100 Most Mind-Blowing Archaeological Discoveries That Shaped the Future

KirTop Top 100

Ready for a wild ride through time? Join Kir Top as we count down 100 mind-blowing archaeological discoveries—think medieval "smartphones," ancient bread-baking, pirate flags, mummified penguins, mysterious alien artifacts, and more! Which discovery will surprise you most? Hit subscribe for more epic history, and drop a comment below with your favorite find! #history #archaeology #mystery #ancient #discovery  👉 This channel was created in collaboration with https://www.youtube.com/@kirtop-100samyh  0:00:00 - Ancient Tools and Early Civilizations 0:07:49 - Milestones in Technology and Ancient Discoveries 0:20:51 - Lost Cities, Unsolved Mysteries, and Extraordinary Finds 0:32:41 - From Ancient Science to Modern Wonders 0:46:58 - Everyday Life and Unique Artifacts of the Past 0:56:15 - World Cultures, Myth, and Preservation 1:08:31 - Science, Rituals, and Surprising Discoveries 1:19:43 - Modern Encounters with the Past  We're now available on Spotify! Listen now https://open.spotify.com/show/03446rMw7NEQKZvD764T3X

Transcript

00:00:00I'm Kurt Up and these are the 100 most incredible archaeological discoveries that shape the future.

00:00:09A Medieval Smartphone App

00:00:12Did you know that the predecessor to modern smartphone apps was invented in the Middle Ages?

00:00:18It was the Volvel, an interactive paper device that performed a multitude of functions

00:00:23from astronomical calculations to medical diagnosis and navigation at sea.

00:00:28The Volvel consisted of one or more rotating paper discs marked with data that the user could align to perform

00:00:35calculations or look up answers.

00:00:37This invention was similar to the astrolabe, an ancient instrument used to observe the positions of the stars.

00:00:43The first Volvels were created by Ramon Luol of Mallorca, a great philosopher and scholar of the 13th and 14th

00:00:49centuries.

00:00:50Lull named them Volvels from the Latin word volver, meaning to turn.

00:00:55He used this device to resolve religious disputes, combining different elements of thought and language with complex geometric figures.

00:01:04Volvels were also used to tell time at night, which was essential for administering medicine properly.

00:01:09Throughout the Middle Ages, Volvels were often associated with magic and fortune-telling,

00:01:14but over time they became a valuable tool for accumulating and generating knowledge.

00:01:18Today, Volvels can be found in educational settings demonstrating the historical roots of calculation principles and data visualization.

00:01:27A fragment of a multiplication table.

00:01:30An archaeological find made in the city of Jingzhou, in China's Hubei province, turned out to be a true breakthrough

00:01:36for the history of mathematics.

00:01:37In an ancient tomb, over 2300 years old, thousands of bamboo slips were found containing records related to mathematics, literature,

00:01:48medicine and animal husbandry.

00:01:50These slips, used for writing before the invention of paper, contained more than 30,000 characters.

00:01:56Among the most significant discoveries were fragments containing the oldest known multiplication table.

00:02:02The texts on the bamboo demonstrate basic mathematical operations.

00:02:065 x 7 is 35, 4 x 7 is 28, 3 x 7 is 21.

00:02:12These cheat sheets date back to the Warring States period, which predated the unification of China under the rule of

00:02:18Emperor Qin Shi Huang and the founding of the Qin dynasty.

00:02:22The government is secretly in contact with aliens.

00:02:26Recently claims about UFOs have surfaced, including from Mexico, where alien remains were allegedly found.

00:02:32It turned out they were just fakes, but UFO rumors continue to spread online.

00:02:37Some believe in the control of the planet by unknown forces.

00:02:40Some see it as a distraction from real problems.

00:02:43Interest in UFOs was also fueled by former US Navy Rear Admiral Tim Gallaudet, who claimed that the US government

00:02:49is in contact with non-human intelligence.

00:02:51According to him, they keep quiet about this to conceal top secret technologies that could provide an advantage in a

00:02:59military conflict.

00:03:00He is calling for the disclosure of information about contact with non-human intelligence.

00:03:05On the other hand, Elon Musk is skeptical about the idea of aliens existing in our part of the galaxy.

00:03:10He believes that humanity won't be able to travel vast distances in space over the next couple of hundred years,

00:03:15and that aliens are unlikely to be interested in a small planet on the outskirts of the galaxy.

00:03:20Musk is convinced that human consciousness is a unique phenomenon, and that it must be preserved.

00:03:25These statements from influential figures fuel interest in the UFO topic, even if they don't bring any concrete facts.

00:03:32It's fascinating that people in ancient times were interested in extraterrestrial objects, seeing UFOs and aliens in everything.

00:03:39As the saying goes, there's no smoke without fire, so it's impossible to be 100% sure that there are

00:03:46no alien objects or beings on our planet.

00:03:48What do you think? Share your thoughts in the comments below the video.

00:03:52Could the US government nowadays have any contact at all with extraterrestrial life?

00:03:58Worth its weight in gold.

00:04:00Recently, Mexican scientists invested 9.5 million pesos to acquire three unique documents from the late 16th century.

00:04:09This investment turned a new page in history, providing valuable insights into the arrival of the Spaniards in what is

00:04:15now modern-day Mexico.

00:04:17We're talking about the codices of San Andrés de Tepilco, composed at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries,

00:04:24which vividly illustrate the events of that era,

00:04:26including the reign of Yitz Gortum, the Fort Tatuani of Tenochtitlan and founder of the Aztec Empire, and the arrival

00:04:32of Hernán Cortés.

00:04:34These rare codices were acquired for the National Library of Anthropology and History, thanks to the efforts and support of

00:04:41private individuals and organizations.

00:04:43A payment of 9.5 million pesos made it possible to retrieve them from private hands and return them to

00:04:49public ownership.

00:04:50Analysis revealed that the codices were made of amet, a traditional bark paper, using natural dyes, which underscores the high

00:04:58craftsmanship of their creators.

00:05:00It was possible to confirm the authenticity of the documents thanks to collaborative work with experts from various scientific institutions.

00:05:06The San Andrés de Tepilco codices stand out among other artifacts, thanks to their unique blend of indigenous traditions and

00:05:13European influence.

00:05:15They contain texts in the Nahuatl and Spanish languages, written in the Latin alphabet.

00:05:20This treasure offers an opportunity to delve deeper into the study and understanding of a key period in region's history.

00:05:27The deepest and oldest tunnel.

00:05:30In China, they want to reach Cretaceous rocks that are 140 million years old.

00:05:36The task is ambitious.

00:05:38They plan to drill through 10 layers of earth and reach a depth of 11,000 meters, which will set

00:05:44a national record.

00:05:45Work began in May of this year.

00:05:48While Russia wants to resume work on the Kola Superdeep borehole, China is already in full swing with its drilling.

00:05:55As a reminder, although the Soviet Kola borehole project wasn't completed, it made an important scientific discovery and had planned

00:06:03to drill through the earth to a depth of over 15,000 meters.

00:06:06Work on the Kola Peninsula began in 19 and continued for two decades.

00:06:12At a depth of seven kilometers, the team had to face difficulties.

00:06:16The layered rocks kept getting stuck in the equipment.

00:06:19Despite this, they managed to reach a final depth of 12,226 meters.

00:06:25But in 1990, the project had to be shut down due to an unexplained explosion.

00:06:30Now China aims to continue exploring the earth's interior and plans to use its new borehole to study earthquakes and

00:06:37forecast their occurrences.

00:06:39The project also aims to gain a deeper understanding of the earth's internal structure and its evolution.

00:06:44This opens up new opportunities for developing technologies and solutions applicable across various industries.

00:06:51Let's hope that China, with its advanced technology, will be able to find something interesting for the world of archaeology

00:06:57as well.

00:06:58This bread has been baked for 43,000 years.

00:07:02In Australia, evidence was found that indigenous Australians were baking bread long before the Egyptians, more than 30,000 years

00:07:10ago.

00:07:10The discovery of millstones in New South Wales indicates an ancient tradition of making flour.

00:07:15Indigenous Australians, known as hunter-gatherers, also practiced farming.

00:07:19Women collected seeds from various plants, including native grasses like spinifex, sometimes even from ant nests.

00:07:26Flour was ground using millstones, some of which are up to 50,000 years old.

00:07:31The resulting flour was turned into dough and baked into nutritious bread, an essential part of the Aboriginal diet.

00:07:36With the arrival of Europeans and the introduction of white flour, traditional bread-making methods almost vanished,

00:07:42but today there is a renewed interest in these ancient techniques, and the culinary heritage of indigenous Australians.

00:07:49The importance of the wheel?

00:07:51Modern civilization would look very different without the ancient invention of the wheel.

00:07:56The exact time and place of its invention are still a matter of debate.

00:08:00It is likely that the wheel was invented independently by different civilizations at different times.

00:08:05The simplicity of the wheel suggests that it could have appeared even in cultures that seemed to have no need

00:08:11for it.

00:08:11The earliest evidence of the wheel dates back to between 4500 and 3300 BC in Mesopotamia, where it was used

00:08:19as a potter's wheel.

00:08:20Early wheels for transportation were made from solid wooden planks.

00:08:25Improvements to the wheel's design occurred approximately between 2200 and 1550 BC in the Middle Bronze Age, with the advent

00:08:34of spoked wheels and chariots.

00:08:36Nowadays, the wheel is essential for virtually all forms of transport, not just ground vehicles.

00:08:42Airplanes use wheels for take-off and landing. Most helicopters are also equipped with wheels.

00:08:47Even maglev systems, which operate by magnetic levitation, have retractable wheels for low-speed movement.

00:08:53The wheel plays an important role not only in transportation.

00:08:57Without cogwheels and gears, we might still be stuck in the Dark Ages.

00:09:02Ancient Roman boxing gloves.

00:09:04The Caistus is an ancient Roman boxing glove designed not so much to protect the boxer's hands, but rather to

00:09:10make the blows more damaging.

