00:52:03testament to the ancient culture that flourished on the Cycladic islands during the Neolithic era.

00:52:09Its discovery has revealed many secrets about the lifestyle, religious practices,

00:52:13and artistic traditions of this ancient society. Saliagos, despite its small size,

00:52:19played a key role in the early history of the Aegean region. In addition to its role as a connecting

00:52:24isthmus between Antiparos and Peros, it was a center of production and trade, as evidenced by the

00:52:30discovery of obsidian tools that exceeded local needs. The ceramic vases found on the island provide

00:52:36insight into the design and style of the era. Their patterns and shapes reflect a creative approach

00:52:41that may have had religious or cultural significance for the inhabitants of Saliagos.

00:52:46Overall, the discovery on Saliagos provides invaluable information about the ancient world

00:52:52of the Aegean region. The first vending machine. The city of Alexandria in Egypt was a true gem of the

00:52:58Hellenistic era, a center of science, culture, and innovation. It was there that the Maushan,

00:53:04the earliest precursor to a university, was located, as well as the famous library of Alexandria,

00:53:10which preserved knowledge from all over the ancient world. In this city, in the first century AD,

00:53:15the outstanding scientist and inventor Heron of Alexandria lived and worked. His contribution

00:53:20to science and technology was truly immense. He worked in mathematics, optics, hydrostatics,

00:53:25and also created prototypes of such inventions as the theodolite, odometer, and even a steam turbine

00:53:31powered by jet propulsion. However, one of his inventions is especially interesting in the

00:53:35context of everyday life. Heron created the world's first vending machine. This amazing mechanism was

00:53:41located at the entrance to the temple and dispensed a portion of holy water for drinking and washing

00:53:45hands. The operating principle was simple. A temple visitor inserted a five drachma coin,

00:53:51and the machine dispensed a certain amount of water. The device worked thanks to the weight of the coin,

00:53:56which moved the lever that opened the valve. It might seem that such a simple system could be

00:54:01easily tricked by throwing something other than a coin. However, modern researchers and reconstruction

00:54:07experts claimed that the machine could be adjusted for a specific weight and size of the coin, which

00:54:12made attempts at fraud practically useless. This mechanism, despite its simplicity, was a brilliant

00:54:18invention for its time and showed how progressive the ideas of Heron of Alexandria were.

00:54:25Engraving on the knife, archaeologists in Denmark discovered a runic inscription on a knife dating back

00:54:30almost 2000 years, which they believed to be the oldest runes in the country. The inscription was

00:54:35engraved on an eight-centimeter iron knife found in a grave under an urn near the city of Odensee on

00:54:42the island of Funen. The inscription of five symbols, about half a centimeter high, and three grooves,

00:54:49forms the word hyrilla, which in Old Norse means small sword. This find, along with a previously discovered

00:54:55bone comb, became the oldest runic inscription ever found in Denmark. Jakob Bondi, curator of the Odensee City

00:55:01Museum and the archaeologist who made this discovery, initially thought it was an ordinary knife.

00:55:06However, after cleaning it with chemicals, it became clear that it contained tin. It's like receiving a

00:55:13note from the past. This is an exceptional find for us and speaks to the development of the early

00:55:18Scandinavian language. The inscription most likely refers to the knife itself, not its owner, about whom

00:55:24nothing is known. This knife is 800 years older than the gelling stones in Jutland, one of which King

00:55:30Harold Bluetooth used in 965 to commemorate his parents. The crown, the oldest crown found to date,

00:55:40was discovered as part of a hoard on the Shmara Hill in 1961 in the Judean desert near the Dead

00:55:46Sea.

00:55:47This amazing hoard included more than 400 items dating back to the Copper Age. The crown,

00:55:53made of blackened copper, has a diameter of about 18 cm and its upper edge is decorated with five

00:55:59figurines. Among them are two birds with long necks, presumably vultures, stylized doors or gates,

00:56:05as well as an object in the shape of the letter T, which may symbolize a sword hilt. Along with

00:56:10the crown,

00:56:11the hoard included a sceptre with images of horned animals, a copper woven band and numerous ceramic

00:56:17vessels and bowls. Despite the majestic appearance of the crown, scientists do not believe it was worn by

00:56:23a ruler. Most likely it was used in ritual ceremonies or funeral rites. It remains a mystery how these

00:56:29treasures could have been kept in the cave for thousands of years. And this crown can be considered

00:56:35the first crown in the form we are familiar with. In the Bronze Age, cities were traded.

