100 Incredible Archaeological Discoveries Caught on Camera

KirTop Top 100

Ready for a wild ride through history? Dive into 100 mind-blowing archaeological discoveries with Kir Top! From lost treasures and mysterious mummies to extinct beasts and alien artifacts, this video is packed with jaw-dropping finds. If you love history, mysteries, or just cool stories, this one's for you! Subscribe for more epic adventures and drop a comment sharing your favorite discovery! #history #archaeology #mystery #science #ancient  👉 This channel was created in collaboration with https://www.youtube.com/@kirtop-100samyh  0:00:00 - Lost Extinct Animals and Human Impact 0:01:44 - Ancient Human Footprints and Evolution 0:03:24 - The Story of Hannah Beswick's Mummy 0:04:55 - Ancient Stones, Artifacts, and Skystone Mystery 0:07:33 - Remarkable Archaeological Discoveries Worldwide 0:15:12 - Metal, Myths, and Marvelous Ancient Finds 0:23:43 - Buried Cities, Sacred Sites, and Lost Civilizations 0:47:17 - Unsolved Mysteries and Wonders of the Ancient World  We're now available on Spotify! Listen now https://open.spotify.com/show/03446rMw7NEQKZvD764T3X

Transcript

00:00:00I'm Kirtop and these are 100 archaeological finds caught on camera.

00:00:08The last photos of extinct animals. The red book is often mentioned as a symbol

00:00:13of protecting endangered species. But few know about the existence of the black book,

00:00:19a sad catalogue of animals and plants lost forever. This document serves as a bitter

00:00:24reminder that over the last 5 centuries we have lost 844 species. Today I want to talk about some

00:00:31animals that went extinct due to human activity in the last century, whose final individuals were

00:00:36photographed or filmed. The Barbary lion, which lived in North Africa, went extinct in the 1920s.

00:00:43Huge and powerful with a majestic mane, this lion was wiped out due to the threat it posed to

00:00:48livestock especially after the introduction of firearms. The last lion was killed in 1922.

00:00:54The marsupial wolf, or thylacine, lived in Australia and New Guinea. It was later driven out to Tasmania

00:01:00by dingoes. Hunting by farmers began when thylacine started attacking livestock. In 1936 the last one

00:01:07died. A thylacine in a zoo, but its appearance has been preserved on video. The Balinese tiger which

00:01:13inhabited the island of Bali was one of the smallest tigers. Hunting of these tigers began in the 1910s

00:01:20and in 1937 the last female was killed leading to the species extinction. The Mexican grizzly bear,

00:01:27which inhabited parts of Mexico and the United States, was last seen in 1960. Despite the ban on

00:01:33hunting these bears in 1959, they disappeared due to hunting and habitat loss. These stories are just a

00:01:39small part of the tragic fates of animals that have disappeared due to human activity. There are

00:01:45legends that modern humanity witnessed living mammoths and saber-toothed cats and that these photographs

00:01:51allegedly confirmed their recent existence. Mysterious Footprints

00:01:58In 1978, footprints dating back 3.7 million years were discovered in Tanzania, which became one of the

00:02:06first pieces of evidence for bipedalism in human ancestors. The discovery sparked a wave of interest

00:02:11in the evolutionary history of hominins. Other footprints were found nearby, which some scientists

00:02:16mistakenly assumed to be bear tracks. A new study by Allison McNaught's team from Ohio University has

00:02:23refuted this theory. The researchers returned to analyzing the tracks discovered at the Laetoli site,

00:02:28famous for its trails of hominin footprints. It was assumed that the footprints belonged to Australopithecus

00:02:33of Ferencese, which includes the famous skeleton Lucy. An international team of scientists decided to

00:02:39solve the mystery by re-excavating and examining the five footprints. Comparison with the prints of bears,

00:02:45chimpanzees and humans showed that it was unlikely that bears could have left such tracks given their

00:02:51gait and stride width. The researchers observed the behavior of bears lured with maple syrup or applesauce to

00:02:58get them to walk on their hind legs. Observations show that bears rarely move this way, making the

00:03:04theory of a bear origin for the tracks unlikely. An analysis of chimpanzee tracks revealed similarities,

00:03:10but the morphology of the footprints indicated they were left by a different Australopithecus species,

00:03:15not Australopithecus afarensis. Thus, the study confirmed that the mysterious footprints at Laetoli

00:03:22belonged to human ancestors. The mummy of Hannah Beswick? The fear of being buried alive isn't just

00:03:29myth and legend. Tapophobia, or the fear of premature burial, troubled the minds of many famous figures,

00:03:36such as Chopin and Gogol. However, the story of Hannah Beswick, an 18th-century resident of Falesworth,

00:03:42is particularly striking. Hannah was shaken by the incident with her brother John, who narrowly escaped

00:03:47being buried alive. He was found in a comatose sleep during his own funeral. This incident had

00:03:52such an impact on Hannah that she resorted to extraordinary measures to protect herself from a

00:03:58similar fate. She turned to Dr. Charles White to verify that she was truly dead before burial.

00:04:04Dr. White, known for his interest in pathological anatomy, made the unusual decision to embalm Hannah's body.

00:04:12He removed all internal organs and replaced them with a preservative mixture.

00:04:16Thus, he guaranteed that Hannah would not come back to life in the coffin.

00:04:20However, after Hannah's death in 1758, her body was not buried. Rumors had it that Dr. White used

00:04:26the money left for the funeral for his own purposes. Hannah's body was kept for a long time in unusual

00:04:32packaging, the case of a grandfather clock, and was subsequently transferred to the Manchester

00:04:37Museum of Natural History. Only more than a hundred years after her death, in 1868 was Hannah

00:04:43Beswick officially recognized as deceased and buried in a Manchester cemetery.

00:04:48Interestingly, after her burial, many claimed to have seen her ghost, but it never harmed anyone.

00:04:56The Singapore stone. Before you lies a massive sandstone boulder, centuries old. It stood at the

00:05:02mouth of the Singapore River like a steadfast sentinel of time. On it, you can make out strange

00:05:07symbols. It's an inscription that has never been deciphered. Perhaps it was written in Old Javanese or

00:05:14Sanskrit. Maybe it was commissioned by an influential Sumatran. The stone is even linked to the legendary 14th

00:05:21century strongman named Badang. They say he hurled a rock into the river and later stone pillars were erected

00:05:27in his honor. But what happened to it next? In 1843, the stone was blown up to widen the passage

00:05:34at the

00:05:35river's mouth. Only fragments remained of it. And one of them is now housed in the National Museum of

00:05:40Singapore as a national treasure. This stone is not just an old piece of sandstone. It's a mystery that

00:05:47scientists are trying to unravel. The secret held by this inscription will tell us more about the past

00:05:52and the people who lived in ancient times. Perhaps future technologies will help us decipher it.

00:06:00SKYSTONE OF PITANE

00:06:02Over billions of years, our planet has attracted countless meteorites and humans have always

00:06:07collected their pieces. One of these is the Skystone, or Skystone, discovered in 1990 by archaeologist

00:06:14Angelo Pitoni in Sierra Leone. Local legends say that these stones were beings living in the heavens,

00:06:20whom God turned into stone and cast down to earth for their transgressions. Pitoni sent the stone for

00:06:26analysis to laboratories in Rome, Germany and Tokyo. The stone was composed of 77% oxygen, 20% carbon and

00:06:34lime, and there were also traces of silicon and other materials. The analysis results showed that the stone

00:06:40differs from any other stone on earth and probably arrived here between 2,500 and 17,000 years ago.

00:06:48MINI SUNDILE

00:06:50Near the castle, in the city of Marburg, Germany, students discovered a true treasure, a pocket sundial.

00:06:58Made of wood and bronze during the middle ages, it's an amazing find that has sparked great interest among

00:07:05archaeologists. This matchbox-sized device could have belonged to monks from the Brethren of the

00:07:12Common Life, a Catholic order that lived in the area until 1527. Today, the University of Marburg,

00:07:19Germany's first Protestant university, stands on this site. Students from this university uncovered

00:07:25this remarkable pocket sundial during a summer training excavation. The excavation leader, Professor

00:07:30Felix Steichner, called this discovery sensational. People in the past had to combine knowledge in

00:07:36astronomy and mathematics with artisanal craftsmanship to create such an incredible device. This academic

00:07:43year was particularly important for Marburg as the city celebrated its 800th anniversary.

00:07:50The discovery of the world's oldest nuclear reactor

00:07:53reactor. Funny enough, the first human-made reactor to generate electricity was only built in 1951,

00:08:01yet a rock mass in Oklo, Gabon, was already producing nuclear energy 2 billion years ago.

00:08:07The story of the discovery began in 1972 when French scientists took a uranium ore sample from a

00:08:14deposit in Gabon to test its uranium composition. And that is where the scientists stumbled upon an

00:08:19astonishing discovery. The uranium sample contained less uranium-235 than usual. This meant that

00:08:25somewhere in the mine, about 200 kilograms of uranium-235 had vanished. As it turned out, the missing

00:08:32uranium had undergone a process of nuclear fission and split into other atoms. It turns out that nature

00:08:38had accidentally created a nuclear reactor, operating under the very specific conditions required for a

00:08:44sustained energy release. And that really happened. First, there was enough uranium-235 in the ore to

00:08:51sustain the reaction. Second, uranium-235 decays naturally, releasing a neutron that initiates the

00:08:59fission process. And finally, there was enough ground water at the reactor site to slow down the

00:09:04neutrons and moderate the reaction.