00:09:13Reinforced with metal or bone inserts, these combat accessories could inflict fatal injuries.

00:09:19The only known surviving specimen of a Caistus was discovered during archaeological excavations in the city of Pompeii,

00:09:25which was buried under a layer of ash and lava as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

00:09:30This rare artifact represents remarkable evidence of ancient Roman sports culture, and the brutality of gladiatorial combat.

00:09:37The Caistus is made of leather and fitted with lead and iron inserts.

00:09:42Unlike modern boxing gloves, the purpose of this device was to inflict maximum damage on the opponent.

00:09:47Although modern boxing is considered a brutal sport, Roman fights using Caistuses were far more dangerous and bloody.

00:09:53The Plump Woman of Salyagos represents unique evidence of an ancient culture that flourished in the Cyclades during the Neolithic

00:10:06era.

00:10:07Its discovery revealed many secrets about the lifestyle, religious practices and artistic traditions of this ancient society.

00:10:14Celiagos, despite its small size, was of key importance in the early history of the Aegean region.

00:10:22Besides its role as an isthmus connecting Antiparos and Paros, it was a center of production and trade, as evidenced

00:10:28by Obsidian Tool finds that exceeded local needs.

00:10:31Ceramic voases discovered on the island provide insight into the design and style of the Aegean.

00:10:37Their patterns and shapes reflect a creative approach that may have held religious or cultural significance for the inhabitants of

00:10:44Salyagos.

00:10:45Overall, the discovery on Salyagos provides invaluable information about the ancient world of the Aegean region.

00:10:52A Skeleton with an Intact Brain

00:10:55Imagine a giant 45-hectare mound that looks like a heart in aerial photos.

00:11:00It's not called the heart of Western Anatolia for nothing.

00:11:04And now for the most interesting part.

00:11:06For the first time in the history of Turkish archaeology, scientists discovered well-preserved skin remains and brain tissue as

00:11:13well.

00:11:14Imagine, brain remains that are already 3700 years old.

00:11:18Finds of such antiquity are truly incredible.

00:11:20So who were these people?

00:11:22It was a young guy, around 15-18 years old and a middle-aged man.

00:11:27Apparently their house was set on fire during the Bronze Age and they couldn't get out in time.

00:11:31It's terrifying to think that it's thanks to that very fire that their remains were so well-preserved.

00:11:37This remarkable mound was a true capital of its region in ancient times.

00:11:41But around 1700 BC it was completely destroyed as a result of an attack.

00:11:46And now the main question.

00:11:47How is this even possible?

00:11:49How could the remains of brain and skin be preserved after so much time, thanks to the extremely high temperatures

00:11:55of the fire?

00:11:56This is truly a unique and rare find.

00:12:00Pitoni Sky Stones

00:12:02Over billions of years our planet has attracted countless meteorites.

00:12:06And people have always gathered their fragments.

00:12:09One of these is the ski stone, or heavenly stone, discovered in 1990 by archaeologist Angelo Pitoni in Sierra Leone.

00:12:17Local legends say these stones were beings living in the heavens, whom God turned to stone and cast down to

00:12:23earth for their transgressions.

00:12:25Pitoni sent the stone for analysis to laboratories in Rome, Germany and Tokyo.

00:12:30The stone was made of 77% oxygen, 20% carbon and lime, and there were also traces of silicon

00:12:35and other materials.

00:12:37The results of the analysis show that the stone is different from any other stone on earth, and likely arrived

00:12:43here between 2500 years ago and 17000 years ago.

00:12:49Mini Sundial?

00:12:50Near the castle in the city of Marburg, Germany, students discovered a real treasure.

00:12:57A pocket sundial, made of wood and bronze during the middle ages.

00:13:02It is an amazing find that has generated great interest among archaeologists.

00:13:07This matchbox-sized device could have belonged to monks from the Brethren of the Common Life, a Catholic order that

00:13:14lived in this area until 1527.

00:13:16Today, this site is home to the University of Marburg, the first protestant university in Germany.

00:13:23Students from this university discovered this remarkable sundial during their summer training excavations.

00:13:28The excavation leader, Professor Felix Teichner, called this a sensational find.

00:13:35People in the past had to combine knowledge in astronomy and mathematics with the craftsmanship of artisans to create such

00:13:41an incredible device.

00:13:43This academic year was particularly important for Marburg, as the city celebrated its 800th anniversary.

00:13:50Lakes under the ice.

00:13:52In total, over 400 subglacial lakes have already been discovered in Antarctica, and each of them has been isolated from

00:13:58the rest of the world and the atmosphere for millions of years.

00:14:01And this means that life there could be completely unique and ancient scientists have already drilled into two small lakes

00:14:07and found microbial life.

00:14:08But what happens in the larger lakes remains a mystery.

00:14:12After all, there is no sunlight there, so microbes can't use photosynthesis.

00:14:17For life to be more diverse, the water in the lake needs to circulate so that nutrients and oxygen are

00:14:23evenly distributed.

00:14:24On the Earth's surface, the wind and the sun do this.

00:14:28Beneath the ice, geothermal heat rising from the depths of the Earth can serve as the source of heat and

00:14:34movement.

00:14:34This heat can create currents in subglacial lakes, mixing the water and making it more hospitable to life.

00:14:41Meet mummification.

00:14:43Many have heard of King Tutankhamun, but few know that he was buried with 48 boxes of beef and poultry.

00:14:50To provide the pharaoh with food in the afterlife, his funeral preparations included food supplies.

00:14:56A new archaeological study reveals interesting burial customs of ancient Egypt.

00:15:02It turns out that the meat buried with the pharaohs was mummified, treated with special balms for preservation.

00:15:09This meat, known as meat mummies, was common in Egyptian burials.

00:15:14The oldest samples date back more than 5000 years and the earliest around 1600 years ago.

00:15:20The latest study included the analysis of four meat mummy samples dated between 1386 and 948 BC, which were found

00:15:30in tombs in Spain.

00:15:33Among the meat delicacies were cattle ribs, veal and goat meat.

00:15:37Scientists performed the chemical analysis of the meat and the bandages used to wrap it.

00:15:41They discovered that animal fat was used to coat the bandages of the goat and calf, pointing to its use

00:15:48as a preservative.

00:15:50However, the cattle ribs contained traces of a complex balm made of fat or oil and pistachio resin, which was

00:15:56considered a luxury in ancient Egypt.

00:15:58About 600 years later, after its use in meat mummification, this balm began to be applied to human mummies as

00:16:05well.

00:16:06In the oldest pirate flag, the National Museum of the Royal Navy in Portsmouth displays a unique artifact.

00:16:13A Jolly Roger pirate flag, captured off the coast of Africa in 1780.

00:16:19This flag with a red background served as a clear message to merchant ships, surrender or die.

00:16:25Powder burns and bullet holes are visible on its fabric.

00:16:28Around 1700 such flags began to be actively used.

00:16:33Initially, the red colour dominated.

00:16:35But over time, pirates experimented, favouring other designs as well, including black flags.

00:16:40Richard Noyce, the museum curator, says that the image of pirates created by Hollywood is far from reality.

00:16:48Historically, they were a dangerous threat to trade, not romantic movie heroes.

00:16:52Each pirate captain could choose his own design for his flag.

00:16:56But the skull and crossbones motifs became the most popular.

00:16:59The name Jolly Roger likely originated from the French phrase Jolly Rouge, which translates to pretty red, highlighting the flag's

00:17:08original red colour.

00:17:10Curse Scrolls

00:17:12In Brookside Meadows, England, archaeologists stumbled upon Roman villas showcasing the architectural splendour of the era, featuring a multi-building

00:17:21complex and remarkable artefacts, including curse tablets.

00:17:24This site in Oxfordshire stands out among other finds due to its scale and the variety of objects.

00:17:31Dating from the late 1st to early 2nd century AD, across an area of 60,000 square metres traces of

00:17:38human activity, from the Neolithic to the early Iron Age have been discovered, including buildings with decorative plaster and mosaics.

00:17:45Of particular interest is a colonnaded building with a central passageway, decorated with lavishly painted plaster.

00:17:51Among other finds are ceramic tiles, coins, rings and a brooch depicting a horse, pointing to cultural ties between the

00:17:58late Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods.

00:18:01The lead scrolls found on the site also caught the investigators' attention.

00:18:05These cursed tablets were used by the ancient Romans to appeal to the gods with requests to curse their enemies.

00:18:12The specimens found, although blank, indicate potential rituals or pilgrimages.

00:18:18Such tablets were usually buried in places considered close to the underworld, allowing the curses to reach the underworld gods.

00:18:25These unique finds not only reveal details of Roman architecture and daily life, but also provide valuable information about the

00:18:32spiritual practices and beliefs of ancient people, enriching our understanding of history.

00:18:38Who left this footprint?

00:18:40In Morocco, archaeologists discovered 85 ancient human footprints dating back approximately 90,300 years ago.

00:18:48These are the oldest footprints in North Africa and some of the most ancient traces of Homo sapiens.

00:18:54The find was made near the port city of Larache in northwestern Morocco.

00:18:58Researchers found footprints ranging in length from 12.7 to 30 centimeters across an area of about 2,800 square

00:19:06meters.

00:19:07These footprints indicate that they were left by people between 121 and 189 centimeters tall, with most of them being

00:19:15over 140.

00:19:16The footprints belong to at least five individuals, two children, a teenager or young adult and two adults.

00:19:24One of the adults was likely male.

00:19:25To determine the age of the prints, the optically stimulated luminescence method was used.

00:19:32The oldest liquid wine.

00:19:34In an ancient Roman underground mausoleum in Carmona, Spanish scientists discovered a glass urn containing cremated remains and a liquid

00:19:42that turned out to be the oldest known wine.

00:19:44The find is about 2000 years old Carmona, located in Andalusia, was a major city in the Roman province of

00:19:51Baitica during the first centuries of our era.