00:56:40The powerful earthquake in Turkey in 2023 brought not only destruction but also discovery. In Karaman

00:56:47Marash, where it all happened, there is the ancient mound of Telyacana. There once stood the city of

00:56:52Alalakh, a true centre of the Bronze Age. Alalakh was founded back in the second millennium BC. It was

00:56:59part of Yamhad, a giant empire of that era. Palaces stood there as early as 2000 BC. Right here we

00:57:05come

00:57:06across the mysterious Yarem Lim. Who is he? A brother? A son? This question puzzled scholars

00:57:11for a long time, until recent discoveries pointed to the fact that he was the brother of the ruler of

00:57:16Yamhad. And then, after the earthquake, archaeologists discovered a clay tablet. It had cuneiform writing

00:57:21on it. It was a contract for the purchase and sale of an entire city. And what's most interesting is

00:57:26that

00:57:27the buyer was our hero Yarem Lim. It's like an ancient receipt from a store that hasn't even opened yet.

00:57:32For a long time, people thought that cities were given as gifts or exchanged,

00:57:37but not sold. This tablet changes everything. The Wolf Girl from India. Sometimes history gives

00:57:44rise to stories that are more like legends. One such story is the case of the Wolf Girl from India,

00:57:51which happened in 1920. Deep in the jungles of Bihar district, two little girls were found living

00:57:58with wolves. The older one was named Kamala, and the younger one Amala. According to witnesses,

00:58:04they ran on all fours, ate raw meat and made sounds similar to a wolf's howl. The girls were discovered

00:58:10by priest Joseph Singh, who worked at an orphanage. Trying to integrate them into human society,

00:58:15he faced many problems. Kamala and Amala could not walk on two legs, did not understand human speech,

00:58:22and were completely unsocialized. Over time, thanks to the efforts of the priest and other caretakers,

00:58:28the girls began to show signs of human behavior. However, the process of socialization was extremely

00:58:34slow, and unfortunately, Amala passed away a year after they were discovered. Kamala lived for several

00:58:40more years, gradually learning some aspects of human life. She learned to walk on two legs and to say a

00:58:46few words. But until the end of her life, she was never able to fully adapt to living among people.

00:58:52The story of the Wolf Girls became one of the most mysterious in the history of wildlife and human

00:58:57society. It raises questions about the nature of human personality, the influence of the environment

00:59:03on the formation of an individual, and the boundaries between humans and the wild. The first concrete!

00:59:09The ancient Romans left behind an incredible architectural legacy. Their large-scale projects,

00:59:15bridges, roads, aqueducts, and of course majestic buildings still amaze us to this day. Among the

00:59:22most famous structures of ancient Rome are the Colosseum, the symbol of the city, and the less

00:59:27well-known but no less impressive the Pantheon. The Pantheon is famous for its enormous dome, which remained

00:59:33unmatched in diameter until the 20th century. One of the key factors in the success of Roman builders was

00:59:39the use of concrete, or as they called it, Opus Caimantitum. Roman concrete was a real revolution in

00:59:46construction. It was a mixture of sand, gravel, lime, and volcanic rock, which made it strong and durable.

00:59:52This material allowed the Romans to build not only massive but also long-lasting structures,

00:59:57many of which have survived to this day. Interestingly, modern research shows a unique feature of Roman

01:00:04concrete, its ability to self-heal. When micro-cracks formed in the material, the interaction of water

01:00:11and volcanic ash led to chemical reactions that sealed these cracks. This became one of the main

01:00:16secrets behind the incredible durability of Roman structures, which have lasted for thousands of years.

01:00:22While modern concrete begins to deteriorate, after just a few decades, Roman structures made using

01:00:28this ancient technology still stand to this day. A coin with a rare image. This silver denarius,

01:00:37minted more than 2000 years ago, can hardly be called the most attractive Roman coin. However,

01:00:44it is a key piece of evidence from the early stage of the political struggle that ended with the

01:00:48assassination of Caesar and the fall of the Roman Empire. I was intrigued by its unusual design,

01:00:53depicting people crossing a bridge and throwing something into a box. It turned out to depict

01:00:58a voting scene. This highlights that efforts to regulate access to voting began long before our

01:01:05time. Voting was a key aspect of the Roman Empire, where only man could participate in elections.