00:09:07The oldest stomach stone

00:09:10Ready for another shocking discovery? This time, we're heading back 150 million years to examine

00:09:18the oldest stomach stone ever found. This rock, about the size of your fist, was found on the coast

00:09:25of the UK and is 59 million years older than any previously known stomach stone. Now, as for who might

00:09:33have owned this stone? That's pretty hard to tell without any surrounding skeletal structures. But Nigel

00:09:39Larkin, a paleontologist at the University of Reading, suggests that this stone could have been part of the

00:09:45digestive system of some large marine reptile, like an ichthyosaur or a plesiosaur. It's worth noting

00:09:51that dinosaurs that lived on land were unlikely to be the animals this stone came from. But despite that,

00:09:57this find is amazing and extremely rare. Stomach stones are nothing more than natural mineral formations

00:10:03that can develop inside various organisms, from humans to ichthyosaurs. Such stones were even found

00:10:09in the stomachs of Egyptian mummies, though of a much smaller size. The ancient stomach stone confirms

00:10:15that such formations existed not only among land-dwelling creatures, but also among ancient

00:10:20marine animals. A round man-made object has been found at the bottom of the Sea of Galilee.

00:10:27In the depths of Lake Kinaret in Israel, a huge sphere about 50 meters in diameter and 4,000 years

00:10:34old

00:10:34was discovered. Who did it, when and why is still a mystery? Researchers from Tel Aviv University and

00:10:41Ariel University never tire in their attempt to solve this mystery. They even proposed a fresh hypothesis

00:10:48that might explain the origin of this mysterious object. After a detailed study using sonar and analyzing

00:10:55natural deposits, the scientists determined that this gigantic sphere, made of large basalt fragments,

00:11:00lies at the depth of about 12 meters previously. Scientists believed this could be the biblical city

00:11:07of Miriam, sister of the prophet Moses, who helped the Hebrews survive in the desert. But now,

00:11:13researchers are suggesting a completely new idea. Recall the legend of Ahat, the great hunter with a

00:11:19magical bough who was killed by an envious goddess. This legend says that the father searched for a long time

00:11:25for his son's body, found it, and buried it in the sea. Not just in any sea, but in the

00:11:31Sea of Galilee.

00:11:32Now, scientists want to understand what is hidden inside this giant sphere. To do that, they are going to

00:11:38conduct underwater research using an ultrasound device. The Cave of Treasures. Archaeologists from

00:11:45Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History discovered in the Cueva del Tesoro, located in

00:11:51the state of Corotaro. Ancient hunting tools. The cave was named the Cave of Treasures for its vast

00:11:57amount of ancient artifacts. Speleologists exploring the cave discovered a hidden cavity where archaeologists

00:12:04found ancient hunting tools, including an atlatel and wooden darts. The atlatel, an ancient spear

00:12:10thrower, was used in Mesoamerica and other regions of the world. This device increased the range and

00:12:16accuracy of dart throws, as well as the speed and lethal force of the spear. Besides the atlatel,

00:12:22worked logs were found in the cavity, which may have served as multi-purpose tools. Preliminary dating

00:12:27of the artifacts indicates they belong to the 1st century AD. This means they were hidden in the niche

00:12:33approximately 1,900 years ago. Satellite data. Modern satellite imagery available through various

00:12:41internet platforms, such as Google Earth, shows possible entrances to underground bases in Antarctica.

00:12:48One such example is images showing strange openings in the ice sheet that resemble artificial structures.

00:12:56Satellite imagery has also been discovered on South Georgia Island that, according to some researchers,

00:13:02indicates a possible UFO crash. One such image was found on Google Earth and shows an object resembling

00:13:09a crashed spaceship. The image sparked interest among ufologists and internet researchers who suggested

00:13:17it could be debris of extraterrestrial origin. Some of these objects have unusual shapes and sizes

00:13:23that are hard to explain by natural processes. The alleged UFO on South Georgia Island is often compared to the

00:13:31interstellar object Oumuamua, which caught the attention of scientists in 2017. Oumuamua, discovered as the

00:13:39first known interstellar object passing through the solar system, has an unusual shape and trajectory that does

00:13:45not match the characteristics of typical asteroids or comets. This led to hypotheses that it could be an alien

00:13:51probe or spacecraft. The Lok Coffin Culture

00:13:56An ancient legacy left by a culture that flourished in northwestern Thailand astounds archaeologists with

00:14:03its unique burial customs. Around 40 burial sites where people found their final resting place in teak

00:14:09coffins adorned with intricate patterns testify to a highly developed Iron Age culture. Researchers from

00:14:16Germany and Thailand analyzed the ancient human's DNA to uncover connections between different communities.

00:14:23Between 1400 BC and 1000 BC a mysterious culture flourished in Mehong Son province. DNA analysis of 33

00:14:32ancient individuals from five coffins revealed that genetic kinship played a key role in burial

00:14:37traditions, highlighting the importance of family ties in selecting burial sites. This study was a breakthrough in

00:14:43Southeast Asian archaeology presenting the first analysis of genetic and cultural ties at the

00:14:48level of ancient communities. Despite the challenges of DNA preservation in a tropical climate, scientists

00:14:55identified two main farming-related genetic lineages, pointing to deep connections with the Yangtze and

00:15:01Yellow River valleys in China. Two sensations on one stone

00:15:06An astonishing archaeological discovery took place in the village of Elabuga in Russia. A basalt boulder was

00:15:13found with petroglyphs reminiscent of the famous Sikachi alien rock carvings. An image of a praying mantis

00:15:20was also discovered on this stone, which is a rarity for this region. An expedition of scientists from Moscow

00:15:26arrived in the region to study the find. Initially archaeologists were skeptical about the report of the

00:15:32petroglyphs, but on site they confirmed the artifact's authenticity. Various figures are depicted on the

00:15:37stone, including a rare image of a praying mantis, which is unique worldwide. Scientists are continuing to

00:15:44study this area, launching quadcopters to record coordinates and create a digital map of the petroglyphs.

00:15:50The main question that remains unanswered is the origin of the boulder with such unique drawings.

00:15:55There are hypotheses that the stone could have been carried there by drifting ice or been carried in

00:15:59another way. The 3D models made from the drawings allow archaeologists to present exact replicas of

00:16:05the Elabuga finds to the public, confirming their importance and uniqueness. This find not only confirms

00:16:11the region's rich history, but also opens up new perspectives for the study of ancient civilizations.

00:16:17They found treasure using their grandfather's old map. Two brothers from Germany found treasure in

00:16:24Lubomiers, Poland, using a map drawn by their grandfather in 1952. They went on vacation to Poland.

00:16:32Footprints of the Gods

00:16:33In the Eindara Temple, in the arid lands of northern Syria, lies Eindara, a unique archaeological site,

00:16:39a complex of structures centered around the majestic main temple, which is truly one of a kind in its design

00:16:45and features.

00:16:47One of its remarkable features is the giant footprints on the threshold, measuring up to a meter in length,

00:16:53clearly hinting at a non-human origin. According to the locals, these tracks were left by a deity,

00:16:59and the temple bears a resemblance to the biblical description of Solomon's temple,

00:17:04dating back to the Iron Age of the Syrahittite states, which emerged after the collapse of the

00:17:10Hittite empire around 1180 BC and lasted until 700 BC. The temple was discovered in 1955.

00:17:23The temple rises on a mound and is surrounded by a gallery, its foundation made of massive basalt blocks.

00:17:29The walls are adorned with intricate carvings depicting geometric patterns and mythical beasts,

00:17:34which testifies to the high skill of its builders. The entrance is guarded by lions and sphinxes carved

00:17:40from stone. Nevertheless, it has still not been determined to whom exactly the temple was dedicated.

00:17:45It may have been dedicated to the goddess Ishtar, but there is no definitive evidence.

00:17:50The giant human footprints not only confirm the structure's connection to ancient myths and deities,

00:17:55but also emphasize its cultural, religious and mystical significance. However, in 2018,

00:18:02a huge part of this temple was destroyed by airstrikes. The World's First Trash Can

00:18:10Archaeological excavations in an area known as the British Pompeii have revealed fascinating facts

00:18:15about ancient waste disposal methods. The discovery made at Must Farm near Peterborough turned out to

00:18:21be an ancient equivalent of a trash can. It is nearly 3000 years old. Made from two pieces of wood,

00:18:28this object contained broken metal items ready to be melted down. This points to a progressive

00:18:34approach to recycling among Bronze Age communities. The study provided deeper insight into the lives of

00:18:40people who lived around 850 BC. The discovery of the remains of 10 roundhouses destroyed by fire and

00:18:47preserved in silt provided unique insights into the life of a community of 50 to 60 people. The discovery

00:18:53of a bucket used for collecting scrap metal challenged the notion that the era was primitive,

00:18:57highlighting how advanced and practical ancient people were when it came to recycling waste.