00:19:53The city preserves the ruins of an amphitheater and a necropolis, where archaeological discoveries and chemical analyses are still ongoing

00:20:00today.

00:20:00In 2019, archaeologists found the entrance to an underground tomb, presumably belonging to a wealthy family.

00:20:09Inside, they discovered eight niches for urns, six of which contained cremated remains.

00:20:14One of the glass urns also held a gold ring depicting Janus and a red liquid.

00:20:20Chemical analysis confirmed that it is wine which had changed colour due to chemical processes over 2000 years.

00:20:27The use of wine in Roman burial rituals is well documented.

00:20:30Wine was added to the urn after placing the cremated remains to assist the deceased in the afterlife.

00:20:36This find is important evidence of Roman customs and a confirmation of the enduring nature of their traditions.

00:20:41Earlier, other interesting artefacts were found in the mausoleum, such as an ancient Roman unguntarium, with remnants of perfume made

00:20:49from patchouli essential oil.

00:20:51An unfinished antediluvian structure

00:20:55In the mysterious valleys of Lebanon lies Baalbek, a city that holds ancient mysteries.

00:21:00A recently discovered structure at this site has added new information, confirming Baalbek's unique importance to archaeology and world culture.

00:21:08For a long time, Baalbek's megalithic architecture remained an enigma to scientists.

00:21:13The construction methods and the reasons for creating such massive structures had no parallels.

00:21:18However, the latest discovery offers new interpretations and opportunities for understanding ancient civilizations.

00:21:24Baalbek located in the Beka Valley is known for its important role during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

00:21:30From the moment of its conquest by Alexander the Great, the city underwent significant changes, becoming a bridge between eastern

00:21:36and western cultures.

00:21:38The ancient culture left its mark on the architecture and art of Baalbek, which is evident from the stylistic features

00:21:43of its buildings.

00:21:44The Romans, in turn, expanded and solidified its status as a religious and cultural center by erecting magnificent temples and

00:21:52public buildings.

00:21:53The most famous structures in Baalbek are the temples dedicated to Jupiter, Venus and Bacchus.

00:21:58These temples are known not only for their magnificence, but also for the engineering feats embodied in their construction.

00:22:05One of the most notable elements is the stone of the pregnant woman, a colossal megalith weighing over 1000 tons

00:22:11that was never actually integrated into the final temple structure.

00:22:14The discovery at the quarry in 2014 deepened the mysteries surrounding these ancient construction techniques.

00:22:21The find revealed that the ancient builders used technologies ahead of their time, raising questions about the origins and spread

00:22:28of ancient engineering knowledge.

00:22:31Comparing Baalbek to other ancient wonders, like Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids, one can notice common threads in their logistical

00:22:38and engineering approaches.

00:22:39For example, transporting the massive stones for Stonehenge or erecting the pyramids in Giza required not only physical resources, but

00:22:47also advanced planning and astronomical knowledge.

00:22:50Modern archaeological methods such as ground penetrating radar surveys and 3D scanning are opening new horizons in the study of

00:22:57ancient technologies.

00:22:58A subglacial lake in Antarctica

00:23:02A Chinese expedition is planning a unique exploration of the subglacial Lake Kilin in Antarctica, discovered in 2022 and hidden

00:23:10beneath 3600 meters of ice.

00:23:13The lake, with an area of 370 square kilometers and depths of up to 200 meters, could have been cut

00:23:20off from the outside world for 3 million years, making it a potential home for unknown life forms adapted to

00:23:26extreme conditions.

00:23:28Researchers hope that delving into its depths will reveal the secrets of an ancient ecosystem and provide new data about

00:23:35Earth's climatic past.

00:23:36However, the task requires the development of cutting-edge technologies for clean drilling and sample collection to avoid contaminating the

00:23:44unique environment.

00:23:45There is no launch date for the expedition yet, as scientists are stepping up technological preparations for this ambitious project,

00:23:52the goal of which is to explore never-before-seen corners of our planet and understand how life can survive

00:23:58in the harshest conditions.

00:24:00Living mummies

00:24:01In 1972, the mountain peaks of the Andes in South America became the site of an astonishing discovery.

00:24:09At an altitude of around 3600 meters, a crashed airplane was found that had gone missing in 1941.

00:24:15But the most astonishing thing wasn't finding the plane itself, but the condition of the passengers' bodies.

00:24:22Thanks to the cold and dry conditions at this altitude, the victims' bodies had turned into so-called living mummies.

00:24:29Their skin was desiccated, yet remained remarkably intact and retained signs of life.

00:24:33This phenomenon was caused by the mountain area's unique climatic conditions.

00:24:38Low temperatures, dry air and ultraviolet radiation at high altitude.

00:24:42The discovered mummies became subjects of study for scientists from various countries.

00:24:47They analyzed the condition of the bodies, trying to understand the processes that led to such unusual preservation.

00:24:53By that time, the disaster had already been forgotten and the relatives of the victims were finally given the chance

00:24:59to learn the fate of their loved ones and lay them to rest.

00:25:03The climate of the ancient world, revealed by wooden tags.

00:25:07Researchers have unlocked the secrets of past climates thanks to an unusual source.

00:25:12Ancient mummies.

00:25:13In Roman times, wooden tags were attached to mummies and it was these little details that turned out to be

00:25:18the key to unraveling the weather of those times.

00:25:21It wasn't just names carved into them.

00:25:23The tree rings turned out to be a living chronicle of the climate.

00:25:26During drought years, narrow rings on the wood bear witness to them.

00:25:30But to piece together a complete picture of the ancient weather, one tag isn't enough.

00:25:36Fortunately, many such artifacts have survived.

00:25:38Museums around the world hold thousands of them.

00:25:41And interestingly, they are made from various tree species.

00:25:44In the latest study, 300 such ancient paleoclimatic records were used.

00:25:48This helped scientists get closer to understanding the weather conditions of the eastern Mediterranean,

00:25:53in present-day Lebanon, Greece and along the Nile River.

00:25:57However, the date of each climate change still remains a mystery.

00:26:00Perhaps the answers lie in radiocarbon dating.

00:26:05Unknown Head.

00:26:06The Lidenberg heads are a collection of clay heads discovered in South Africa.

00:26:11They date back to 500 AD.

00:26:14And they are the oldest known examples of Iron Age art south of the equator.

00:26:20In 1957, as a ten-year-old boy, Ludwig von Basing found these heads on his father's farm.

00:26:28A total of seven heads were found.

00:26:30Two of them are large enough to fit over a child's head.

00:26:33The other five are half that size.

00:26:35They are all different, but they all share something in common.

00:26:39For example, clay rings around the neck, which may have symbolized prosperity.

00:26:43They may have been worn as masks during rituals, or attached to something during ceremonies.

00:26:50A maternity hospital for aliens.

00:26:53In 2000, when archaeologists led by Frank Goddio were searching for treasures from Napoleon's ships,

00:26:59they suddenly stumbled upon something completely unexpected.

00:27:02They found the mysterious city of Heracleion, lost beneath the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

00:27:08Heracleion was a brilliant trading hub, until Alexander the Great built Alexandria in the 4th century BC.

00:27:14The city was built in honor of the Egyptian god Ra, while the Greeks believed it was founded in honor

00:27:19of the demigod Heracles.

00:27:20At first, it doesn't seem like anything out of the ordinary.

00:27:24The ruins of a city slipping into the sea, statues of pharaohs, collapsed temples.

00:27:29But while exploring an ancient temple, divers discovered body leaves depicting women in luxurious robes holding tiny humanoids.

00:27:37These little ones were thin with slender arms and legs, elongated heads and huge, almond-shaped eyes.

00:27:45Questions immediately arise.

00:27:47Are the women treating aliens?

00:27:49Or is this a depiction of household gods?

00:27:51Or what if it's proof that in ancient Egypt, aliens conducted experiments to create human-alien hybrids?

00:27:59Heracles, who was considered a demigod, have actually been the son of a celestial alien and an earthly woman, a

00:28:06human-alien hybrid.

00:28:08These questions remain unanswered.

00:28:10But one thing we know for sure, history is full of unexpected discoveries.

00:28:14And each of them opens up new horizons and opportunities for research.

00:28:18Let me know in the comments below what you think about this.

00:28:22What kind of strange images have survived to this day?

00:28:25Could historians really be trying to hide valuable information from us?

00:28:29And don't forget to subscribe to the channel if you haven't already.

00:28:36Mummified penguins.

00:28:37Researchers from China discovered a graveyard of mummified penguins in Antarctica, and many of them were just chicks.

00:28:44At first, scientists thought the penguins didn't survive two periods of extreme precipitation.

00:28:49But penguins live in Antarctica, and are used to the cold and snow.

00:28:52So something doesn't quite add up here.

00:28:55Now scientists suggest that climate change is to blame for these mass penguin deaths.

00:29:00In their view, the increased humidity caused by global warming could have led to this tragedy.

00:29:05As it turned out, the penguins weren't prepared for such conditions and died right away.

00:29:09This happened twice, about 750 and 200 years ago.

00:29:14Scientists discovered this using radiocarbon dating.

00:29:17And it seems the penguins didn't die all at once, but rather died off gradually.

00:29:22A thousand year old collection of medieval games.

00:29:25Archaeologists have discovered a collection of medieval gaming pieces in a forgotten castle in southern Germany.

00:29:31Among the finds are a well-preserved chess piece, gaming tokens, and dice dating back to the 11th and 12th

00:29:37centuries.

00:29:38These items provide a unique glimpse into early gaming culture.

00:29:42Particularly significant is the knight piece that was found, which dates to the early spread of chess in Europe.

00:29:49Laboratory analysis showed that one side played with red pieces.

00:29:53Traces of wear on the piece suggest that the rules of the game have survived to this day.

00:29:58In the Middle Ages, chess was one of the seven skills that a good knight had to master.

00:30:02This explains why many chess piece discoveries come from castles.