01:01:11In 139 BC, the Roman politician Aulus Gabinius introduced a law on written ballots for elections,

01:01:17which made it more difficult for the elites to influence voting.

01:01:20A coin? A denarius? Minted about 6 or 7 years after the introduction of Gaius Marius' law that

01:01:27limited the influence of the elites, almost certainly refers to this event. The absence of any figures

01:01:33on the coin other than the election worker is key to understanding its message. As we can see,

01:01:38encouraging voters to go to the polls and cast their ballots for the best candidate was very important

01:01:43even 2000 years ago. And this important event for any state was even depicted on coins.

01:01:51Bronze swords from China. They are 2500 years old. When it comes to ancient weapons, China, as one of the

01:01:59oldest civilizations in the world, offers us amazing examples of craftsmanship. Among them, bronze swords

01:02:05hold a special place, bearing witness to the magnificence and complexity of ancient Chinese culture. The Bronze

01:02:12Age in China, which began around the 21st century BC, brought innovations in metalworking that spurred the

01:02:18creation of unique weapons. These swords were often decorated with intricate engravings reflecting religious,

01:02:24astronomical and natural motifs. One of the most famous bronze swords was found in the tomb of Marquis of

01:02:31Zheng dating back to 433 BC. Even though this sword had spent more than two millennia in the ground,

01:02:38it amazed scientists with its excellent condition. The blade was still sharp and there were almost no signs of

01:02:45corrosion on its surface. Such quality testifies to the high level of skill of Chinese blacksmiths and

01:02:52the secrets they used to protect the metal from oxidation. The Lake of Skeletons. Hundreds of human

01:02:59skeletons were discovered at the bottom of Rupkun Lake in the Indian Himalayas, which gave it the name

01:03:05Lake of Skeletons. The age of these remains varies greatly and it is still not exactly known how all these

01:03:11people

01:03:11died. Previously, it was assumed that they might have been victims of a single catastrophe, such as

01:03:17a powerful storm that took the lives of a large group of people. Recent studies have only made the

01:03:21mystery more complicated. Scientists conducted DNA analysis of 38 bodies and found that the remains

01:03:28belonged to people from different eras with a difference of thousands of years. These people

01:03:32arrived at the lake at different periods of time, which disproved the theory of the mass death of a single

01:03:37group. The research began 10 years ago, when geneticist Kumarasamy Tangaraj from the Indian

01:03:43Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology sequenced the mitochondrial DNA of 72 skeletons. Some were of

01:03:50Indian origin, but some of the remains belonged to people with DNA characteristic of residents of Western

01:03:55Europe, particularly Crete and Greece. Interestingly, these finds also came from widely different time

01:04:02periods. Most of the bones date back to the 7th to 10th centuries AD, but among them are also remains

01:04:09from the 19th and 20th centuries. The causes of death of these people remain unclear, which adds mystery to

01:04:16this place, Chichen Itza and its mysteries. Chichen Itza was of great importance to the Maya civilization as

01:04:24a political, economic and religious center. This ancient city, located on the northern Yucatan peninsula,

01:04:31was an important place for rituals and ceremonies related to the gods and astronomical phenomena.

01:04:36Erich von Daniken, known for his theories about ancient aliens, drew attention to the El Castillo

01:04:42pyramid, the temple of Kukulkan, in his research. He suggested that the precision of the architectural

01:04:48and astronomical elements of the pyramid could indicate contacts between the Maya and extraterrestrial

01:04:53civilizations. Daniken noted that pyramids like El Castillo might have been built using technologies

01:04:59unknown to modern scientists. The symbolic meaning of the light show on the steps of the El Castillo

01:05:05pyramid during the equinox is connected to the worship of the god Kukulkan. On the days of the spring

01:05:11and autumn equinoxes, sunlight creates the illusion of a serpent descending the steps of the pyramid.

01:05:17This phenomenon was interpreted as the return of Kukulkan to earth, which confirmed the importance of

01:05:22Mayan astronomical knowledge and their ability to design architecture in harmony with the movement of celestial bodies.

01:05:28The Maya believed in the return of the god Kukulkan, the feathered serpent, who symbolized rebirth and renewal.