00:19:02Must Farm is a true time capsule, preserving not only unique artifacts, but an entire Bronze Age

00:19:09settlement, including Britain's only round tent-like settlement and a collection of glass beads with no

00:19:15parallel in the country. In 1988 in Kansas, beneath a cornfield and 15 meters underground,

00:19:26the sea. Treasure hunters discovered the sunken steamboat Arabia, which had rested under a layer

00:19:31of earth for 132 whole years. Built in 1853, this steamboat was a symbol of American enterprise and

00:19:38engineering prowess, but its career on the waters was short-lived. Arabia would float even on the

00:19:44sands of Arabia, went the saying, highlighting the vessel's reliability. However, the treacherous waters of

00:19:51the Missouri proved fatal for it. During a voyage in 1856, the Arabia struck an underwater snag and

00:19:57sank rapidly. Although all passengers and crew evacuated safely, the vessel and its rich cargo

00:20:03remained submerged. And although rumors of treasure on board circulated in the years that followed,

00:20:08including whiskey and fine china, no serious attempts were made to retrieve it until natural

00:20:13processes concealed the Arabia beneath layers of sand and clay. The story was revived in the late 20th

00:20:18century when a team of enthusiasts led by the Hawley family and their partners decided to locate and

00:20:23recover the sunken steamboat. After a thorough study of maps and historical records, they found the spot

00:20:29where the Arabia was buried. Using modern technology, the team conducted large-scale excavations and

00:20:35uncovered not only the steamboat, but also its remarkably well-preserved cargo which provides a

00:20:40valuable glimpse into the life and culture of America at that time. Among the items found were shoes,

00:20:45cosmetics, tools, medicine, fine tableware, alcohol and much more. All of this provided an invaluable look

00:20:53into the daily lives of people from that era. The recovered artifacts and parts of the steamboat

00:20:57itself later became the foundation for the Arabia Steamboat Museum in Kansas City, which opened in 1991

00:21:03and became home to the largest collection of pre-Civil War artifacts in the United States.

00:21:10Samurai treasure. Near Tokyo, the largest hoard of antique coins in Japan's history was discovered.

00:21:17The treasure is stored in a huge clay jar which is now on display in Kumagaya at Saitama Prefecture's

00:21:24Cultural Museum, that is the National Museum. The historic hoard of bronze coins not only reveals new

00:21:30historical data, but also serves as evidence of the natural and chemical processes of time. The copper in

00:21:37their bronze alloy oxidized over the past 400 years and as a result, the coins took on a bright green

00:21:43hue

00:21:43due to a patina similar to the one covering the Statue of Liberty. The clay jar of coins, more than

00:21:49half a

00:21:49meter wide, was likely buried hundreds of years ago. It was discovered by archaeologists last year in the

00:21:55ruins that were once the site of a medieval Samarize estate. The coins date back to the 15th century, the

00:22:01Ming Dynasty era in China. Tang Dynasty coins from the 7th century were also found at the same excavation

00:22:08site. They are associated with Chinese dynasties because Japan was one of the last great civilizations

00:22:14to adopt its own coinage system. The coins were strung together on ropes passing through the holes,

00:22:20with each rope holding a thousand coins. The standard of the time was one string of a thousand bronze coins

00:22:25equal to one ounce of silver. This knowledge of the historical period allowed archaeologists to

00:22:31estimate the number of coins without extracting them from the giant pot. The number 260 was engraved

00:22:38on its lid. This coin hoard represented a massive fortune in 15th and 16th century Japan. That money

00:22:45could buy enough rice to feed 500 people for a year. Iron in the Bronze Age

00:22:52But how can we explain the existence of iron in the Bronze Age? After all, the Stone Age is followed

00:22:58by the Bronze Age and only then by the Iron Age. Could this really be clear proof of time travel?

00:23:04The answer is both simple and mysterious. It's meteorites. Yes, ancient people actually found

00:23:11iron in meteorites. These space rocks that fell to earth consist of iron, an iron nickel alloy that barely

00:23:17rusts. And so ancient craftsmen began working this celestial iron, creating extraordinary objects.

00:23:23One famous example is the dagger of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. It was made over 3300 years ago for meteoritic iron.

00:23:31It is considered a gift from the king of Mitanni. And you can see it at the museum in Cairo.

00:23:36In the US

00:23:37state of Illinois, they even found iron beads made from a meteorite. Iron in the Bronze Age was truly like

00:23:43a gift from the heavens. Iron lost its sacred meaning only with the arrival of the Iron Age.

00:23:49Ruins of the Theater of Nero. Archaeologists in Rome have discovered the ruins of a theater where

00:23:54they believe Emperor Nero himself, infamous for his cruelty and ambition, once performed. As a reminder,

00:24:00he even ordered the murder of his own mother and burned the first Christians alive.

00:24:04This theater is mentioned in the writings of such historical authorities as Pliny the Elder,

00:24:08Suetonius and Tacitus. The ruins were found right beneath the garden of a future Four Seasons Hotel,

00:24:14literally a stone's throw from the Vatican. Archaeologists are working in the garden of the

00:24:18Palazzo della Rovere, a beautiful ancient palace owned by the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. By the way,

00:24:25the hotel is set to open in 2025, just in time for the Vatican's Jubilee year. Around 30 million people

00:24:31are expected to flock to Rome. Archaeologists called the excavation results exceptional. They unearthed

00:24:3810th century colored glass bowls and pottery, as well as marble columns and gold leaf decorations.

00:24:43All of this helped them conclude that the majestic theater of Nero was indeed located here,

00:24:49right next to the Tiber river. A 70,000 year old bracelet. Scientists believe this 65,000 to 70,000

00:24:58year old bracelet was crafted by Denisovans, an ancient hominid species, close to but distinct from Homo sapiens

00:25:06and Neanderthals. If confirmed, the bracelet's creation date would have to be pushed back by 30,000

00:25:12years. The bracelet was discovered in Siberia, and it may change our understanding of early human

00:25:18development. It is already forcing scientists to reconsider known levels of technology. For example,

00:25:25there is a hole in the bracelet made by drilling or sawing.

00:25:29The town child. This is the story of a small child from Taung, whose skull, found in 1924, became one

00:25:39of the

00:25:39first early human fossils discovered in Africa. The uniqueness of the town child's skull lies in its

00:25:44structure. For the first time, scientists saw evidence of upright bipedal walking in early humans.

00:25:51It's all about the opening called the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain.

00:25:58In this child, it is located toward the front of the skull, which is typical for creatures that

00:26:03walk on two legs, unlike apes, where it is shifted further back. We learn the age of the town child

00:26:10thanks to dental analysis. The first molars were just beginning to erupt, which indicates that the

00:26:16child was very young, just over three years old. Scientists suggest that an eagle attacked and killed him.

00:26:23It's all because of the unique marks discovered at the base of the toddler's eye sockets.

00:26:28They are very similar to those left by eagle talons and beaks when they attack monkeys.

00:26:33This hypothesis is also supported by the eggshells found at the site and an unusual collection of

00:26:39animal bones, mostly from small animals that often fall prey to modern birds of prey.

00:26:44The cup of an ancient ruler. In 2014, archaeologists in Athens made an astonishing discovery. A wine cup,

00:26:53broken into 12 pieces, which researchers believe, belonged to Pericles, the legendary Athenian leader

00:27:00whose reign became the Golden Age of Athens. This historical artifact is now housed in the city's

00:27:06epigraphical museum. The most intriguing thing about this find is the inscription, which includes the

00:27:12names of seven men, among whom are Pericles and, presumably, his brother Arifron. The inscriptions

00:27:18engraved on the cup became visible only upon a specific examination of the artifact. The name Arifron,

00:27:24standing next to Pericles' name, indicates a deep connection between these figures. It is presumed that

00:27:30the cup was used during Pericles' youth at a wine symposium, where participants traditionally engraved

00:27:35their names as a token of remembrance of their gathering. The find provides a unique insight into

00:27:40the culture and customs of ancient Greek society, allowing us to peer into the past and feel the

00:27:45connection across time. Evidence of cannibalism. Evidence. Next story is going to be a bit creepy,

00:27:52but entirely real. We're diving into ancient history, going back one and a half million years. And get ready

00:27:58to hear an astonishing story about cannibalism among ancient humans. Scientists discovered marks on

00:28:03an ancient bone that look as if someone ate a hominin's leg. And most astonishingly, the culprit,

00:28:09in all likelihood, wasn't a wild animal, but a fellow sentient being. This is the oldest evidence of

00:28:15cannibalism. The bone was discovered in Kenya. It belonged to an unknown relative of humans who lived

00:28:20here in ancient times. Scientists from the Smithsonian Institution conducted a thorough analysis of this

00:28:26ancient crime using 3D technology. Although our ancestors held a high position in the food chain,

00:28:33they sometimes fell victim to other animals. Unfortunately, cases of cannibalism among them

00:28:38were not that uncommon either. Researchers initially expected to find tooth marks from wild animals,

00:28:43but instead they found clear man-made incisions. Often, such marks indicated ritual burials or the making

00:28:50of jewelry from bones. But in this case, everything points to the bone having been processed for food.

00:28:56It is difficult to state this with absolute certainty, as the bones of ancient humans could

00:29:01have been processed for various purposes, and we might misinterpret them. This find gives us reason

00:29:06to believe that hominins may well have been cannibals as early as one and a half million years ago.

00:29:11A bit terrifying, isn't it? But that is our shared history.

00:29:15The idol of the Gorbanovo peat bog. Located in the Urals, the Gorbanovo peat bog is an outstanding

00:29:23Paleolithic and Bronze Age monument, making it the first archaeological discovery of its kind in Russia.

00:29:29In place of the modern bog, there was once a lake on the shores of which people built platforms,

00:29:34leaving behind dwellings, tools and vessels. Over time, the area turned into a bog, but that didn't stop

00:29:41people from settling the territory, as confirmed by findings of charcoal fragments. Among the unique

00:29:47artifacts found here were a boomerang and a wooden idol carved from a pine trunk,

00:29:51featuring a disproportionately long body and a detailed head, making it distinct from other

00:29:56discoveries. This idol, found under the wall of the excavation, is now kept in the Nizhni Tagil Museum.