00:30:06In addition to the chess piece, flower-shaped gaming pieces and a die with six dots, carved from antler, were

00:30:13also found.

00:30:14These artifacts, found beneath the wall rubble, allow scholars to gain a deeper insight into the gaming culture of the

00:30:20medieval nobility.

00:30:21In the future, researchers plan to conduct further analyses to learn more about the origins of European chess and the

00:30:28significance of gaming in the lives of medieval knights.

00:30:31A rare astronomical instrument.

00:30:33An 11th century medieval brass astrolabe was discovered by chance.

00:30:38Yet it proved to be vital evidence of cross-cultural scientific exchange.

00:30:42Created in Spain, it later acquired inscriptions in different languages as new owners adapted it for their own use.

00:30:49This artifact is unique as a palimpsest, reflecting the shifting ideas and needs of its owners.

00:30:55It's not just a rare specimen of an ancient instrument.

00:30:58It's powerful evidence of scientific exchange between Arabs, Jews and Christians over the centuries.

00:31:05The Verona astrolabe underwent many modifications as it changed hands.

00:31:09At least three separate owners added translations and corrections, two in Hebrew and one in an Indo-European language.

00:31:16Astrolabes are sky maps with rotating parts that helped determine a position in time and space.

00:31:21They were useful for navigation, astronomy and astrology.

00:31:26A panther tank in the basement.

00:31:29In 2015, an event occurred in Germany that caused a huge public and media sensation.

00:31:35In the basement garage of a private home, a World War II panther tank was discovered,

00:31:40along with a number of other military artifacts associated with Nazi Germany.

00:31:45The panther, considered one of the most powerful and effective tanks of its time,

00:31:49is a rare artifact and a subject of special interest for historians and collectors.

00:31:53Along with the tank, an anti-tank gun, a torpedo and numerous other military items were found in the garage,

00:32:00each serving as evidence of Nazi Germany's technological advancement and war efforts.

00:32:05The discovery was made possible by an anonymous tip,

00:32:08after which police and military experts carried out a search that led to this unusual find.

00:32:14Snitching in Germany is, you could say, part of German culture.

00:32:18However, it's astonishing how the owner of such a massive military arsenal

00:32:22managed to hide a tank in his basement for 70 years.

00:32:26The homeowner, an elderly man, was a history enthusiast and had supposedly been collecting these items for many years.

00:32:32The question of the origins of the tank and other items,

00:32:36as well as how they were brought into the basement, sparked a lot of debate among experts.

00:32:41Judicial authorities faced the task of determining whether the owner violated the law by possessing such objects,

00:32:48especially given the strictness of German legislation regarding Nazi-era symbols and artifacts.

00:32:53For many, this case served as a reminder that even decades after the war ended,

00:32:58its echoes can still be felt in our modern world, sometimes in the most unexpected and surprising forms.

00:33:04And how much more of such military equipment and weapons from those years is stored in basements and cellars all

00:33:10across Germany?

00:33:11A MESSAGE FROM SPACE

00:33:13In the Inga River in Brazil lies the mysterious Inga Stone in the state of Paraíba,

00:33:19sparking numerous debates within the archaeological community.

00:33:23Unknown geometric symbols are carved onto the surface of this 46-meter nice stone.

00:33:29The origin and meaning of these symbols have yet to be uncovered.

00:33:32Do you think they bear witness to a forgotten civilization, or are they a message from our ancestors?

00:33:38This stone is at least 6,000 years old.

00:33:40Next to it are other carved stones and caves, but they are not as interesting.

00:33:45Archaeologist Gabrielo Boraldi discovered the first Inga cave in 1988.

00:33:50In total, he examined 497 symbols on the cave walls.

00:33:54Most of them are enigmatic, but some undoubtedly depict cosmic objects, such as the Milky Way and the constellation of

00:34:02Orion.

00:34:02Some scholars see similarities between them and ancient African and Egyptian writings.

00:34:08Others compare them to runes.

00:34:10The study of the symbols showed that they may be linked to ancient beliefs, for example with a fertility cult.

00:34:15One of the researchers suggested that the Inga stone might contain an ancient solar calendar.

00:34:19Other hypotheses suggest contact with extraterrestrial civilizations or even ancient formulas or mathematical equations.

00:34:29Fragments of Alien Technology

00:34:31Harvard University Professor Avi Loeb believes he has found particles of extraterrestrial technology in a meteorite

00:34:38that fell off the coast of Papua New Guinea in 2014.

00:34:44These fragments were brought to Harvard for analysis,

00:34:46and the US Space Command confirmed with 99.999% certainty that the material originated from another solar system.

00:34:55Loeb and his team headed to the meteorite crash site aboard the Silver Star.

00:35:00They discovered 10 spherules, metallic beads, colored gold, blue and brown,

00:35:06some of which resembled a miniature Earth.

00:35:09Analysis showed that the spherules contain 84% iron, 8% silicon, 4% magnesium and 2% titanium.

00:35:18Loeb emphasized that these materials are tougher than any space rocks ever recorded by NASA,

00:35:23and they were traveling at 60 km per second ikond, which is faster than 95% of all stars near

00:35:29the sun day.

00:35:30These results suggest a possible artificial origin for the spherules,

00:35:34which could offer unique insights into materials from beyond our solar system.

00:35:39The researcher suggests that the spherules might be part of a larger find that they plan to investigate in future

00:35:46expeditions.

00:35:47The Theopetra cave time capsule. Just think about it.

00:35:51130,000 years ago, humans had already chosen this cave as their home.

00:35:56That is precisely the conclusion archaeologists reached while studying Theopetra cave in the heart of Greece.

00:36:02At the foot of Meteora, this remarkable piece of land was formed between 137 and 65 million years ago.

00:36:09Humans found a cozy place to live in this cave, and its interior turned out to be exceptionally spacious, around

00:36:16500 square meters.

00:36:18And what is especially nice, the cave is so bright thanks to the huge entrance.

00:36:23The exploration of the cave began in 1987 and went on for a full 20 years under the expert guidance

00:36:30of Dr. Nina, Caperissi Apostolica.

00:36:32Initially, the cave served as a shelter for local shepherd's sheep, but later became a key site for archaeologists from

00:36:38all over Greece.

00:36:39And here's an interesting fact. Theopetra is the only cave in Greece where the historical timeline from the Paleolithic to

00:36:46the Neolithic is clearly visible.

00:36:48Such a scientific window into the past is a real rarity.

00:36:52The cave drawings of Valcamonica.

00:36:54In the Valcamonica valley, located in northern Italy, there are over 200,000 cave drawings created by various cultures over

00:37:03the course of the last 8,000 years.

00:37:06These engravings are a unique testament to ancient civilizations, depicting their rituals, social structure and daily life.

00:37:14However, among the many traditional images of animals, dancing people and symbols, there are several engravings that are of particular

00:37:21interest to researchers.

00:37:23Some of them look like figures dressed in strange suits, reminiscent of space suits with details resembling helmets, antennas and

00:37:31other devices.

00:37:32These drawings gave rise to much speculation. Some claim that they could have been created after the ancient inhabitants of

00:37:39Valcamonica made contact with extraterrestrial civilizations.

00:37:43Such theories often rely on the appearance of these figures, arguing that ancient people might have depicted extraterrestrial beings or

00:37:51even astronauts they had encountered.

00:37:53However, most scholars lean toward the view that these engravings probably represent ritual or symbolic depictions, perhaps linked to the

00:38:02religious beliefs or rituals of that time.

00:38:05Scientists always have one take on this. If a find can't be explained, it must be either linked to something

00:38:12extraterrestrial or an ancient ritual.

00:38:15The Maya and extraterrestrial civilizations

00:38:19How do you explain the existence of artifacts depicting spaceships? A calendar that still works today? And perfectly smooth crystal

00:38:26skulls? And all of this from a civilization about which official history says otherwise?

00:38:31The secret might lie with extraterrestrial visitors. Yes, you heard that right.

00:38:35One of the Mayan gods, Cuculcan, whom the Aztecs knew as Quetzalcoatl, was supposedly an alien from another planet.

00:38:41He taught the Maya such complex sciences as agriculture, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.

00:38:48Furthermore, the Maya knew about planets that were discovered only a few centuries later.

00:38:53Back in the 1930s in Guatemala, scientists discovered a sandstone head that can no longer be studied today, as it

00:39:00was used as target practice during military operations.

00:39:03But it adds even more intrigue to our story, as its facial features don't look at all like the Maya

00:39:09or any other peoples of that region.

00:39:11And did you know that many of the Mayan books which according to legend were burned actually ended up in

00:39:17the Vatican?

00:39:18It was those books that were used to create the Gregorian calendar, which is currently used all over the world.

00:39:23All these facts only confirm that the Maya could have communicated with an extraterrestrial civilization.

00:39:30The features of the Antikythera Mechanism

00:39:33In 1901 in the ocean depths of the island of Antikythera, a group of Greek divers encountered one of the

00:39:39most enigmatic finds in the history of archaeology.

00:39:43They discovered a sunken ship that was carrying treasures from the ancient world, including statues, jewelry and most strikingly, a

00:39:51complex mechanism oxidized and encrusted with marine deposits.

00:39:54This object, which became known as the Antikythera Mechanism, is shrouded in the mysteries of the past and remains the

00:40:01subject of extensive research today.

00:40:03The mechanism, made of bronze, is a complex system of gears and levers consisting of 30 mechanical components housed in

00:40:11a wooden frame.

00:40:11The mechanism's structure testifies to the high level of knowledge and technical skill of its creators.

00:40:18This artifact demonstrates an astonishing mastery of metalworking and astronomical knowledge.

00:40:233D scanning and X-ray tomography have allowed scientists to delve deeper into the mechanism's structure and understand how it

00:40:29works.

00:40:30These methods made it possible to examine every single detail of the device without any risk of damaging it.