01:05:34This belief was based on ancient myths and texts such as the Popol Vuh and the Maya Codices,

01:05:40which described the cyclical nature of time and the return of the gods at certain moments in history.

01:05:46Kukulkan was an important deity associated with wind, water and fertility, which made his cult especially

01:05:52significant for the agrarian Maya society. Modern archaeologists interpret these findings as evidence

01:05:57of the high level of development of astronomy and engineering among the Maya. They believe that the

01:06:02pyramids and other structures of Chichen Itza were built taking into account complex mathematical

01:06:06calculations and observations of the movements of celestial bodies.

01:06:14In 1971, a plane flying from Lima to Pucallpa crashed due to a lightning strike in the dense jungles of

01:06:21Peru.

01:06:21There were 92 passengers on board, but only one of them survived. It was 17-year-old Juliana Kuebke.

01:06:28The plane broke apart at a high altitude and Juliana fell while clinging to her row of seats. When she

01:06:34regained consciousness, she was surrounded by wild thickets and it started to rain and thunder. With a small

01:06:39wound on her arm and a broken collarbone, she began her journey hoping to find help. Naturally lucky and

01:06:45having basic knowledge about the jungle, thanks to her parents who were biologists, Juliana decided to

01:06:51follow the river downstream, believing it would lead her to people. During the 11 days she spent in the

01:06:56jungle, she faced many dangers – wild animals, hunger, river currents and infections. However, her

01:07:03determination and instincts helped her keep moving forward. Surviving only on fruit and river water,

01:07:09Juliana continued her journey. On the 11th day, when Hope had almost left her, she found a boat on the

01:07:15shore and a hut nearby. The jungle inhabitants found her and gave her first aid, after which they arranged

01:07:21her evacuation. Later, Kuebke moved to Germany, where she fully recovered from her injuries. She studied

01:07:27biology at Kiev University and graduated in 1980. In 1989, Kuebke got married. In 2000, she became the director of

01:07:37the research station in the forests of Peru after the death of her father, who had previously held

01:07:42this position. These stories show what a person is capable of when faced with danger and needs faith

01:07:48and hope to survive. These people remind us of the value of life and how important it is not to

01:07:54lose

01:07:54faith even in the most difficult circumstances. These microbes are 2 billion years old. Scientists have

01:08:02discovered the oldest microorganisms living in the depths of our planet. In South Africa,

01:08:07rocks about 2 billion years old were found, which is impressive in itself. But an even more

01:08:12sensational discovery was finding living microbes in them. These organisms are the oldest microorganisms

01:08:18ever found in such ancient rocks. Before this discovery, it was believed that the oldest living

01:08:24microorganisms were found in geological layers about 100 million years old beneath the ocean floor.

01:08:30But new research has shown that even rocks that are 2 billion years old can support life.

01:08:36This discovery significantly expands our understanding of life in extreme conditions and its evolution on

01:08:42Earth. Microbes were discovered in a crack of ancient rock extracted from the Bushveld igneous complex,

01:08:49the largest igneous rock intrusion on Earth. This region is famous for its ore deposits,

01:08:54including about 70% of the world's platinum reserves. Microorganisms living in such conditions develop

01:09:01incredibly slowly and are capable of existing for billions of years. This discovery is important not

01:09:07only for studying life on Earth, but also for future research on Mars. Microbes that have survived in

01:09:13such extreme conditions give hope for the possibility of life existing beneath the surface of other planets.

01:09:19A tiny alien. Just two months after scientists in Peru exposed a hoax involving claims that two dolls

01:09:28were actually alien bodies, stories about aliens are surfacing online again. This time, a premature

01:09:35human fetus with an elongated skull found in Colombia is being linked to little green men and ancient races.

01:09:42However, skeptical scientists are proving that the skeleton belongs to an unborn human fetus.

01:09:47The main reason why many people believe such absurd headlines about aliens is that some of the

01:09:53world's largest media outlets publish hyperdramatic articles that present logical fallacies. Competent

01:09:59scientists and anyone who has read an anatomy textbook in school can definitely say that the remains

01:10:05belong to a stillborn human fetus. The so-called alien has an elongated skull, which, combined with its

01:10:13unusual eyes and 10 ribs on each side of the body, unlike the typical 12 in humans, led to the

01:10:19claim of

01:10:19extraterrestrial origin. As it turned out, the reporter who published the story in the daily mail received

01:10:25the first image of the alien anonymously through WhatsApp. That's all the archaeological discoveries.