00:30:03In addition, the head of an idol with primitive workmanship and another idol with a simplified body

00:30:08shape were found, both of which are now in the collection of the State Historical Museum.

00:30:13These artifacts demonstrate special neatness in crafting everyday objects and accuracy in depicting

00:30:18the shapes of animals and birds. The anthropomorphic depictions, however, are made crudely and

00:30:23schematically, which may be related to ancient beliefs about portraying the spirits of the deceased.

00:30:28It is assumed that out of fear of binding a spirit to its image, wooden sculptures were made

00:30:34stylized and deliberately unrealistic. This approach to depicting humans testifies to the deeply rooted

00:30:41traditions and beliefs of the ancient inhabitants of the Urals. How did they protect the graves from

00:30:47looting? Throughout human history, there have always been cases of disturbing the rest of the deceased,

00:30:53especially regarding ancient graves. Often valuables from crypts ended up in private collections,

00:30:59since the deceased were frequently buried with family heirlooms.

00:31:02In medieval European cemeteries, vandalism was commonplace, and wealthy families protected

00:31:07graves with metal grates which later came to be known as mort safes. These devices appeared in

00:31:12England in the 18th century ironically. Cemeteries suffered particularly badly during the Age of

00:31:17Enlightenment, until the 18th century anatomical dissection was banned. In 1832, the English parliament

00:31:25permitted the purchase of bodies for research. But before that, an illegal and lucrative business was

00:31:30already flourishing, including the desecration of graves. The church took a negative view of

00:31:35exhumation, delivering sermons about the torments of those whose bodies were desecrated. People looked

00:31:40for ways to protect the graves, hired guards, watchtowers, concrete coffins, and mort safes. But such

00:31:46measures were only available to the wealthy. The poor used stones, layers of turf, and even planted

00:31:52vegetation to protect the graves of their loved ones. In 1781, metal coffins appeared in England, but only wealthy

00:31:59citizens could afford them due to their high cost and weight. Mort safes came in three types. Tall

00:32:05iron fences, cages with heavy spikes and heavy boulders, and mort towers high vaults with multiple

00:32:12niches for family members and numerous locks. These protective measures reflect troubled times,

00:32:18when even after death the peace of the deceased was threatened by the desire of others to possess a

00:32:23part of their history or wealth. An amulet from outer space. Turkish archaeologists have discovered

00:32:30a 4,700-year-old amulet made from meteoric iron. Found in an early Bronze Age burial site in Asia

00:32:38Minor,

00:32:39this artifact is considered the oldest firmly dated find of its kind in the region.

00:32:44The amulet was discovered in the Kesik Kesikservi cemetery in southwestern Turkey. The artifact lay

00:32:49inside a pithos, a large ceramic vessel used for burial. To date, the earliest recognized meteoritic

00:32:56iron artifacts are beads from Egypt, found near the settlement of El-Gerze and dated to 3,300 BC.

00:33:04There are also known finds from the Orenburg region in Russia, where archaeologists discovered a knife,

00:33:09a chisel and an adz plane in a Yamnaya culture kurgan, dating back to 2,700 BC. During the excavations

00:33:16in

00:33:16Kesik Kesikservi, in addition to the amulet, graves with rich burial goods and associated items were found,

00:33:23pointing to the high status of the deceased. In addition, crocodile teeth were found in Kesikservi.

00:33:32Crocodiles Inn

00:33:34The remains of the last crocodile in Europe. Crocodiles migrated to Europe from Africa,

00:33:39but climate change led to their extinction. In the province of Granada, Spain,

00:33:45paleontologists found a crocodile tooth that is about 4.5 million years old. This specimen was

00:33:50one of the last in Europe. It is believed that about 6.2 million years ago, crocodiles crossed the

00:33:56dried up Mediterranean seabed, moving from Africa to Europe. Excavations at this site began in the 2000s

00:34:02over this time. More than 2000 fossils have been discovered here, including the remains of elephants,

00:34:07reptiles, and fish. According to scientists, the recently found tooth belonged to a crocodile,

00:34:14closely related to modern African Nile crocodiles. An ancient 5,000 year old ziggurat. Ancient Sialk is

00:34:21an archaeological site located in the city of Kashan, Iran. The locals considered it a cursed city that

00:34:28should be avoided. However, a massive flood that occurred in 1930 helped uncover the history of the

00:34:34mounds, which date back to around the 3rd millennium BC. The structure itself is a ziggurat, a stepped

00:34:41religious building in ancient Mesopotamia, made predominantly of clay. Ziggurats were the first

00:34:47centers of science in human history, where priests observed celestial bodies and the life of the universe.

00:34:53It is believed that the oldest ziggurat is located in the suburbs of the city of Kashan,

00:34:58in central Iran, and was built around the 3rd millennium BC. After the flood in 1930, a team

00:35:04of researchers led by the French archaeologist of Ukrainian origin, Roman Gershman, went to Iran

00:35:09to conduct excavations. However, the results of their efforts did not attract the attention of the

00:35:14authorities at that time until 2001. According to the estimates of researcher Gershman, this ancient

00:35:19civilization is over 10,000 years old. The structure is in poor condition, like many other ancient ruins in

00:35:26Iran. Sialk was built by Elam, one of the most ancient civilizations in history, located in southwestern

00:35:32Iran. During the excavations, various artifacts were found, including ceramics, glass, metal objects,

00:35:42jewelry and coins, which testified to the wealth and diversity of Sialk's ancient culture. Ancient texts

00:35:48were also discovered in the Elamite language, which was widespread in the region for several millennia BC.

00:35:54One of the most interesting artifacts found in Sialk is a caste figurine of the goddess Nana, which is

00:36:00believed to date back to the 3rd or 2nd millennium BC. Nana was the goddess of fertility and motherhood,

00:36:06and her cult was widespread in ancient Mesopotamia and Iran. In addition, a large collection of stone

00:36:13sculptures depicting animals, humans and gods was discovered in Sialk. They were crafted in various

00:36:19various styles and techniques, which testifies to the richness and diversity of the artistic culture

00:36:24of ancient Iran. Ariske artifact. In the Khangai mountains of northern Mongolia, archaeologists

00:36:31uncovered a real sensation. A stone pendant shaped like a human phallus. Yes, you heard that right.

00:36:38This little carved piece of graphite, 4.3 centimeters long, is the oldest known depiction of a human with

00:36:43sexual characteristics. Believe it or not, its age is estimated between 42,400 to 41,900 years,

00:36:53dating it back to the Upper Paleolithic. Such phallic pendants are something new in Paleolithic history.

00:36:59They suggest that the first hunter-gatherers were already using sexual characteristics as symbols.

00:37:04Grooves can be seen on the pendant, which, according to scientists, resemble a male sex organ.

00:37:09What is most interesting is that the back of the pendant is smooth, while the front is not. It looks

00:37:15like the pendant was worn around the neck. The surface of the pendant is slightly worn,

00:37:19suggesting that this were accumulated over generations.

00:37:23The Maya and extraterrestrial civilizations. How can we explain the presence of artifacts depicting

00:37:29spaceships, a calendar still accurate to this day, and perfectly smooth crystal skulls? And all this

00:37:35from a civilization about which mainstream history tells a different story. The secret might

00:37:39lie with extraterrestrial visitors. Yes, you heard that right. One of the Mayan gods, Cuculcán,

00:37:45known to the Aztecs as Quds Alcóol, might have supposedly been an alien from another planet.

00:37:50He taught the Maya such complex sciences as agriculture, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy.

00:37:57Moreover, the Maya knew about planets that were discovered only centuries later. Back in the 1930s

00:38:03in Guatemala, scientists discovered a sandstone head that can no longer be studied today,

00:38:08as it was used as target practice during military operations. Yet it adds even more intrigue to our

00:38:13story, since its facial features bear no resemblance to the Maya or any other peoples of that region.

00:38:19And did you know that many of the Mayan books supposedly burned, according to legend,

00:38:24actually ended up in the Vatican? They were the very ones used to create the Gregorian calendar,

00:38:29which is currently used worldwide. All these facts only confirm that the Maya could have communicated

00:38:34with an extraterrestrial civilization. A 3000-year-old priest's tomb.

00:38:41Archaeologists from Japan and Peru recently discovered a 3000-year-old priest's tomb in

00:38:47Kavmarca, Peru. It is older than the pyramids in Egypt. The ancient burial mound was located deep in

00:38:53the Andes, far from bustling cities. Inside is a tomb holding two stunning ceramic seals.

00:38:58One shows a human face, while the other shows a terrifying jaguar. And believe me, to reach this

00:39:04treasure, the archaeologists had to dig through six layers of earth and ash. This remarkable priest

00:39:10was one of the first spiritual leaders in the Andes, and according to researchers, he oversaw the

00:39:15temples. This team of researchers has been digging in the Andes for 18 years, uncovering something new and

00:39:20exciting every time. Pompeii managed to preserve history. In 79 AD, the city of Pompeii, a flourishing

00:39:28hub of commerce and culture on the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea, met its doom. The city's residents were

00:39:34caught off guard by a powerful eruption of Vesuvius, a volcano that until then had seemed like a sleeping

00:39:40giant for many years. This eruption is shrouded in mysteries and mystical omens, for even the very day

00:39:46of the disaster, as some studies suggest, was steeped in an unusual atmosphere. Early in the morning, the

00:39:52volcano began spewing a colossal cloud of ash and gas that rose to an altitude of over 30 kilometers.