00:40:36Thanks to these technologies, it was discovered that the mechanism incorporates a series of gear wheels capable of predicting astronomical

00:40:42positions and ephemerides of the sun day, the moon and other planets in the solar system.

00:40:48The primary function of the Antikythera Mechanism was astronomical modeling.

00:40:51The device was used to calculate and predict solar and lunar eclipses, as well as to determine the phases of

00:40:57the moon and, possibly, the positions of the planets.

00:41:00This discovery significantly expanded our understanding of how advanced technology and scientific knowledge were in ancient Greece,

00:41:07confirming their ability to create complex computing devices centuries before the invention of digital computers.

00:41:14Nevertheless, many mysteries of the Antikythera Mechanism remain unsolved.

00:41:19For example, the exact purpose of some components and scales, as well as the full extent of its functions, are

00:41:25still unknown.

00:41:25Furthermore, it rains unclear who exactly created this mechanism, and whether other similar devices were ever built that could provide

00:41:32additional insight into the technological achievements of that era.

00:41:36The Antikythera Mechanism remains a symbol of ancient Greek engineering, reminding us that the history of technology and science still

00:41:43has many unexplored chapters.

00:41:46Butter and Bogs. Bogs often turn out to be real treasure troves for archaeologists, thanks to their preservative properties.

00:41:54Humic acid in peatlands creates a pH level similar to vinegar, which allows objects to be preserved for hundreds or

00:42:01even thousands of years.

00:42:03Irish and Scottish bogs are particularly famous, where butter is often found.

00:42:09To date, around 500 such finds have been recorded, since the 17th century.

00:42:14Similar discoveries are also found in Norway, the Netherlands and Germany.

00:42:19The butter is usually found in wooden kegs, buckets, baskets and bowls.

00:42:23Sometimes it's wrapped in birch bark and cloth, but a third of the finds have no packaging at all.

00:42:28The weight of these finds ranges from 150 grams to 50 kilograms.

00:42:33The oldest Irish find dates back to 1745-1635 BC, while the Scottish ones date to the 3rd and 2nd

00:42:40centuries BC.

00:42:42The reasons for storing butter in bogs vary.

00:42:45One theory suggests it was for long-term preservation.

00:42:48Archaeologist Daniel Fisher discovered that meat stored in peat bogs preserved its qualities, much like it would in a freezer.

00:42:56Butter could also have been used as currency for trade, taxes or rent.

00:43:01Another reason might have been fermentation to enhance its flavor.

00:43:05Experiments by the Nordic Food Lab showed that butter stored in peat developed unique aromas and remained edible after a

00:43:12year and a half.

00:43:15Pompeii managed to preserve history.

00:43:17In 79 AD, the city of Pompeii, a flourishing hub of trade and culture on the shores of the Tyrrhenian

00:43:24Sea, met its doom.

00:43:26The city's residents were caught off guard by a powerful eruption of Mount Vesuvius, a volcano that, until then, had

00:43:32seemed like a sleeping giant for many years.

00:43:34This eruption is shrouded in mysteries and mystical omens.

00:43:38After all, even the very day of the catastrophe, as some studies suggest, was steeped in an unusual atmosphere.

00:43:44Early in the morning, the volcano began spewing a colossal cloud of ash and gas that rose to an altitude

00:43:49of over 30 kilometers.

00:43:51Aeroclastic flows, a lethal combination of burning gas, ash and volcanic bombs, instantly engulfed the city, claiming lives and freezing

00:44:00the world around in the final second of their existence.

00:44:03It is estimated that between 10 and 25 thousand people perished as a result of the volcanic eruption.

00:44:09The central districts of Pompeii were hit particularly hard, where homes and public buildings were buried under meters of ash

00:44:15and pumice.

00:44:15The volcanic ash that covered the city played a crucial role in preserving Pompeii.

00:44:21This thick layer blocked the access of air and microorganisms, leading to the astonishing preservation of buildings, mosaics, frescoes, and

00:44:28even organic materials, such as wood, fabrics, and food.

00:44:31Frozen in time, the streets and houses of Pompeii offer an invaluable snapshot of ancient life, preserved for millennia.

00:44:51These scrolls are a true find for historians and archaeologists, as they contain works on philosophy, ethics, rhetoric, and poetry,

00:44:59written during the well-known period from the first century BC to 79 AD.

00:45:03Studying these documents opens up new chapters in understanding the culture and spiritual life of the ancient Greeks and Romans,

00:45:10illustrating the sophistication of their thought and the breadth of their knowledge.

00:45:14Modern technologies play a key role in the study of these ancient texts.

00:45:18Methods such as virtual unwrapping and X-ray scanning allow scientists to read papyrus scrolls without physical intervention, eliminating the

00:45:27risk of damaging these fragile materials.

00:45:29Thus, Pompeii continues to stand as a testament to tragedy, while simultaneously serving as a time capsule that offers a

00:45:36unique window into the past.

00:45:39Gristhorp Man

00:45:40On July 10, 1834, William Beswick discovered an ancient burial mound on his land in Gristhorp, North Yorkshire, England.

00:45:49Inside, he found an unusually shaped oak coffin, containing the remains of a Bronze Age man, known today as the

00:45:56Gristhorp Man.

00:45:58Beswick's discovery was made with the participation of members of the Scarborough Philosophical Society.

00:46:03New discoveries about the Gristhorp Man revealed that he was about 1 meter 80 centimeters tall, which was tall for

00:46:09the Bronze Age.

00:46:10This indicated a high social status. Perhaps he was a tribal chief.

00:46:15Additional evidence of this status can be found in the grave goods.

00:46:19Before being placed in the oak coffin, the body of the Gristhorp Man was wrapped in a leather cloak.

00:46:25The grave goods included a dagger, flint tools, a basket with food remains, and salt.

00:46:31A bark vessel, which according to modern research contained milk.

00:46:35Modern science has also revealed that the Gristhorp Man was likely a warrior due to the presence of numerous healed

00:46:40fractures.

00:46:41Isotope analysis of his tooth indicates a consistently meat-rich diet throughout his life.

00:46:48Radiocarbon dating of tooth dentin and the femur bone, carried out at the University of Bradford, showed that his death

00:46:54occurred approximately 4,000 years ago.

00:46:58The oldest working cock compass.

00:47:01Archaeologists from the Estonian Maritime Museum have revealed details of recent finds at the excavation site of a medieval merchant

00:47:07ship in Tallinn.

00:47:08The ship, discovered a year ago, is remarkably well preserved and is revealing secrets of the past.

00:47:14A particularly valuable find is one of the oldest magnetic dry card compasses in Europe.

00:47:19This is unique, since the sensitive elements of compasses are usually submerged in liquid.

00:47:25They also found artifacts on board, worn leather shoes, a wooden spoon, and the remarkably well preserved remains of two

00:47:32ship rats.

00:47:33The remains of the ship were found near the Estonian river Hargepea.

00:47:37At first, it was assumed to be the remains of a cog, the main Hanseatic merchant vessel,

00:47:42but the presence of a second mast points to a possible transitional type between a cog and a hulk.

00:47:48A late 18th century time capsule.

00:47:52In the US, at West Point, experts opened a mysterious box that had lain at the base of a monument

00:47:57for 200 years.

00:47:59Everyone thought there would be old documents inside, but they were just coins.

00:48:03As it turned out, the box contained old American coins and a commemorative medal.

00:48:08But even despite their age, each coin is worth just a few hundred or even a few thousand dollars.

00:48:15Archaeologist Hudson was a bit disappointed, but he still took the lead box to the lab and began analyzing the

00:48:21contents,

00:48:22since there could be other mysterious items lost to time.

00:48:25And although the box didn't bring the expected discoveries, every find is a new piece of history.

00:48:32The Girin of the Sanctuary of Caravaggio

00:48:35In 1791, Dr. Joseph Guillotine suggested using the guillotine as a humane method of execution.

00:48:43He believed that it would provide a quick and painless decapitation, unlike other methods,

00:48:49that could cause a long and agonizing death, due to the lack of skill of the executioner.

00:48:53However, long before the French Revolution, this device was already in use in other countries.

00:48:58In Ireland and Scotland, the guillotine was called the Scottish Maiden, in France, the Furniture of Justice, and in Italy

00:49:06it was known as the Maniaia.

00:49:07In a basement in Italy, at the Sanctuary of Santa Maria del Fonte, in the village of Caravaggio, sits a

00:49:14guillotine that predates the French Revolution by more than two centuries.

00:49:18The Sanctuary of Santa Maria del Fonte is famous for the legend of the apparition of Saint Mary to a

00:49:24shepherdess on May 26, 1432.

00:49:27Beneath this monumental structure lies a corridor divided into five sections.

00:49:31One of them houses a primitive guillotine linked to the legend of a miracle.

00:49:36In 1520, a robber sentenced to death, repented, and asked Mary for forgiveness.

00:49:40They say that the guillotine refused to behead him, sparing his life.

00:49:45This is one of the miracles associated with Saint Mary.

00:49:48The guillotine in the Sanctuary differs from the French one.

00:49:51It is small and primitive.

00:49:53The blade was fixed under a heavy lock that was released and slid down the guides, beheading the condemned.

00:50:00The Secret Manhattan Project

00:50:03There is one type of weapon in the world whose possession fundamentally changes a country standing on the geopolitical map.

00:50:09That weapon is atomic weaponry.

00:50:12In the dark times of World War II, when the world was torn apart by horrific events,

00:50:17a group of prominent scientists gathered at a secret location to work on a project that could radically alter the

00:50:23course of history.

00:50:25This project was called the Manhattan Project.

00:50:28The mission to create the first atomic bomb.

00:50:30It was a race against time and science, where the stakes were higher than ever.

00:50:34The spark that ignited the Manhattan Project came from a small group of Jewish refugees,

00:50:40who arrived in the US seeking asylum from Nazi Germany.

00:50:44They warned that atomic weapons were being developed in Berlin.