01:10:30While some speculate about ancient tiny race of people who coexisted with the Aymara people of

01:10:36Wandak hundreds, if not thousands of years ago, research by anatomists from Stockholm University in

01:10:42Sweden and Stony Brook Medical School in the US shows that the skeleton belongs to a premature infant,

01:10:47a stone with a human face. In 1872, a mysterious artifact was discovered that still does not provide clear

01:10:57answers about its origin. When Seneca, led from Meredith, decided to fence off her property,

01:11:04the workers found a strange object in the clay. This stone, made of dark quartzite and shaped like an egg,

01:11:11is decorated with an image of a human face and symbols such as a wigwam and arrows. Many assumed the

01:11:17object

01:11:18was created by Native Americans. In 1931, a theory emerged that it might be a Celtic Thunderstone,

01:11:25a mythical object that is said to fall from the sky in the past. Such stones found on the ground

01:11:31were

01:11:31considered signs from the gods or the elements. Now the artifact is in a museum, where visitors can

01:11:37examine it in person. However, its true history and purpose remain unknown to this day. What do you

01:11:43think? What is the real story behind this object? Ancient love for sweets. Humans developed a taste for sweets long

01:11:52before their diet changed. And as scientists have discovered, our ancestors were ready for this

01:11:58thanks to ancient DNA. The MY1 gene, which is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates,

01:12:04appeared much earlier than previously thought, and it may have played a key role in the development of

01:12:08civilization. The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that

01:12:15turns starch into simple carbohydrates. It was previously believed that this enzyme appeared

01:12:20with the advent of agriculture, when bread and starchy foods became part of the human diet.

01:12:25However, research by the University at Buffalo and the Jackson Laboratory in the United States showed that

01:12:30saliva and amylase existed more than 800,000 years ago, long before the advent of agriculture.

01:12:36The study of ancient genomes, including those of people who lived 45,000 years ago in Siberia,

01:12:41revealed that they already had between 4 and 8 copies of the MMY1 gene. This suggests that the

01:12:46mutation responsible for the synthesis of amylase appeared as a result of natural selection. Moreover,

01:12:53this gene was also present in Neanderthals and Denisovans, which confirms its ancient origin.

01:12:58The comparison also showed that in modern Europeans, especially among farmers over the last 4,000 years,

01:13:04the number of copies of this gene increased, which is related to changes in diet.

01:13:10The oldest human tooth. Scientists announced a sensational discovery in Germany. Ancient dental

01:13:17fossils estimated to be almost 10 million years old. And which, according to them, do not fit into

01:13:24the established chronology of human history. What is truly shocking is that one of these fossils

01:13:30resembles the teeth of the earliest human ancestors. However, until now, such teeth have only been found

01:13:37in Africa, not in Europe. And even then, the existing series of fossils is millions of years younger.

01:13:43Discovered in September 2016, near the German town of Eppelsheim, the two well-preserved teeth

01:13:50are dated to about 9.7 million years ago. One of the teeth, the upper right first molar,

01:13:56is similar in characteristics to other specimens found in this area. But the other tooth, the upper left

01:14:02canine is different and researchers say its outline and shape bring it closer to the teeth of hominin

01:14:07species, including Australopithecus afarensis. The problem is that Lucy is estimated to be only 3

01:14:13million years old. And it is believed that the earliest ancestors of humanity began their migration

01:14:19from Africa to Europe and Asia about 100,000 years ago.

01:14:24So the question is who these teeth belonged to, why they were out of time and place, and how they

01:14:30got there.

01:14:33Bone spears from Germany. Age. 400,000 years.

01:14:39Among the archaeological treasures found in Germany, some of the most amazing and mysterious are the

01:14:45sharpened bone spears. These unique pieces of ancient weaponry are important evidence of the life and

01:14:51skills of prehistoric people in Europe. Discovered in the Schoeningen area in the 1990s, these bone

01:14:58spears are approximately 400,000 years old and are among the oldest known examples of hunting weapons.

01:15:05They were created by the ancestors of modern humans. They lived in an era when giant mammals ruled Europe.