00:39:59Pyroclastic flows, a deadly combination of burning gas, ash and volcanic bombs, instantly engulfed the

00:40:05city, claiming lives and freezing everything around in the final second of their lives. It is estimated that

00:40:11between 10 000 and 25 000 people died as a result of the volcanic eruption. The central districts of Pompeii

00:40:18were hit especially hard where homes and public buildings were buried beneath meters of ash and pumice.

00:40:23The volcanic ash that covered the city played a crucial role in preserving Pompeii. This thick layer

00:40:29blocked out air and microorganisms, leading to the astonishing preservation of buildings, mosaics, frescoes,

00:40:35and even organic materials like wood, textiles, and food. Frozen in time, the streets and houses of

00:40:41Pompeii offer an invaluable snapshot of ancient life, preserved for millennia. Excavations at the

00:40:47Villa of the Papyrian Herculaneum revealed an astonishing collection of artifacts, including mosaic

00:40:52statues and over 1,800 papyrus scrolls, which belong to the library of the renowned philosopher

00:40:58Philodemus. These scrolls are a true treasure for historians and archaeologists, as they contain works on

00:41:04philosophy, ethics, rhetoric, and poetry dating back to the first century BC, up to 79 AD. Studying these

00:41:12documents opens new chapters in understanding the culture and spiritual life of the ancient Greeks and

00:41:17Romans, illustrating the sophistication of their thinking and the breadth of their knowledge. Modern

00:41:22technologies play a key role in the study of these ancient texts. Methods such as virtual unrolling and

00:41:28x-ray scanning allow scientists to read papyrus scrolls without physical intervention,

00:41:32eliminating the risk of damaging these fragile materials. Thus Pompeii continues to be a testament

00:41:39to tragedy and at the same time a time capsule providing a unique window into the past.

00:41:46The face and phallus of the ancient Romans, we weigh anchor, so to speak, and head to Spain,

00:41:52where archaeologists from the University of Alicante made an astonishing discovery. They found an ancient

00:41:57rock carving depicting a face, a cornucopia, and believe it or not, a phallus. This discovery was

00:42:04made at the Tossel de la Cala fortress. Just imagine, this carving hiding on the rocks has been around

00:42:10for about 2000 years, back in those ancient times. Around the 80s and 70s BC, this area was a Roman

00:42:17fort,

00:42:17where the Romans defended themselves during a civil war. This enigmatic stone depicts a human face,

00:42:23next to which a phallus and a cornucopia are carved. The carving is quite large, measuring about 57 by 42

00:42:29centimeters. But it seems incomplete, because the upper part is missing. Why was it created, you might

00:42:36ask? It could be ancient graffiti or some kind of ritual symbol. To the Romans, the phallus was a symbol

00:42:43of virility and state security, so its presence suggests that the carving served some kind of protective

00:42:48function. And the cornucopia, which is also depicted there, is often associated with Roman deities of

00:42:54harvest and prosperity. Recall the myth of Heracles, who tore the horn from the river god Akylos and

00:43:00turned it into the cornucopia. So perhaps this mystical carving depicts a god or goddess personifying

00:43:06abundance. But that's just one theory. Feel free to share your thoughts in the comments about this.

00:43:12Why do you think in ancient Rome they depicted a phallus next to a face? Did the Romans really believe

00:43:18that such carvings could protect the state? Also, don't forget to subscribe to the channel if you

00:43:24haven't already. An 11th century pocket computer

00:43:29British historian Federica Gigante has discovered in an Italian museum one of the oldest 11th century

00:43:35astrolabes with inscriptions in Arabic and Hebrew. This astronomical instrument, used to measure angles

00:43:41and determine the position of stars, has become an important find at the museum in Verona. This artifact is

00:43:47so multi-functional that by modern standards it could easily be classified as a pocket computer.

00:43:52Federica Gigante came across the device while browsing the museum's catalog online and requested

00:43:57more information. But she was told that the object hadn't been studied yet. Upon arriving at the museum,

00:44:02the researcher discovered not only Arabic inscriptions on the astrolabe, but also faint Hebrew ones,

00:44:08which, in her opinion, points to a scientific exchange between the Arab, Jewish, and Christian

00:44:14worlds over the centuries. Research has shown that the astrolabe may have been made in Al-Andalus,

00:44:19a Muslim region in Spain. Muslim prayers and Hebrew lines have been preserved on the device,

00:44:25highlighting its cultural and religious significance. The similarity of the discovered astrolabe to

00:44:30Byzantine and early European models supports the hypothesis of its Iberian origin. This unique artifact is

00:44:36believed to have first entered the collection of the Italian nobleman, Ludovico Moscardo, in the 17th century,

00:44:43and later passed to the Minnescalchi family, who founded a museum in 1990 to preserve their private

00:44:49collection. A hard older than the Iron Age researchers have finally solved the mystery of two unusual

00:44:58artifacts from the golden treasure of Viljana. A pair of ornaments of partly extraterrestrial origin was

00:45:04found in the treasures of the Iberian Bronze Age. Tall bracelets and a rusted hollow hemisphere,

00:45:08decorated with gold, turned out to be forged from metal that fell from the sky in the form of a

00:45:14meteorite.

00:45:15The discovery was made by Salvador Ruvira Lorenz, the former head of conservation at the National

00:45:20Archaeological Museum of Spain. His work showed that metalworking technology and techniques in Iberia

00:45:263000 years ago were far more advanced than previously thought. The treasure of Viljana Horde consists of 66

00:45:33items discovered in 1963 in what is now Alicante. These pieces of jewelry are considered a prime

00:45:40example of Bronze Age goldsmithing in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Two pieces, a small hollow

00:45:45hemisphere and a torx-style bracelet, feature elements that archaeologists described as iron. This created a

00:45:52problem since the Iron Age on Iberian Peninsula began around 850 BC while the gold artifacts date back to

00:46:00between 1500 and 1200 BC. The difference between meteoric and terrestrial iron lies in the high nickel

00:46:08content of meteoric iron. Despite the rust, the study's findings showed that the hemisphere and the bracelet

00:46:14were crafted from meteoric iron dating back to roughly 1400 to 1200 BC.

00:46:21A ball of yarn. During excavations of an ancient Bronze Age settlement in England known as the

00:46:27British Pompeii, three balls of yarn dating back 3000 years were unearthed. They were discovered in

00:46:33subterranean homes built on a marsh in wetland terrain. One of the balls was charred, which raises the

00:46:38question of how it could withstand the fire without being damaged. The composition of the yarn has not yet been

00:46:44determined due to the fragility of the artifacts. The lack of information about the yarn's composition

00:46:49causes debate among scientists, especially when it comes to the material's wool or plant fibers.

00:46:55It is assumed that the balls found could have been made of flax or nettle. All this suggests that the

00:47:01history of knitting and the use of textile materials in antiquity remains poorly understood and full of

00:47:07mysteries. Archaeologists are still trying to determine the significance of these wooden and

00:47:12textile items, many of which may have been lost or damaged in the fire that destroyed the settlement.

00:47:17This makes the task of reconstructing the historical context even more difficult.

00:47:23A tomb filled with gold. In Panama, archaeologists discovered a 1300-year-old tomb that turned out to

00:47:31be filled with gold artifacts and unique relics. A unique feature of the burial is that its occupant was buried

00:47:39face down. This unique discovery was made in the El Caño Archaeological Park in the Natá district, known for

00:47:47its ancient graves and monuments dating from 700 to 1000 AD. The find provides new insights into the

00:47:54Cocle culture which flourished in this area before the arrival of the Spanish. Among the artifacts is an

00:48:00abundance of gold jewelry including pectorals, gold belts and bracelets. Earrings depicting human figures and

00:48:06double-headed crocodiles as well as bells jewelry made of dog teeth, sets of bone flutes and much more.

00:48:14Numerous artifacts, richly decorated with gold, highlight the high social status of the deceased,

00:48:20presumably one of the leaders of the local community. Of particular interest is the practice of burying

00:48:25servants alongside their master, which indicates sacrifices and confirms the status of the buried person.

00:48:32Alenian skull. It all started when locals were digging irrigation canals and they accidentally

00:48:39stumbled upon these amazing finds. At a site named El Cementerio, the remains of 25 people were found.

00:48:4717 of them were children aged between 5 months and 16 years and the other 30 skulls were so deformed

00:48:54that they simply boggle the mind. As archaeologist Cristina Garcia Moreno explains, this skull shape

00:49:01was the result of ancient traditions where children's heads were bound with wooden boards. This was done

00:49:07to distinguish their social group or status but the exact reason behind this unusual custom still remains a mystery.

00:49:15The General's Gold Jewelry. In 2020, a massive hoard of gold artifacts was discovered in Vindelev,

00:49:22Denmark, dating back to the migration period which preceded the Viking Age. Among the finds were 23 gold items

00:49:31including 13 5th century bractate's gold fittings, possibly from weaponry, and 4 4th century Roman medallions.

00:49:39Of particular interest is a bractate with the runic inscription, the largest ever found. It contains a

00:49:45reference to Odin, a key figure in Norse mythology. Research into these medallions has shed light on possible

00:49:52cultural and social ties between Vindelev and other regions of Europe. It is assumed that the medallions

00:49:58could have served as a bride price or high status gifts among the elite. These gold medallions were

00:50:04likely worn by women as pendants, indicating the high status of their owner, who carried influence

00:50:09both locally and internationally. The distinctive feature of these medallions is that they were gifted

00:50:15to prominent Roman figures, such as senators and generals, and their presence in Vindelev,

00:50:20far from the Roman Empire, emphasizes the significance of this find. Graphite button.