00:50:48Surprisingly, all the information about this development was open and available for study.

00:50:53But behind these great scientific discoveries and engineering feats lay a deep internal struggle.

00:50:58Recently discovered personal letters and diaries of the scientists who worked on the project reveal a new perspective on their

00:51:05feelings and thoughts.

00:51:06These documents tell of the doubts and ethical dilemmas these men faced as they weighed the consequences of their inventions.

00:51:13In their writings, one can find questions about the morality of creating a weapon of such destructive power and about

00:51:20the future of humanity after its use.

00:51:23Scientists wondered, are we saving the world by creating such a weapon or are we simply opening a Pandora's box

00:51:29whose consequences will be impossible to reverse?

00:51:32These letters and diaries allow us to look into the souls of the people behind one of the most significant

00:51:37and controversial scientific achievements in history.

00:51:40They show that even in the process of creating great inventions, scientists remained above all, human beings experiencing fear, doubt

00:51:49and hope.

00:51:51The scientists worked under the direction of physicist Robert Oppenheimer, who would be called the father of atomic weapons a

00:51:57few years later.

00:51:58A movie was even made on this subject just recently.

00:52:02A lost fragment of a Bible translation.

00:52:05Austrian scientists made a remarkable discovery in the Vatican Library.

00:52:09A new chapter of the Bible in a translation of the Gospel of Matthew dating back to 1750.

00:52:15Invisible to the naked eye, the text was discovered using ultraviolet photography.

00:52:20This discovery became part of a research project aimed at restoring texts that were erased or rewritten by scribes between

00:52:28the 4th and 12th centuries AD.

00:52:30Manuscripts of this kind, known as palimpsests, were written on previously used material.

00:52:37This was due to a shortage of writing materials.

00:52:39Using ultraviolet light, they were able to reveal the lost texts.

00:52:43Among their covered 74 manuscripts, one particularly valuable find emerged, an ancient version of the Bible, 100 years older than

00:52:50the earliest Greek translations, including the Codex Sinaiticus.

00:52:53The new text expands on the familiar verse about Jesus' disciples plucking heads of grain, adding that they rubbed them

00:53:00in their hands and ate them.

00:53:01This discovery is a major contribution to our understanding of ancient Syriac texts and the study of ancient writing.

00:53:08The oldest photograph in Germany.

00:53:11Photography is widely considered to have been invented in 1839.

00:53:14However, a picture was discovered in Munich that changes history.

00:53:19A photograph taken two years earlier was found in a German museum.

00:53:24The 4x4 cm image depicts the Munich landmark, the Frauenkirche Cathedral.

00:53:29The photograph was taken by the German scientist Franz von Kobbel in 1837.

00:53:35Researcher Cornel E. Kemp found the picture in the archives.

00:53:37It was previously thought that Germany's oldest photograph dated back to 1839.

00:53:43It was in that year that Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype.

00:53:48But the find in Munich shows that Germany's first photograph was taken in March 1837.

00:53:54Kobbel noted the date on the back of the salt print.

00:53:57In the photograph, the Frauenkirche appears as a silhouette against a dark sky.

00:54:02The image is upside down and was exposed for hours.

00:54:05Germany's oldest photograph won't be on display in the museum's permanent exhibition.

00:54:10It will be kept in a special cold storage room.

00:54:14An ancient bowl in a garage.

00:54:16In the Cotswolds region of the UK.

00:54:19A married couple found an antique bowl in their garage and turned to an antiques expert for an appraisal.

00:54:24They were surprised to learn that the bowl was an ancient Chinese Qing dynasty artifact.

00:54:30Dating back to the 17th century.

00:54:32Carved from Rhinoceros horn, this bowl was used for libations in religious ceremonies and might have served as an aphrodisiac.

00:54:39Experts date the bowl to the late 17th or early 18th century.

00:54:43It is scheduled to be auctioned at Hanson's Auctioneers with an estimated value of 3,000 to 5,000 pounds

00:54:49sterling.

00:54:50Such cups were revered as symbols of victory and were used in ceremonies among Chinese scholars.

00:54:55They not only held cultural significance but were also considered magical.

00:54:59The horn could change color to warn of poison in the drink.

00:55:02This find is of great value to history and culture.

00:55:06Demonstrating the complexity and grandeur of ancient Chinese traditions.

00:55:11An old dried up lemon.

00:55:13In the UK, a 285 year old lemon found in an old chest was sold at auction.

00:55:18The buyer paid 1,400 to 2,400 pounds sterling for it.

00:55:23This dried up brown lemon was discovered when locals were going through their late uncle's belongings and found a 19th

00:55:30century chest.

00:55:31Suspecting that the chest might be valuable, they decided to show it to auctioneer David Brattel.

00:55:36As Brattel was photographing the chest for sale, he stumbled upon the lemon.

00:55:40Carved into the citrus peel was the inscription given by Mr. Plou Francini November 4th, 1739 to Miss E. Baxter.

00:55:49It is believed that the lemon was brought to England from British India as a romantic gift.

00:55:55Brattel decided to have a little fun and put the lemon up for auction with a starting price of 40

00:56:00to 60 pounds.

00:56:01However, the lemon was sold for a record-breaking nearly 1,500 pounds.

00:56:07The lemon's high price is due to its rarity, as such an item is unlikely to ever appear at auction

00:56:13again.

00:56:15Ancient calendars in the US.

00:56:17At Castle Rock Pueblo on the Mesa Verde Plateau in the US, where Colorado and Utah meet,

00:56:23archaeologists made an astonishing discovery.

00:56:26In an area known for its unusual rock formations and ancient rock art,

00:56:30scientists discovered numerous new petroglyphs.

00:56:33The newly discovered rock carvings, which are about 3,000 years old,

00:56:37could change our understanding of this area's culture and history.

00:56:40Archaeologist Radoslor Palonka from Jagiellonian University said that,

00:56:45at an altitude of about 800 meters above known settlements,

00:56:48numerous lines and spirals carved into the walls were discovered.

00:56:52The spirals, which reach up to 1 meter in diameter,

00:56:55could have been used as calendars to mark important dates and conduct astronomical observations.

00:57:01These discoveries could fundamentally change our perception of this era,

00:57:05when the Pueblo people lived an agrarian way of life and were engaged in making baskets and mats.

00:57:12Dragon houses and Mount Ochi.

00:57:14The dragon houses on the island of Euboe in Greece are mysterious megalithic structures

00:57:19that are remarkable for their massive scale and precision.

00:57:23These ancient structures, built from huge stone blocks without the use of mortar,

00:57:29date back to around the 8th century BC.

00:57:32Legends link the dragon houses to the gods, particularly Zeus,

00:57:36describing them as places of sacred rituals and the dwellings of ancient dragons guarding these lands.

00:57:41Mount Ochi, where some of the dragon houses are located,

00:57:45is considered a place of contact with the gods due to its remoteness and majestic setting.

00:57:50In ancient Greek mythology, mountains were often associated with the dwellings of the gods

00:57:54and places where they appeared.

00:57:56This mountain, rising above the surrounding landscape,

00:57:59could have been perceived as a sacred place where divine encounters and rituals took place.

00:58:04Archaeologists faced numerous difficulties when studying these megalithic structures.

00:58:08One of the greatest mysteries,

00:58:10how were ancient builders able to transport and stack such massive stone blocks atop mountain peaks?

00:58:16The logistical and technical aspects of their construction remain unclear,

00:58:20especially given the lack of modern tools and machinery.

00:58:23There is also no precise data on the timing or purpose of building these structures,

00:58:27which complicates their study and interpretation.

00:58:30According to legends, Zeus used these places for his meetings with humans and other gods.

00:58:35The dragons mentioned in the legends could have been symbols of his power and the protection of sacred places.

00:58:41There is a theory that the dragon houses might have been sites of contact with extraterrestrials.

00:58:46Proponents of this hypothesis claim that the unusual architecture and precise geometry of these structures

00:58:51testify to the possible influence of extraterrestrial civilizations.

00:58:55They believe that the ancient Greeks might have interpreted encounters with extraterrestrials as contact with gods,

00:59:01which was reflected in their myths and legends.

00:59:04A hoard of spices on a sunken ship.

00:59:07Despite the terrible tragedies and horrifying events of the past,

00:59:12archaeologists can now study the ancient world.

00:59:15Off the coast of Sweden, archaeologists discovered the ship.

00:59:18Grybschunden, which sank here in 1495.

00:59:22A Danish king, John, planned to strike a deal with the Swedish ruler's 10th steward, the Elder,

00:59:27which would grant him full control over Sweden.

00:59:29He had previously done the same with Norway, creating a united Scandinavian kingdom.

00:59:34However, after docking, the ship caught fire and sank, which was a great loss.

00:59:39It was filled with goods befitting a wealthy and powerful ruler.

00:59:44The wreckage was first discovered in the 1960s,

00:59:47but back then archaeologists were unable to thoroughly examine all the artifacts found deep underwater.

00:59:53The first serious research began in 2019.

00:59:56And the most valuable find turned out to be containers,

01:00:00with well-preserved plant material containing about 3000 specimens.

01:00:04Scientists were able to identify medieval spices among them.

01:00:08Nutmeg, cloves, mustard, dill, saffron, ginger, peppercorns and almonds.

01:00:13In that era, spices from Southeast Asia were extremely expensive in Europe,

01:00:18because the trade routes were controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

01:00:22There were also less exotic products on board, such as dried blackberries, raspberries, grapes and flax.

01:00:28Along with those, hanbane was found, which in the past was used for medicinal purposes.

01:00:32And now, it is one of the most poisonous plants in nature.

01:00:36The plant specimens were in excellent condition due to the unique environment at the site where the ship was found.

01:00:42A cold and low salinity part of the Baltic Sea.

01:00:44From precious spices, I'll move on to a treasure more familiar to us.

01:00:48The Hand of Glory.

01:00:51Ancient mages and shamans surprise and amaze with their ingenuity.