01:15:12These spears were not just primitive tools. They demonstrate remarkable craftsmanship and an

01:15:17understanding of aerodynamics. Straight and smooth, with a well-sharpened tip, they were perfect for

01:15:23hunting large animals. This weapon was also remarkably strong and durable, which speaks to the ancient

01:15:29people's deep knowledge of working with bone. The fact that these spears were made from bone, rather

01:15:34than stone or wood, speaks to the importance of the material. Bone is a strong and resilient material

01:15:39that can retain its shape even under a heavy blow. This makes bone spears the ideal weapon for hunting

01:15:46fast and powerful animals, such as deer or even mammoths. The DNA of modern Japanese people.

01:15:54Today Japan attracts people from all over the world, but it wasn't always like this. For 10,000 years,

01:16:00the archipelago remained isolated until the first migrants from the continent began to arrive.

01:16:05This was confirmed by genetic analysis of human remains from the Yayoi period. The Japanese population has

01:16:11a dual origin, but the details of this mixing remained unclear for a long time. Scientists from the University of

01:16:18Tokyo,

01:16:18led by John Hyun Kim and Jun Ohashi, decided to investigate the issue. According to their data,

01:16:24about 80% of the nuclear genome of modern Japanese people comes from people from East and Northeast Asia.

01:16:30There are two models that explain the genetic diversity of the Japanese. One suggests a single

01:16:35wave of migration during the Yayoi and Kofun periods. The other allows for multiple sources.

01:16:41Geneticists analyzed the genome of a person from the Yayoi period from the Doigahama cemetery and

01:16:46compared it with ancient and modern populations. It turned out that the Yayoi and Kofun people are

01:16:52genetically closer to Koreans than to modern Japanese. This confirmed the hypothesis of a single source of

01:16:58migration from the Korean peninsula. The second Tibetan Denisovan. A group of scientists studied

01:17:05materials found in the Baishia cave in Tibet and discovered an ancient rib. Paleoproteomic analysis

01:17:11showed that it belonged to a Denisovan who lived about 48 to 32 thousand years ago. Most of the information

01:17:17about Denisovans is known from a small number of finds. Most of the fossils were found in Denisova cave,

01:17:23after which this species of ancient humans was named. Outside this cave Denisovans were first

01:17:30identified in Tibet when protein fragments from a 160 thousand year old lower jaw fragment found in 1980

01:17:36were analyzed. Later Denisovan DNA was also found in deposits from younger layers of this cave. The tooth

01:17:44of another representative of this ancient population was excavated in Laos. Scientists from Denmark, China and

01:17:50friends studied the Baishia cave in Tibet. At this high altitude site, located at an altitude of 3280 meters,

01:17:58they found numerous artifacts and animal remains indicating that the cave was visited by archaic humans

01:18:03for many thousands of years. Among more than 2500 animal bones and teeth found in the cave were blue sheep,

01:18:11yaks, Tibetan gazelles and horses. Bones of ancient hyena, gray wolf, snow leopard, pheasant and golden eagle

01:18:19were also identified. Almost 20 bones show anthropogenic traces. During the excavation,

01:18:25archaeologists discovered a rib fragment over 5 centimeters long, which broke into two pieces.

01:18:31Biomolecular analysis showed that the fossil belonged to a Denisovan. Dating based on the cultural context

01:18:37determined the age of the find to be between 32 and 48 thousand years, indicating that Denisovans visited Baishia

01:18:44cave more than 100 thousand years ago. Legends about star people among Native Americans

01:18:49In the culture of many indigenous peoples of America, there are legends about star people who,

01:18:55according to these stories, came to Earth from space. These mythological stories embody the ancient

01:19:00encounters of the continent's indigenous people with beings from distant stars. Such stories are

01:19:05especially prominent in the culture of the plateaued tribes of North America. According to their beliefs,

01:19:11the star people not only visited Earth, but also shared knowledge with the Native Americans,

01:19:15helping them adapt to life, teaching them farming, healing and even spiritual practices.

01:19:20One of the legends tells how the star people descended to Earth on shining silver discs,

01:19:25attracting the attention of the Native Americans with their light and sound.

01:19:29These visitors were friendly and shared wisdom and knowledge with the tribe.

01:19:33There are also legends that some of the Native Americans went up into the sky with the star people

01:19:38and returned enriched with new knowledge and experience. Interestingly, these tales share common

01:19:44features with the myths of other cultures around the world. However, while for most researchers these

01:19:49stories are just myths, born from human imagination and the need to understand the universe, others claim

01:19:55that they may serve as evidence of ancient encounters with extraterrestrial life.