00:50:25In the depths of northern China, archaeologists have uncovered the secrets of the Shiyu site,

00:50:31discovered back in 1963. Unique artifacts around 45 000 years old were found here, bearing witness to the

00:50:39early stage of the Upper Paleolithic. This is one of the earliest pieces of evidence of modern human

00:50:45presence in China. Researchers have long debated when Homo sapiens first appeared in these territories.

00:50:51The remains from Tianyuan cave, discovered in 2003, confirmed that this happened around 40 000 years ago.

00:50:58These data are consistent with the finds at Shiyu. An important part of the discovery was a collection of

00:51:04artifacts, including a unique graphite button, possibly used for fastening clothes or a bag.

00:51:10International team of scientists conducted a thorough study of the artifacts. In the course of the work,

00:51:16traces of stone tools being used on animal bones were discovered, which indicates human activity from

00:51:21that period. This discovery confirms the hypothesis about the migration of anatomically modern humans

00:51:27into this region. A mystical riddle. I'll tell you about an amazing geological mystery

00:51:34that unfolded on the island of Anjuan in the Indian Ocean. Anjuan is a volcanic island that appeared

00:51:41when underwater tectonic plates pulled apart and magma burst out. When it cooled, basalt formed,

00:51:47and that's what our island is made of. But something very strange is happening on Anjuan.

00:51:51What do you think you'd find on a volcanic island? Normally quartz or quartzite is definitely not

00:51:57something you'd come across there. It's a sedimentary rock similar to sandstone that forms from quartz sand

00:52:03in river deltas. On a basalt island like Anjuan, there is no quartz and it's too young to have a

00:52:08river delta. But the unexpected is happening. Quartzite is constantly being found on the island,

00:52:13and the sheer amount of it is simply mind-boggling. Geologists discovered these strange rocks more

00:52:18than a hundred years ago. In 1900 scientists noticed unusual rocks resembling quartzite, but the

00:52:24description back then was far too sparse. In 1969 they discovered a large sandstone that turned out to be

00:52:31quartzite. History repeated itself in 2017 when a French geologist discovered even more quartzite

00:52:37deposits. A few years later Cornelia Clas from Columbia University decided to get to the bottom

00:52:43of this mystery. The most interesting thing is that the locals had known about these stones for a long

00:52:48time. They had been using them to sharpen their knives for decades. When the scientists conducted their

00:52:53research, the results were astounding. Quartzite literally took up half the mountain. The mystery has

00:52:58still not been solved. A scientist suggests a piece of quartzite from the continental crust could have

00:53:03somehow ended up in the ocean and risen 4000 meters during a volcanic eruption. But there are no traces of

00:53:09quartzite on the island's basalt rocks. As Clas says, it's like seeing a wizard who shouldn't be there.

00:53:16In the future scientists hope to solve this mystery by studying the age of the quartzite. This will help

00:53:21understand when and how it ended up on the volcanic island. A 270 million year old skull. A fossilized skull

00:53:30belonging to an ancient ancestor of amphibians was discovered in the collection of the Smithsonian

00:53:35National Museum of Natural History. Its estimated age is 270 million years. Scientists describe the skull as a new

00:53:44species of proto-amphibian named Kermitopus gratus after the famous muppet Kermit the frog. One of the

00:53:51students at George Washington University emphasized the importance of using popular names to draw attention

00:53:56to scientific discoveries. He noted that the name Kermit was a perfect fit for describing the ancient

00:54:02amphibian, linking it to modern representatives of this animal class. The skull was found by paleontologist

00:54:09Nicholas Hutton during field research in Texas at a site known as the Red Beds. This area, dating back

00:54:16to the early Permian period, contains many fossils, including the remains of ancient reptiles and

00:54:22amphibians. After its discovery in 1984, the skull spent decades in museum collections until it was

00:54:28examined by Arjan Mann, who singled it out from other specimens for detailed study. The researchers'

00:54:35collaborative efforts helped establish that the discovered skull belongs to a new genus of

00:54:39ancient amphibians. An ancient tomb. In the shadow of the blue doors of an ancient Ming Dynasty tomb

00:54:46in China, a centuries-old mystery lay hidden. Opening the gates, archaeologists encountered an

00:54:52unusually luxurious tomb dating back 400 years. The tomb, found during preparations for highway

00:54:57construction in Shanxi province, impresses with its preservation and refined craftsmanship. Researchers

00:55:03confirmed that nobility rested in the tomb, which dates back to the Ming Dynasty. Two luxurious

00:55:09wooden coffins with exquisite patterns and porcelain vessels testify to the high status of the

00:55:14deceased. The epitaphs hint at noble origins, while the magnificently decorated coffers point to a

00:55:20connection with the royal court. Among the finds are furniture, writing utensils and artworks, highlighting

00:55:27the refined lifestyle of the elite of that time. Despite numerous hypotheses, the exact reasons for such

00:55:34luxury and the tomb's true purpose remain unknown, adding mystery to the history of the Ming Dynasty,

00:55:40a golden age of culture, art and science in China. The Gristhorpe Man

00:55:45On July 10, 1834, William Beswick discovered an ancient burial mound on his land in Gristhorpe,

00:55:53North Yorkshire, England. Inside he found an unusually shaped oak coffin containing the remains of a Bronze

00:55:59Age man, known today as the Gristhorpe Man. Beswick made the discovery with the assistance of members

00:56:04from the Scarborough Philosophical Society. New discoveries about the Gristhorpe Man revealed that

00:56:10he stood around 1 meter 80 centimeters tall, which was tall for the Bronze Age. This indicated a high

00:56:17social standing. He may have been a tribal chieftain. Further evidence of this status can be found in the

00:56:23grave goods. Before being placed in the oak coffin, the Gristhorpe Man's body was wrapped

00:56:28in a leather cloak. The grave goods included a dagger, flint tools, a basket with food remains,

00:56:34and a bark vessel that, according to modern research, contained milk. Modern science has also

00:56:40revealed that the Gristhorpe Man was likely a warrior, given the presence of numerous healed

00:56:46fractures. Isotope analysis of his tooth indicates a consistently rich meat diet throughout his life.

00:56:53Radiocarbon dating of tooth dentin and the femur performed at the University of Bradford showed that

00:56:58his death occurred approximately 4,000 years ago. A pot of burnt porridge. In one of Germany's oldest

00:57:07villages, Waldenburg, Louisiana seven archaeologists uncovered a unique treasure, shards of an ancient

00:57:13cooking pot. This find tells us about the culinary habits of our ancestors over 5,000 years ago. They

00:57:20also cooked porridge. Lucy Kubiak Martens, a renowned archaeobotanist, shared some impressive details.

00:57:27Chemical analysis of the shards revealed traces of grains like emmer wheat and barley, as well as

00:57:32protein-rich goosefoot seeds, similar to quinoa. Interestingly, germinated grains were found,

00:57:38suggesting an unfamiliarity with ancient methods of grain drying. This is the first time traces of

00:57:43cooking have been found on pottery in Neolithic Germany. A ritual during a change of power,

00:57:50at an archaeological excavation at the Yukonal site in northern Guatemala, traces of an ancient ritual

00:57:56were discovered, which may have symbolized the public replacement of the old Maya political order.

00:58:02At the top of the temple pyramid, charred human bones and royal ornaments were found.

00:58:08These artifacts may point to special funerary rites or ceremonies. Analysis showed that the bones

00:58:14belonged to at least four adults, with three of them identified as male. One of the skeletons had

00:58:19been exposed to high temperatures of over 800 degrees. The study confirms that the uncovered

00:58:25remains may have belonged to members of the royal family, originally buried elsewhere and centuries

00:58:30later burned as part of a ritual tied to their reburial in the pyramid. Among the recovered items were

00:58:37roughly 1500 fragments of various ornaments, pendants, beads, plaques and greenstone mosaics, as well as

00:58:43obsidian artifacts, blades, 10,000 shell beads, and mammal teeth pendants. Fragments of a greenstone

00:58:52mosaic burial mask were also found, which was typical for royal tombs of that period. Radiocarbon

00:58:58analysis indicates that the individual's deaths occurred approximately 100 years before the burning.

00:59:04This supports the theory that the burial may have been part of a ritual marking the symbolic and

00:59:09literal destruction of the previous dynasty of the Canviznal lineage. This could have been a highly

00:59:15ceremonial event associated with a shift in the region's political order. The Discovery of Noah's Ark

00:59:22In 1959, Captain Ilhan Duru Pinar, while working on an aerial survey for NATO in Turkey,

00:59:29made an unexpected discovery. At an altitude of 2000 meters, he spotted unusual geological formations

00:59:36resembling the outline of a massive ship. This discovery sparked a storm of debate and speculation

00:59:42that the remains could be Noah's Ark. The find caught the attention of both scientists and adventurers

00:59:49alike. Despite numerous expeditions and research in the years that followed, no definitive proof has yet

00:59:55been found to confirm the biblical story of the Ark. However, this region remains a subject of scientific

01:00:00interest. In support of the possibility that events like the biblical flood actually occurred, geological

01:00:07studies in the Black Sea region have shown that about 6000 years ago, a catastrophic flood truly did

01:00:14occur. This could have been caused by massive glacial melting, which led to a significant rise in global sea

01:00:20levels. In addition, clay tablets dated to the same period were found in Mesopotamia. One of these

01:00:26tablets describes the story of the great flood and the rescue of various animal species on a ship, which

01:00:31has noticeable parallels to the biblical account of Noah. These findings suggest that the motifs of global

01:00:38catastrophes and salvation on a vessel may have deep historical roots that permeate many cultures and

01:00:43civilizations. An unknown statue in a Thai forest. Recently in Thailand, mushroom pickers found a stone

01:00:51sculpture of a woman resembling the mother of the Buddha and reported the discovery to researchers.