01:00:55Their knowledge of human psychology is especially inspiring,

01:00:59because in addition to managing to create certain magical items,

01:01:03they also compel people to believe in their miraculous power.

01:01:06One such example is the Hand of Glory.

01:01:08The first mentions of this terrifying thing date back to the 1600s,

01:01:13but those are only the officially recorded ones.

01:01:16To craft this magical item, you needed the Hand of a Hanged Murderer.

01:01:20The most interesting part is that I even have the recipe for making this creepy thing.

01:01:25You might want to write this down, just in case you ever need it.

01:01:29The hand must be severed from the body of a hanged criminal,

01:01:32pickled in salt and the urine of a man, a woman, a dog, a stallion and a mare.

01:01:37Then it must be smoked with herbs and hay for a month,

01:01:40hung from an oak tree for three consecutive nights,

01:01:43and then hung on a church door for one night.

01:01:45And if during that time no fear drives you away, the hand will be yours.

01:01:49According to another recipe, the hand had to be, so to speak, pickled in various ingredients,

01:01:54two of which are ponia and zimat.

01:01:57Fortunately, we still don't know the translations of these words.

01:02:00So what was the point of this hand?

01:02:02Well, it's quite simple.

01:02:03By performing a certain ritual using this hand, you could open absolutely any door on the planet.

01:02:09It's a sort of magical lockpick.

01:02:11Remarkably, history has even preserved accounts of allegedly real cases where such artifacts were used.

01:02:17In the 1873 book Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, there is a tale of a maidservant.

01:02:23During a severe storm, a beggar appeared on the doorstep of an inn in the English county of Northumberland.

01:02:30There were no vacancies, but he was allowed to spend the night by the fireplace next to the maidservant.

01:02:35The woman woke up in the night and saw the lodger pull a withered human hand from the folds of

01:02:39his cloak,

01:02:40light the candles fixed between the fingers, and softly mutter some kind of incantation.

01:02:44After that, he calmly wandered around the hall, stuffing more or less valuable items into a sack, tableware, candelabras and

01:02:50the like.

01:02:51The maid rushed to wake the master and the other servants, but they were sleeping soundly, impossible to rouse.

01:02:56Then she grabbed a jug of milk and splashed it over the hand.

01:03:00The candles went out and the sleep paralysis lifted from the residence of the house.

01:03:05Nowadays, such hands are part of the exhibits in several museums, each with its own sinister history.

01:03:10The next one actually held real value back in the Middle Ages.

01:03:14The Glass Brain

01:03:16Archaeologists made a unique, one-of-a-kind discovery during their excavations in Italy.

01:03:22The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD was a disaster for a vast number of people.

01:03:29The Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae were completely engulfed by volcanic lava and ash.

01:03:35Archaeologists are still excavating here, trying to find something interesting.

01:03:39This time, they got lucky.

01:03:41They found a real human brain turned to glass.

01:03:44The thermal energy released during the eruption was 500 times greater than that released by the atomic bomb explosion over

01:03:51Hiroshima.

01:03:52The remains of a 25-year-old man from Herculaneum, who died during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered

01:03:59in the 1960s.

01:04:00His body was found in a small room in the College of Augustales, a structure dedicated to Emperor Augustus.

01:04:07The young man's body was lying on a bed and judging by his posture, he was asleep at the moment

01:04:12of death.

01:04:12To conduct their research and study ancient artifacts, archaeologists have to piece everything together bit by bit.

01:04:18Without a second thought, the archaeologists decided to open the guy's skull and found a piece of glass inside, which

01:04:24his brain had turned into.

01:04:25No similar vitrification was observed in other parts of the body.

01:04:28The analysis showed that the material inside the skull was indeed a human brain.

01:04:33Characteristic fatty acids were found in the glass fragments.

01:04:36They couldn't have entered the skull from the outside.

01:04:39There were no traces of them nearby.

01:04:41Based on the charred wood remains, scientists determined the temperature in this spot reached up to 520 degrees.

01:04:47The fat in the man's body literally ignited and the soft tissues vaporized.

01:04:51After that, the surrounding temperature dropped sharply, which led to the vitrification of the brain remains.

01:04:58The man's lungs turned into a spongy mass, something also not observed in the other remains.

01:05:03Scientists have seen a similar condition in the lungs of victims from more recent tragic events, such as the fire

01:05:09bombings of Dresden and Hamburg during World War II.

01:05:12From the glass brain, let's move on to glass tools.

01:05:16Ruins of Ancient Civilizations

01:05:18Captain Robert Scott and his team came face to face with an ancient civilization beyond the ice wall of Antarctica.

01:05:25They found traces from antediluvian times and even captured them on camera.

01:05:29Can you imagine what it's like to see the ruins of an ancient city, pyramids, columns and statues in the

01:05:35very heart of Antarctica?

01:05:37This ancient civilization is perhaps even older than those we learn about in school.

01:05:42Confirming this is a map from 1531 where Antarctica is depicted ice-free.

01:05:47That's strange, because according to our history, Antarctica was only discovered in 1820 by Russian explorers.

01:05:53Did you know that the North and South Poles have swapped places 171 times over the past 76 million years?

01:05:59And the last time it happened was about 12,000 years ago?

01:06:02This explains why all of Antarctica's secrets are hidden today beneath a kilometer-thick layer of ice.

01:06:08According to the latest reports, there is a vast network of passageways and tunnels beneath Antarctica at a depth of

01:06:144 kilometers.

01:06:15An ancient glass workshop.

01:06:18In the Czech village of Nemčice, researchers discovered treasures of truly royal proportions, thousands of gold coins, sunken huts and

01:06:27even glass jewelry.

01:06:29And most interestingly, Nemčice seems to have been home to the oldest glass workshop north of the Alps.

01:06:35Archeologists didn't find glass-making tools, but they found numerous glass items at various stages of completion.

01:06:41This important discovery supports the idea that there was of an ancient glass workshop in Nemčice.

01:06:48They also discovered several more amber items, as well as buildings similar to those in Nemčice, that were used for

01:06:55ritual purposes.

01:06:56The findings suggest that this place was not just a workshop, but also an important ritual site.

01:07:01On top of that, over the past 20 years, 2,000 gold and silver coins have been found here.

01:07:07This reinforces the belief that Nemčice was an important stop along the amber road in the 3rd and 2nd centuries

01:07:13BC, connecting settlements near the North, Baltic and Mediterranean seas.

01:07:20Unraveling the Mystery of the Mummified Bishop

01:07:24Today we have an unusual story from the 17th century. Between the legs of the prominent Bishop Peter Winstrup, a

01:07:31small mummified fetus was found.

01:07:33Bishop Winstrup was a prominent figure in the Lutheran Church, and after his death in 1679, he was buried in

01:07:40the crypt of Lund Cathedral.

01:07:42For several years, scientists tried to figure out who this baby was, and thanks to DNA analysis, they determined that

01:07:49he was most likely the bishop's grandson.

01:07:51Boy was not fully developed, and researchers suggest that his mother had a miscarriage at 6 months of pregnancy.

01:07:58The bishop and the child share 25% of their genetic material, which points to a 2nd degree relationship.

01:08:06After analyzing the baby's DNA and Winstrup's family tree, the researchers concluded that the boy was the bishop's son's son.

01:08:13The grandson was buried alongside his grandfather.

01:08:16This case, once again, highlights how extraordinary and fascinating exploring the past can be through archaeology and genetics, because that's

01:08:25precisely how we can piece together stories that remained untold for centuries.

01:08:31A woman in a Siberian necropolis

01:08:33At the edge of the Arctic, a unique discovery was made. The only woman resting in an all-male necropolis,

01:08:41buried in a cocoon of copper and fur.

01:08:43This enigmatic 12th century woman belonging to an unknown Siberian hunting and fishing civilization had surprising ties to Persia.

01:08:51Her body was accidentally mummified, and she was estimated to be around 35 years old.

01:08:56A greenish hue is visible on the woman's face from pieces of a copper kettle that helped preserve her in

01:09:01the permafrost.

01:09:02She has long eyelashes, a full head of hair, and impressive teeth.

01:09:07Bronze temple rings wrapped in animal skin, possibly deer hide, and birch bark used to wrap the mummy were found

01:09:13near the skull.

01:09:14Like the other remains, the mummy's feet point toward the Gornipoli River, which scientists believe has religious significance.

01:09:22The copper mummy is the first discovery of an adult woman in this ancient cemetery.

01:09:27Numerous analyses, including DNA, will be conducted by Russian and South Korean scientists, England's oldest scientific instrument.

01:09:35A palm-sized copper quadrant discovered in England, dating back to 1311, was used to tell time.

01:09:42This artifact is 15 years older than the famous Chaucer astrolabe in the British Museum.

01:09:48Researchers point out the rarity of medieval English instruments and their importance for the scientific understanding of that era.

01:09:54The instrument is estimated at $130,000 to $190,000.

01:09:58It is presented at the auction along with valuable books, manuscripts, and a 17th century silver microscope made by Anthony

01:10:05van Leeuwenhoek.

01:10:07Quadrants are believed to have arrived in Europe from Muslim Spain at the end of the 13th century.

01:10:11In these instruments, ancient time was divided into 12 hours, the duration of which varied depending on the season and

01:10:16the latitude of the location.

01:10:18The first hour began at dawn.

01:10:20Noon arrived at the end of the 6th hour and sunset at the end of the 12th.

01:10:24This made summer hours longer than winter ones.

01:10:27Quadrants were instruments used by merchants, clerics, and students.

01:10:31It is known that Queen Isabella, wife of Edward II, received several such devices as gifts in 1358.

01:10:38The quadrant determined the time of day by the Sunday's altitude, using a trigonometric formula that was accurate at the

01:10:44equator.

01:10:45Despite its inaccuracies, the instrument was useful not only for telling time, but also for solving thematic problems related to

01:10:52measuring distances and heights.