01:20:00The oldest knives made from shark teeth

01:20:04On the Indonesian island of Tualawesi, archaeologists found two tiger shark teeth that had been turned

01:20:10into knives about 7000 years old. This discovery is evidence of the ancient use of shark teeth as weapons.

01:20:17Before this, the oldest discovered samples were 2000 years younger. These tooth blades are associated with the

01:20:23mysterious Tualian culture, ancient hunter-gatherers who lived on the island long before the arrival of

01:20:29Neolithic farmers. The teeth, about 2 meters long, had special holes indicating they were attached to

01:20:35a handle. According to scientists, these blades may have been used in rituals or battles. Although shark

01:20:42teeth may seem like an unusual choice for weapons, ancient cultures used what was available. These knives

01:20:47were sharp but their blades could become dull quickly. Ancient people around the world used shark teeth

01:20:53for cultural purposes, turning them into weapons or even tattooing tools. This shows their

01:20:59respect for these marine predators. Ancient fortress in the oasis. In the Kaibar oasis in the desert of Saudi Arabia,

01:21:08scientists discovered an ancient fortress wall dating back more than 4000 years. This gigantic structure is

01:21:1514.5 km long and 5 meters high with about 180 bastions, of which only 6 km of the wall

01:21:23and 74 bastions have survived to this day.

01:21:26Radiocarbon analysis of charcoal remains from the excavation site indicates a period between 2250 and 1950 BCE.

01:21:35There are remnants of pottery on the wall which confirms its antiquity. Archaeologists believe that

01:21:41this wall was used for several centuries before it was abandoned. The wall was presumably used for

01:21:46protection against nomadic raids, marking territorial boundaries and guarding against floods. This indicates the

01:21:52transition of the local population to a settled way of life. The construction of such a gigantic wall required

01:21:58significant resources. About 250 people worked on it for 4 years, using 164 000 cubic meters of stone and brick.

01:22:07The discovery of the wall was made possible thanks to satellite images which opens up new horizons for

01:22:13archaeological research. The slave Potosac had his own harem. This dark-skinned slave, who lived in Brazil in the 19th

01:22:21century, went down in history as a breeding stud, used to increase the number of slaves on plantations.

01:22:27His real name was Rocky Jose Florencio and he became the father of more than 200 children

01:22:32from different women. These children, born for labor, inherited the status of slaves.

01:22:37Their birth was part of the owners' plans to increase the workforce on the plantations.

01:22:43The situation worsened in early 1808, when Britain banned the slave trade. This event led to a decrease in the

01:22:49flow of

01:22:50slaves from Africa, which threatened the planters' business. In response, they began to increase the number of slaves

01:22:56by raising the birth rate among the existing enslaved people. Patoseka, thanks to his physical attributes,

01:23:02height of 218 cm and strong build, became the ideal candidate for this purpose. He was purchased

01:23:09specifically for this role and brought to a plantation near San Puello. Interestingly, Patoseka did not

01:23:15perform hard labor, but lived separately from the other slaves. He wore good clothes and carried out

01:23:20simple tasks for his master. Despite the privileges, he remained a slave whose main duty was to impregnate

01:23:26the female slaves chosen by the master. His life, although comparatively easier, was essentially still

01:23:31humiliating. Patoseka's children did not have any special status. They became ordinary slaves, were

01:23:38subjected to torture and could even be killed with impunity. Many of these children became parents

01:23:44themselves. Recent genetic studies have shown that about 30% of the population of the Santa

01:23:50Iudaxia San Carlos district are descended from Patoseka. Patoseka lived to see the abolition of

01:23:56slavery in Brazil in 1888. He was still quite young and received the plot of land from his former master.

01:24:02On this land, Pato built a house, married a woman named Palmira,

01:24:06and became the father of nine children. He spent the rest of his life as a free man,

01:24:11taking care of his family and a new generation that no longer knew slavery.

01:24:16I'll end this video with this sad story that has a happy ending, but I strongly recommend that you

01:24:21subscribe to the channel and watch other videos on the channel that will immerse you in the world of

01:24:26archaeology and history. Thank you for watching this video until the end. Goodbye everyone!

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