01:00:57Despite the remoteness of the region, archaeologists had doubts regarding the statue's origin. This find

01:01:03sparked debates among scientists who are trying to determine the statue's age. One of the people who found

01:01:08the statue shared the discovery on social media, expressing his surprise and admiration. He

01:01:13called it a blessing, as the sculpture was found in a place he had known for a long time. Carved

01:01:18into

01:01:18the sloping surface of the rock, the sculpture depicts a full-length woman. She has long hair

01:01:24and traditional clothing, including a long skirt and a heavy scarf around her neck. The woman holds a

01:01:29branch above her head. Some believe the sculpture dates back to the Dvaravati period, a Southeast Asian

01:01:34kingdom from the 6th to 11th century, and depicts Maya Devi, the mother of Siddhartha Gautama, who became the Buddha.

01:01:42However, this theory is not universally accepted. An art historian from Silpokorn University in Thailand

01:01:48believes the sculpture might be from a later date. He argues that the sculptor was imitating ancient

01:01:52Indian art, but created his work later. The expert points to the sculpture's facial features,

01:01:58such as the eyebrows and lips, which do not match those of the Dvaravati era. He also notes that depicting

01:02:05Maya Devi with a fig tree branch was not common in the region during that era. The fig tree from

01:02:10Southeast Asia has religious significance for Buddhists and Hindus.

01:02:16The Shigir Idol

01:02:18In 1894, a striking discovery was made in the Shigir peat bog, located in the Urals in Russia,

01:02:25the Shigir idol. This ancient wooden totem carved from a single large trunk is over 11,500 years old.

01:02:35This makes it one of the oldest known wooden artifacts in world history.

01:02:39The uniqueness of the Shigir idol lies not only in its age, but also in the complexity of its carvings,

01:02:46which may indicate the existence of an advanced symbolic system among ancient societies. Despite numerous

01:02:51studies, many mysteries surrounding this artifact remain unsolved. The symbols and images on the

01:02:58idol remain an enigma, continuing to spark debate among scientists and archaeologists about the

01:03:04culture and beliefs of the ancient people who walked the earth tens of thousands of years ago.

01:03:09Such discoveries not only showcase the region's rich history, but also suggest that many territories

01:03:15that are now part of the Russian Federation were inhabited and saw development over millennia.

01:03:21Traces of curry

01:03:24Archaeologists have made a breakthrough discovery in Vietnam that rewrites the history of the spice

01:03:29trade and Southeast Asian culinary traditions. On the site of the ancient trading port of Ohyo,

01:03:34located in the south of modern-day Vietnam, the remains of spices at least 1,800 years old were

01:03:41discovered. The study, published in the journal Science Advances, reveals that the region's culinary

01:03:46traditions, including popular curries, have deep roots. Microscopic fragments of cinnamon from Sri Lanka

01:03:53and nutmeg from the Banda Islands in Indonesia were found on 12 stone grinding tools. Archaeologists also

01:04:01discovered traces of coconut, rice and well-preserved seeds. Archaeologists suggest that South Asian migrants

01:04:07introduced this culinary tradition to Southeast Asia about 2,000 years ago during the period of early trade contact

01:04:14across the Indian Ocean. The study proves that spices were a valuable commodity in the global trade network

01:04:21nearly 2,000 years ago, and curry enjoyed popularity far beyond India. Moreover, the modern curry recipe in Vietnam

01:04:29remains faithful to the ancient Ochao period, featuring ingredients such as turmeric, cloves, cinnamon and coconut milk.

01:04:36A rare astronomical instrument. An 11th century medieval brass astrolabe was discovered by chance,

01:04:44but it turned out to be an important piece of evidence of intercultural scientific exchange.

01:04:49Created in Spain, it later acquired inscriptions in different languages as new owners adapted it for

01:04:55themselves. This artifact is unique as a palimpsest. The needs of its owners, it's not just a rare specimen of

01:05:03an ancient instrument, it's powerful evidence of scientific exchange between Arabs, Jews and

01:05:08Christians over the centuries. The Verona astrolabe underwent numerous modifications as it changed hands.

01:05:14At least three owners added translations and corrections, two in Hebrew and one in an Indo-European language.

01:05:22Astrolabes are sky maps with rotating parts that helped determine position in time and space.

01:05:32A unicorn's horn. Let me introduce you to the life of the medieval unicorn. Although a mythical creature,

01:05:40it faced the cruelty of mankind. People hunted unicorns for their magical horns, which were believed

01:05:47to possess unique properties, such as the ability to purify water and neutralize poison in food.

01:05:53Unicorns were believed to exist according to the accounts of many ancient scholars,

01:05:58including Aristotle and Euclid, as well as great minds like Leonardo da Vinci. In the Middle Ages,

01:06:04unicorns represented purity and wisdom. Their horns became a symbol of wealth and could serve as an

01:06:10indicator of poisoned food among the aristocracy. But how do you find a unicorn horn in a world where

01:06:16these creatures do not exist? This question was answered through the use of horns from other animals,

01:06:22such as rhinos or walruses. However, the tusks of narwhals animals from the Arctic whose spiral

01:06:27tusks were mistaken for unicorn horns for centuries gained the greatest popularity. Travelers and hunters

01:06:33secretly acquired these horns and sold them to Europeans as the horns of mythical creatures. Thus, merchants

01:06:39and great rulers like Lorenzo de' Medici and Queen Elizabeth I paid huge sums for these tusks,

01:06:45considering them symbols of power and protection.

01:06:47Even the Grand Inquisitor Tomas de Torquemada never traveled without a piece of such a horn,

01:06:53believing it could save his life from heretics. With the development of science and the progress

01:06:59of research methods, the belief in the miraculous properties of unicorn horns faded, and now they

01:07:04remain merely museum exhibits, a reminder of how legend and reality intertwined in human history.

01:07:11The Witch, the Dwarf and the Magician's Pyramid The ancient Maya city of Aksmal, located on the

01:07:17Yucatan Peninsula, is a place where the unique architecture and mythology of ancient peoples

01:07:22blend with otherworldly landscapes. One of the most enigmatic structures here is the Pyramid of the

01:07:28Magician, a building astonishing in both its shape and significance. This place is shrouded in magical

01:07:33legends, particularly the tale of a dwarf and a witch, who supposedly built the Pyramid of the Magician.

01:07:39This legend exists only in the oral traditions of the locals, as it was not recorded in ancient texts.

01:07:45Various iterations of this story have been passed down from generation to generation.

01:07:49The story was first recorded in the 19th century by John Lloyd Stevens, an American explorer who

01:07:54published his observations in a book about his travels in Yucatan. One day he heard this tale

01:08:00from a local resident. According to the legend, on the site where the pyramid now stands,

01:08:04there was once the hut of an old witch who longed for an heir. Using magic, she created a childlike

01:08:11creature from an egg. This little one quickly grew to the size of an adult, but remained only as tall

01:08:15as a dwarf. The witch was proud of him and dreamed that he would become a great ruler. Following her

01:08:22instructions, the dwarf challenged the local king to a duel. The trials proposed by the king seemed

01:08:26impossible, but each time the dwarf overcame them using his mother's cunning and magic. For example,

01:08:32the king demanded that the dwarf build a house taller than any building in the city overnight.

01:08:37By morning, a majestic pyramid towered on the side of the old hut. The final trial was that the king

01:08:43and the dwarf had to break firewood over each other's heads. The witch prepared her son by placing

01:08:48a protective spell on his head. The king couldn't harm the dwarf, but the dwarf in turn ended the king's

01:08:53life with his blow. Thus, the dwarf became the new ruler of Uxmal. In some versions of this legend,

01:08:59the dwarf is the god Itsamna, who built the pyramid using magic. These stories may have emerged as an

01:09:05attempt to explain the unusual shape and construction of the pyramid of the magician, which, according to

01:09:11archaeologists, was built over the course of three centuries. A medieval ring. The legendary Sherwood

01:09:17Forest, famous for Robin Hood, the outlaw who robbed from the rich and gave to the poor, yielded a

01:09:23treasure to a modern-day treasure hunter. A medieval ring found in the ground, believed to date back to

01:09:29the 14th century, Mark Thompson, who makes a living spray painting forklifts, discovered the artifact in

01:09:35Nottinghamshire's famous forest, just 20 minutes after he started searching with a metal detector.

01:09:40The 34-year-old Thompson, who took up the hobby just 18 months ago, expected to find something

01:09:47insignificant, but uncovered the gold ring set with a precious sapphire. The find is going through the

01:09:53treasure evaluation process and Thompson is hoping for a major payout. Appraisers estimate the ring

01:09:58could be worth anywhere from 20 to 70 thousand pounds. The guy is eagerly awaiting the court's

01:10:04decision to confirm the ring's status as treasure. If it is recognized as such, experts will evaluate it

01:10:11and offer it for purchase by museums and Thompson will receive a reward. The ring, adorned with an

01:10:16image of the infant Christ on one side and a female saint on the other, dates back to the 14th

01:10:22century.

