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In the 1970s, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi saw himself as a modern Cyrus. Like the ancient Persian king he would preside over an empire and return Iran to its ancient glory. But the Shah, installed and backed by the United States, was also a ruthless dictator presiding over an authoritarian state that brutalized its own citizens. This episode retraces the military and civilian co-operation among Israelis, Americans, and Iranians — Israel built dams and advised the Iranian secret police, the U.S. supplied arms and encouraged the Iranian nuclear industry. Neither country was prepared for the Islamic Revolution, that would lead to a dramatic realignment of regional power.
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18:59After the six days of war, the king and the sea have set seven armies in six days.
19:06He understands that Israel is the key that you have to say about it until the end.
19:16Oil money just poured into the country, created some kind of huge gap
19:21between haves and have-nots, impoverished sector of society.
19:28And so it was, I would say, a sort of economic shock that was felt by people.
19:43But also, I would say, this was the era of ideological manipulations or ideological interest.
19:55We can use both terms.
19:59And new generations were highly attached to ideas
20:04that can find a leeway in between capitalist world and socialist world.
20:12And therefore, the younger part of Iranian population were unhappy of the situation.
20:30Iran's revolution was really, ultimately, wasn't really whether Islam did it or something.
20:37This was the consequences of the changes and the cleavages that modernization,
20:46and rapid modernization, and had winners and losers.
20:55The regime was closed, and the doors were not open for everybody in the society.
21:07So, a type of aristocracy, a corrupted one, somehow.
21:13This close circle of the top positions, actually, you know, especially corruption,
21:20is a very good motivation to encourage you to oppose a regime.
21:26The Iranians, which I saw, was really the end of the era of the era of the United States.
21:44The Iranians, which I thought, was really the end of the era of the era of the United States.
21:48But I said to myself,
21:50I was like, this is not the end of the era of the world,
21:53and I was like, oh, that's what I was going to do with my dreams.
21:55And I didn't know what I could do with them.
21:57I knew that they were friends and brothers and sisters.
21:59I always looked at them, and they were in front of us.
22:01And that's what happened.
22:06And that's what happened.
22:06But the reaction to me was,
22:08I wrote to you that she was a reaction to something that something that was a much more violent.
22:10Something that was a long way.
22:11Because I saw the era of the century,
22:11and that I saw the first one, that I saw the first one,
22:12and that I saw the era of the era of the era of the era of the era,
22:19And what I saw, I explained to myself, was to change my mind.
22:26I didn't share my mind, because it wasn't necessary for me to do what I needed to do now.
22:31In the time I was in Iran, I don't know what, I felt a history story when something happens.
22:38I was in war, I was in 20 operations, and I never heard anything.
22:44In Iran, I decided to record.
22:45And I really, every day I recorded the day of Iran.
23:01Anarchy in Iran. Iran is there.
23:05?
23:07?
23:08?
23:09?
23:09?
23:09?
23:13In 1978, they began to fight the assaults in front of the head.
23:19When I talked about the generalists,
23:22they said, look, this is like a crash.
23:24Every time in this period there is assaults in front of the head,
23:28and then the Shah said to us to answer the question,
23:31because the Shah is the commander of the army.
23:34And then we put the answer to the question.
23:47America was blind to what was going on in Iran's society
23:52because we didn't have people blending in with the society.
24:01Our contacts were with higher class people or military people,
24:07people who were interested in the status quo,
24:12who wanted to justify their belief in the Shah
24:16and that things were going well and would continue to go well.
24:21So those were the people that we dealt with.
24:25They were the people that were not well-informed
24:28and were not going to give us bad news.
24:38They just went back to the UNEM,
24:48they were not caught up and went home.
24:54They wanted to be human beings,
24:55and that is, they wanted to get away.
24:57So now we're right,
25:00we're in the country,
25:00and now we have to hold it to the UNEM.
25:02Iran has potential for everything to reach the situation that he is.
25:09Even in the modern world of Tsar, the Iranians were the first leader of Tsar,
25:14a very strong leader.
25:16But the role of the leader in which he is talking about
25:21is in the Mitzray, in the Yardin, in the Saganal,
25:25in Syria, in the Saganal, Iran is the first leader of Tsar.
25:37Now, I was in Iran as an army advisor.