01:10:53A city from 8th century poetry.

01:10:56In Nanjing, China, archaeologists have discovered the ancient city of Chang'en, mentioned in the ballad, A Song of Chang

01:11:03'en, by the poet Li Bai.

01:11:05The age of the find exceeds 3,000 years, offering an opportunity to study the history of this place.

01:11:10Li Bai's ballad, dating back to the 8th century, tells the story of a young bride dealing with loneliness and

01:11:16longing for her husband.

01:11:17The heroine's emotional journey ends on a melancholic note, reflecting her longing for reunion.

01:11:23The archaeological team uncovered numerous artifacts, including wall foundations, trenches, wells, kilns, and a sacrificial pit.

01:11:30According to Wang Wei, president of the Society for Chinese Archaeology, this site was a significant discovery for Nanjing in

01:11:362023.

01:11:37Among the artifacts are ceramic wares, pottery, ding vessels, and other items, revealing new aspects of the Jiangnan culture.

01:11:45This discovery is important not only for archaeology, but also for literature, connecting the poems of Li Bai with an

01:11:51actual ancient city.

01:11:52The excavations provide a deeper understanding of Nanjing's cultural context and ancient civilization, showcasing the connection between art and reality.

01:12:02Something living behind the Great Wall of China

01:12:05The Great Wall of China, built during the Ming Dynasty between 1368 and 1644, stretching over 21,000 kilometers, continues

01:12:15to astonish scientists.

01:12:17Over the last five centuries, about a third of the wall has been destroyed, but a significant portion of the

01:12:23structure still stands.

01:12:25Research has shown that living mortar plays a key role in maintaining its strength.

01:12:29Rammed earth, including soil and gravel, was used during construction.

01:12:33New research has revealed that the wall's durability is influenced by a biocrust,

01:12:38a layer created by the growth of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens.

01:12:43These organisms form a structure similar to cement, increasing the wall's resistance to erosion and damage.

01:12:49Out of eight studied sections of the Ming-era wall, 67% contained biocrusts.

01:12:54Comparing the strength and stability of rammed earth with a biocrust, scientists found that it significantly reduces porosity and salinity,

01:13:02decreasing erosion and increasing compressive and shear strength.

01:13:06This living cement apparently makes the Great Wall of China more resilient to climate change and natural wear,

01:13:12highlighting the importance of biological processes in preserving historical monuments.

01:13:22Archaeologists made an amazing discovery in Pompeii, unearthing an ancient fresco that had been hidden under a layer of volcanic

01:13:28ash for two millennia.

01:13:30This artwork was found in the famous House of Leda, adorned with exquisite paintings that make it a crucial historical

01:13:37site.

01:13:38It depicts a mythological scene with Phrixus and Hel, a brother and sister, escaping from their wicked stepmother on a

01:13:44magical ram.

01:13:45This legend tells the story of Aino, the wicked stepmother who seeks to get rid of her stepchildren.

01:13:51In the scene depicted, Hela falls from the ram, and according to myth, drowns in the straits separating Europe and

01:13:57Asia.

01:13:58Archaeologists call this discovery truly magical.

01:14:00The city of Pompeii was buried under a thick layer of ash following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79

01:14:06AD.

01:14:07Excavations are still underway today, occasionally presenting scientists with unexpected artifacts.

01:14:12It is expected that this unique artifact will soon be presented to the public.

01:14:19Remote viewing.

01:14:20The Stargate project was a secret program launched by the CIA in the 1970s to study and apply the phenomenon

01:14:27of remote viewing, also known as remote perception.

01:14:32Remote viewing is the ability of a person to acquire information about distant or inaccessible objects, locations or events, without

01:14:40the use of ordinary sensory means.

01:14:42The Stargate project was created to explore the potential of using this ability for intelligence purposes, including the study of

01:14:49UFOs.

01:14:50The project utilized various methods such as hypnosis, meditation and other techniques to induce an altered state of consciousness in

01:14:58participants, allowing them to receive information.

01:15:01These methods were applied to investigate UFOs and search for signs of extraterrestrial activity.

01:15:07One of the key participants in the project was Pat Price, a former police officer with exceptional remote viewing abilities.

01:15:15Pat Price made several important discoveries, particularly regarding underground facilities beneath Mount Hays in Alaska.

01:15:21He claimed to have seen an alien-run underground base there, describing detailed structures and technologies that were allegedly housed

01:15:29at the site.

01:15:30These claims sparked great interest and controversy among researchers.

01:15:35Some CIA documents contain references to such bases and confirm that Price provided data that was partially corroborated by other

01:15:42intelligence sources.

01:15:44However, direct and conclusive evidence of the existence of an alien base was not found, and many aspects of these

01:15:51claims remain controversial.

01:15:53Remote viewing is used for intelligence gathering and UFO research, allowing information to be obtained about locations that cannot be

01:16:00explored through conventional methods.

01:16:02For example, remote viewers can describe the internal structures of spacecraft or bases that are inaccessible to physical observation.

01:16:11Pat Price's death in 1975 under mysterious circumstances adds an element of danger to the work of remote viewers.

01:16:18Pat Price's death sparked numerous speculations and conspiracy theories suggesting that he might have been eliminated because of his knowledge

01:16:26and abilities.

01:16:28Love conquers all!

01:16:30The artifact was found during archaeological excavations at a 15th century harbor crane wedged between two defensive towers.

01:16:38Polish archaeologists have discovered a medieval dove-shaped ornament with a Latin inscription,

01:16:43Amor Vincit Omnia, Love.

01:16:46The dove badge retains the remains of two handles, which allowed it to be hung on a chain or attached

01:16:50to clothing.

01:16:51For the ancient Greeks and Romans, the dove symbolized love, devotion and care.

01:16:56The dove was the sacred animal of Aphrodite and Venus, the goddesses of love.

01:17:00Dr. Anna Rembis-Lubijuska, an archaeologist at the museum, says that doves are associated with love and fidelity.

01:17:07A pair of doves symbolizes care and devotion to a partner, making them the ideal symbol of love and family.

01:17:13National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk stated that such ornaments were popular in Gdańsk between the 14th and 15th centuries.

01:17:20This fashion came from Western Europe, especially from the Netherlands and England.

01:17:24Once upon a time, this port crane was the largest working crane in the world.

01:17:28It also served as a defensive structure and one of the city gates.

01:17:31The crane had a lifting capacity of 4 tons to a height of 11 meters achieved thanks to two massive

01:17:38wooden wheels at the base, each with a diameter of 6 meters.

01:17:43Since 2020 restoration work has been underway on the harbor crane, which was heavily damaged during World War II.

01:17:50The Alphabet of a Vanished Civilization

01:17:54Spanish archaeologists from the University of Barcelona have discovered plaques featuring drawings from the Bronze Age Tartessian civilization.

01:18:01The excavations took place in Casas del Turunuelo, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, as reported by the Spanish

01:18:08National Research Council.

01:18:10Tartessos was an ancient civilization that flourished on the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century BC known for its complex

01:18:17writing system.

01:18:18By the 4th century BC, the Tartessians had disappeared.

01:18:22The discovered tablet, dating back to the 6th-5th centuries BC, features 21 symbols of Paleo-Hispanic script and a

01:18:28battle scene depicting three warriors.

01:18:30This discovery will help scientists learn more about the culture, clothing and weaponry of the Tartessians.

01:18:36Studying such artifacts opens up new perspectives in understanding this mysterious civilization and its disappearance.

01:18:44The Lycurgus Cup is a unique ancient artifact, combining high art with sophisticated technical craftsmanship.

01:18:52This Roman glass-cage cup, dating back to the 4th century AD, serves as a vivid example of ancient glass

01:18:59-making craftsmanship.

01:19:00The distinctive feature of the cup lies in its ability to change color under different lighting.

01:19:05In reflected light, the cup appears green, but when backlit, it takes on a rich ruby-red hue.

01:19:10This effect is achieved, thanks to gold and silver nanoparticles in the glass.

01:19:15The imagery on the cup is based on Greek mythology and tells the story of Lycurgus, who tried to kill

01:19:20Ambrosia, the son of the god of wine, Dionysus.

01:19:24The image shows vines springing from the vineyard, entangling Lycurgus' body and leaving him unable to move.

01:19:30The Lycurgus Cup is now kept in the British Museum.

01:19:32It serves not only as a magnificent example of ancient art, but also as proof of the ancient craftsman's profound

01:19:40knowledge of chemistry and optics.

01:19:42A fisherman found a sunken ship.

01:19:45In the summer of 2023, an event took place that became part of U.S. maritime history.

01:19:51Tim Wallach and his fishing-loving daughter, Henley, set out onto Lake Michigan.

01:19:57Henley's goal was to go swimming near Green Island, while Tim planned to do some fishing.

01:20:01On August 13, navigating their boat along the shoreline, they stumbled upon wooden wreckage at the bottom of the lake.

01:20:08Using a sonar, Tim discovered something more than just debris underwater.

01:20:11By posting the sonar images on social media, he caught the attention of experts from the Wisconsin Historical Society.

01:20:19Using a remotely operated underwater vehicle, experts determined that the George Newman lay at the bottom of the lake, a

01:20:26wooden sailboat built in 1855.

01:20:29The ship, which transported lumber, met its demise in 1871 due to the Great Peshtigo Fire, which destroyed the town

01:20:37of Peshtigo and claimed around 1,200 lives.

01:20:41Engulfed in thick smoke within the fire zone, the George Newman ran aground.

01:20:45Thanks to the lighthouse keeper, the ship's crew managed to escape, leaving the vessel to its fate.

01:20:51Over time, the ship was buried by sand and its remains were discovered at a depth of 2 to 3

01:20:56meters.

01:20:57This video has come to an end, but you can check out my previous videos on the channel.

01:21:01They are just as interesting as this one.

01:21:04Leave your kind comments below the video, as it helps the channel grow.

01:21:07Thanks for watching, bye everyone!

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