01:10:23Examples from Japan. The Japanese government has long denied the existence of UFOs, citing a lack of

01:10:31credible evidence and concerns over potential public panic. Furthermore, the government sought to maintain

01:10:38control over information to prevent any data leaks. However, Japanese pilots have repeatedly reported

01:10:44UFO sightings. One of the famous cases occurred in 1986 when the crew of a Japanese cargo plane

01:10:51over Alaska observed three unidentified objects, then accompanied them for 50 minutes. This incident

01:11:00garnered immense attention and sparked interest among both ufologists and the general public. In 2020,

01:11:06the Japanese government's stance on UFOs changed significantly. Defense Minister Taro Kono stated

01:11:12that the government would begin taking UFO reports more seriously and would develop protocols for

01:11:18pilots and military personnel in the event of encounters with unidentified objects. This decision

01:11:23was made against the backdrop of a growing number of sightings and pressure from the public.

01:11:28The Minister of Defense initiated the development of standard procedures for collecting and analyzing data

01:11:33on such incidents and also strengthened cooperation with international partners. An analysis of UFO data

01:11:40conducted by the Japanese military showed that some sightings indeed cannot be explained by conventional

01:11:46phenomena or known aircraft. However, to date, no convincing evidence of the presence of extraterrestrial

01:11:54technology has been found. An unfinished antediluvian structure. In the mysterious valleys of Lebanon lies

01:12:01Baalbek, a city that holds the secrets of ancient times. A recently discovered structure at this site has added

01:12:07new information confirming Baalbek's unique significance for archaeology and world culture. For a long time,

01:12:13the megalithic architecture of Baalbek remained a mystery to scientists. The construction methods and

01:12:19reasons for creating such large-scale structures were unprecedented. However, the latest discovery offers new

01:12:25interpretations and opportunities for understanding ancient civilizations. Baalbek, located in the Bicua Valley,

01:12:31is known for its important role during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. From the moment of its conquest by Alexander

01:12:36the Great, the city underwent significant changes, becoming a bridge between eastern and western cultures.

01:12:42Greek culture left its mark on the architecture and art of Baalbek, which is evident in the stylistic features of

01:12:48its structures.

01:12:49The Romans, in turn, expanded and reinforced its status as a religious and cultural center,

01:12:55erecting majestic temples and public buildings. The most famous structures in Baalbek are the temples

01:13:00dedicated to Jupiter, Venus and Bacchus. These temples are known not only for their magnificence,

01:13:05but also for the engineering achievements embodied in their construction. One of the most significant

01:13:10elements is the stone of the pregnant woman, a giant megalith weighing over 1,000 tons that was never

01:13:16incorporated into the temple's final structure. The discovery at the quarry in 2014 only deepened

01:13:22the mystery surrounding these ancient construction methods. The discovery showed that the ancient

01:13:28builders used technology ahead of its time, raising questions about the origins and spread of ancient

01:13:33engineering knowledge. Comparing Baalbek with other ancient wonders, such as Stonehenge and the Egyptian

01:13:39pyramids, one can notice common features in the logistical and engineering approaches. For example,

01:13:45transporting the huge stones for Stonehenge or erecting the pyramids at Giza required not only

01:13:50physical resources, but also advanced planning and astronomical knowledge. Modern archaeological methods,

01:13:56such as ground-penetrating radar surveys and 3D scanning, are opening up new horizons in the study

01:14:01of ancient technologies. There are only two of these in the world. In eastern Hungary near Debrexen,

01:14:08archaeologists uncovered an extremely rare 7th century burial of an Avar warrior, fully outfitted in lamellar

01:14:14armor. This discovery became one of only two such finds in the world, demonstrating the luxury and

01:14:20might of the military gear of the Avars, who migrated to the Pannonian basin from the Asian

01:14:26steppes in the 6th century. The armor, consisting of hundreds of interconnected metal plates, stands out

01:14:31for its exceptional preservation and is a key element of the burial assemblage. The find serves as a valuable

01:14:37source of data on the military traditions and burial customs of the Avars, who dominated the region for

01:14:42over 250 years. Also noteworthy is the method of extracting the burial assemblage in a single block,

01:14:49which is rare for archaeological excavations. This unique find opens new horizons for understanding the

01:14:56culture and military art of the Avar people. An underground chamber beneath the pyramids, scientists

01:15:03from Japan and Egypt, conducted a survey of the giant necropolis at Giza. Their attention was drawn

01:15:09to a section in the western cemetery. Members of the ruling family and high-ranking officials were

01:15:14buried here. The burials were in flat-roofed tombs arranged in a row. Between them is an open area

01:15:21that hasn't been studied before. Japanese and Egyptian scientists surveyed it using ground-penetrating

01:15:27radar and electrical resistivity tomography, allowing them to look deep beneath the surface without

01:15:32excavating. The scans revealed an L-shaped structure roughly 10 by 10 meters in size, situated at a

01:15:38depth of half a meter to 2 meters. The study's authors believe this is not a natural formation,

01:15:44but a man-made one, given its regular shape and location. The researchers suggest that this structure

01:15:51may be part of a deeper one. At a depth of 5 to 10 meters, the instruments also detected an

01:15:58anomaly

01:15:58indicating rock heterogeneity. This could be another tomb or a chamber with artifacts.

01:16:05A winged mummy. I want to remind you of an amazing story that could easily be mistaken for a sci

01:16:13-fi

01:16:13movie plot. But this was the reality of 1914. Imagine a group of daring merchants setting out across the

01:16:21ocean in search of undiscovered artifacts. And they find it, a glass sarcophagus, just like in a fairy tale.

01:16:29And inside, a sleeping priest named Gomez, straight from the lost city of Atlantis. At the bottom of the

01:16:36ocean, our heroes found other items as well, such as rods engraved with texts in an unknown language.

01:16:42Scientists were able to decipher them, and now we know that this priest voluntarily went into a long slumber to

01:16:48return one day and tell the story of his lost city. However, there is another interesting detail.

01:16:53This is not the only sarcophagus. As the text indicates, there are many of them. And each of

01:16:59the priests wakes up once a century to check if humanity is ready to accept knowledge about Great

01:17:04Atlantis. And if we are still not ready, they go back to sleep. And the story gets even more interesting.

01:17:10The sarcophagus falls into the hands of the Soviet secret service, where its thorough examination begins.

01:17:16And this is where something unusual happens. When the country's leading figures came to see this find,

01:17:21they all fell ill. But there is an explanation for this. I have already mentioned more than once that

01:17:27people get sick from an infection that lives perfectly well alongside mummies. Another sarcophagus

01:17:32was found by Turkish archaeologists. But instead of celebrating their find,

01:17:36they ended up in court because the government classified their discovery.

01:17:41Gurside was a creature that could have been human, but it wasn't. It was a creature with huge eye

01:17:46sockets, without a nose or ears, and with incredibly thin fingers. And wings, my friends. Wings. It gave the

01:17:54impression that we were looking at a representative of an alien civilization. The sarcophagus seemed to be

01:17:59made of glass. But in reality, it was incredibly durable and made of an unknown material containing at least 15

01:18:05different minerals.

01:18:07Incredible, isn't it?

01:18:08How real do you think this story is? Could there really be mummified monks capable of waking up once every

01:18:14100 years?

01:18:16After all, we know of cases where ancient monks entered a death-like sleep through meditation.

01:18:22Although, we still don't have any documented cases of them waking up. Share your thoughts in the comments

01:18:27and subscribe to the channel if you haven't already.

01:18:31The Eye of the Sahara and the Lost City of Atlantis

01:18:36The Eye of the Sahara, also known as the Richard Structure, is an impressive geological formation in

01:18:42the Sahara Desert of Mauritania. It is a gigantic circular structure about 50 kilometers in diameter,

01:18:48clearly visible from space, which is how it got its name. It is assumed that the Eye of the Sahara

01:18:54was

01:18:54formed as a result of natural processes, in particular crustal uplift and subsequent geology.

01:19:00Some researchers have considered it as a possible location for the legendary lost city of Atlantis,

01:19:05described by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato.

01:19:09According to Plato, Atlantis was an island state located beyond the Pillars of Hercules,

01:19:14the modern Strait of Gibraltar, possessing a highly advanced civilization and suddenly disappearing

01:19:19as a result of a catastrophic flood around 9600 BC. Over time, the idea of Atlantis' existence has

01:19:28fueled the imagination of many generations of researchers, writers and enthusiasts. Some theories

01:19:34claim that the Eye of the Sahara matches the description of Atlantis due to its circular shape

01:19:39and the presence of ring-like structures, which could correspond to the concentric canals and

01:19:43islands of Atlantis described by Plato. However, scientific evidence indicates that the Richard

01:19:49Structure was formed by natural geological processes rather than by human activity or a catastrophe.

01:19:54Despite the lack of direct evidence for the existence of Atlantis, the mystery of this mythical city

01:20:00continues to captivate the minds of scientists and mystery enthusiasts alike. The Eye of the Sahara,

01:20:05despite its natural origin, remains one of the most enigmatic and visually unique places on Earth,

01:20:11drawing the attention of researchers and tourists from all over the world.

01:20:15Another fantastic and mysterious territory in Africa is ancient Egypt.

01:20:19I talked about it in more detail in my previous video. Be sure to check it out if you haven't

01:20:24seen it yet.

01:20:25Thanks for watching to the end. See you in the next video on the channel!

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