25:40I had been trained for over a year and brought halfway around the world to serve for two
25:47years as a member of the military assistance advisory group in Iran.
25:51In 1978, the embassy had to rely on its own resources since the Israelis were not providing
26:06us with anything because they weren't concerned.
26:17We had, naturally, we had the defense attaché.
26:21We had numerous American military officers assigned to train and advise Iranian forces,
26:31but they were apolitical.
26:32They didn't pay any attention to political conditions or how the officer corps may react
26:40to them.
26:40How do you say that all the military forces in Iran, all the military forces, all the
26:46military forces?
26:48The military forces in Iran, years after that the military forces in Iran.
27:00The military forces in Iran.
27:03the military forces in Iran...
27:05The word is not good, but in the past,
27:11the way that the police officer is
27:15that the police officer is known soon,
27:20on the S.C.R.S.,
27:22if he himself doesn't have the evil,
27:25he himself doesn't have the best.
27:28So if you have to use the best in order,
27:32it was a difficult time to do it in the future.
27:34It was also difficult for the government.
27:57On the day and the day before what happened in the event,
28:00there was a meeting with the media,
28:08which was a very intimate relationship with the media,
28:12and was all under the spirit.
28:14And to imagine,
28:16a time to imagine,
28:20who was the leader of the media,
28:22and to tell anyone,
28:24he thinks that he was reserves of the media,
28:26But we, who are not in the middle of Mitzray,
28:29and who are not sitting in the middle of Mitzray,
28:33which was a very powerful and dominant,
28:37we, the Israelis, say that this will be changed from what they say to us
28:42in order to say that it was a falsehood.
28:46And, as you know, the falsehood was in it.
28:57Dian asked me to look at Rosh Hashabah.
29:03We really talked about him, and he was smart.
29:06And we went to him, I remember, in the morning.
29:10Until today, he was standing with a child from 13 to 13,
29:15and he came to him and said to him,
29:17and he said to him,
29:18and he said to him,
29:20and he said to him,
29:20and he said to him,
29:22I don't know why you came here.
29:23Everything is under control.
29:25We don't need anything.
29:27But if you came here,
29:28let's talk about the war between Ethiopia and Somalia.
29:31So Dian said to him,
29:33listen to him,
29:34maybe you need an answer,
29:36or you need a solution?
29:38Nothing.
29:39Everything is under control.
29:40So Dian looked at me and said to him,
29:42and he said to him,
29:43and he said to him,
29:44and that was a little after he passed away.
29:45Thank you so much.
29:53Dian was a long day.
29:54He knew his name.
29:56The first day of the day.
29:59And he said to him,
30:05and said to him,
30:13and he said to him,
30:14...that the number of the real attacks is 4,000.
30:18A real knife and a real knife in the war.
30:25I remember taking a shower that morning after Black Friday, it was called.
30:30And it seemed to me that what we were dealing with...
30:35...was a war between the Shah and his people.
30:38And it seemed to me that the Shah was not going to win.
30:41That we were going to deal with a different future in Iran...
30:46...than we had known in the past.
31:02When the Jews took the Al-Ala in Tehran...
31:06...and threw it in the fire.
31:12The prisoners, the prisoners and the workers...
31:15...dilgated through the fire to the fire...
31:18...and the fire to the fire, to the fire.
31:20They managed to collect themselves...
31:22...and threw the Al-Ala in Tehran.
31:28And at the same time...
31:30...we asked from the soldiers to come to our forces...
31:34...and took them five hours to reach.
31:37Since last September, 8,000 Jews, 10% of the community...
31:42...have left the country.
31:44We had a clear situation that I needed to find...
31:48...not all of them, and all of them.
31:51And I had to take the night out of the night...
31:54...three planes from the Al-Ala.
31:58In the morning, there was a discussion...
32:00...of two planes.
32:15the anti-american slogans were because of the dominance of the leftist discourse
32:25because of the dominance of the leftist discourse that saw imperialism
32:30as the dominant threat as the main contradiction as we used to call it at the time to be solved
32:40religious forces were equally adamant against the u.s
32:45they saw the u.s as a beacon of modernity and they still do the israeli issue was again connected
32:51to
32:51this discourse because the left identified then as it identifies now with the palestinian cause
33:04and thus the friend of my enemy is my enemy
33:09it felt that israel had been complicit in denying the palestinians their right
33:18gradually as the movement began to pick up uh momentum and it was a movement in need of a
33:26leadership in need of a leader the person that fit the bill uh seemed to have been aitola
33:33in the country
33:39in the country
33:40in the country
33:41in the country
34:08Exile empowered Khomeini even further.
34:11He now enjoyed the complete freedom to express his dislike of the Shah and his policies.
34:17He presided over a complex network of followers who would carry tape recordings of his writings and speeches back to
34:24Iran.
35:22I was a member of Muslim Student Association in the U.S., one of the activists in Muslim Student Association.
35:32At the same time, I was a member of the Liberation Movement of Iran, which was the sixth political organization.
35:43I was responsible during those few months in North Le Chateau, and I prepared a news briefing every night for
35:50Ayatollah Khomeini.
36:21In the U.S. Israel, the Israeli government continues to fight against the U.S. and the U.S. military
36:26forces to escape.
36:30The U.S. Israel is a member of the U.S. military forces.
36:35They were flying on the plane,
36:38and they were flying on the plane.
36:41I said what they were doing.
36:44Because they were very serious,
36:46that they were supposed to give themselves
36:47and their families.
36:50So they were saying they were going to this.
36:52They were struggling to achieve a goal,
36:55and after the plane brought in the plane,
37:00they were going to not waste,
37:01even if they were not waste.
37:03So they are standing on the plane,
37:05they are sending it to E-Kish,
37:07and in E-Kish they say to Khomeini
37:11and to his enemies to stand up on this side,
37:13they say to them,
37:14they say to the TV,
37:15they say to them,
37:16they take a picture and go to Paris.
37:19This is a lot of pride that we had to stay there.
37:26Do you have there a headache of Khomeini?
37:29Yes, there is.
37:32I told you that Khomeini came on the 1st of February, right?
37:36So I can look at the 1st of February.
37:43Maybe I was the last person who jumped in the airplane,
37:52and the doors were closed.
38:09It was shocking.
38:11It was really shocking.
38:13About 10 million people came to the streets of terror.
38:21It was the biggest welcoming ceremony ever during the history,
38:29as long as I remember.
38:30about 10 million people to come to welcome a leader.
38:34and then I was at the 24th of March.
38:36I was sitting with Gazi to see the plates.
38:39There was a few parts about women's images
38:41and they said,
38:41what, are you not exchanging a picture of Khomeini?
38:43They said they mentioned,
38:44we got to hear her,
38:45we got to hear the pictures of Gazi and I.
38:48Then after 4 hours,
38:49they came and say we did not go to the bells of Khomeini.
38:51So they came to us.
38:52They shared our bells of Khomeini,
38:54And we were walking there,
38:56and they were living there with the pictures.
38:59It was a group of young people who had a drive of the road from the road to Zahra.
39:14What are we going to get to Zahra?
39:19It was a strange day, and it wasn't possible to see a picture.
39:27If you could see a picture and see it, it would be possible to see what happened.
39:55I will create a way to this country.
39:59I will create a way to this country.
40:01I will create a way to this country.
40:37It was really unpredicted that the revolution would win in two, three weeks or four weeks.
40:45I could never imagine.
40:49No one could imagine that the title of Khomeini would come so fast and would win, and the whole kingdom
40:58would collapse so fast.
41:23This had been the Israeli mission in Tehran, responsible for the economic ties between the Iran of the Shah and
41:29Israel.
42:31The truth is, it's not easy for me to say, but there were only soldiers who came out.
42:35One of the soldiers was me.
42:43It was not easy for me.
43:07He said, you need to tell us, you need to tell us about it.
43:10I said to him, I'm very proud of you.
43:14I can't tell everyone about it.
43:17I can tell you about it.
43:18I'll talk to you later.
43:19I'm going to tell you about it.
43:21I'm going to tell you about it.
43:21He says, we really need to know how to tell you about it.
43:27I felt that you know that the end of the day.
43:30But we told him, we all have to tell you about it.
43:34I'm going to tell you about it.
43:37I said, I'm going to tell you about it.
43:38I'm going to tell you about it.
43:41I said, I'm going to tell you about it.
43:46I said, I'm going to tell you about it.
43:48I said, I'm not going to tell you about it.
43:50I'm the chief of the PLO in Teheran.
43:54He said, what?
43:56You reached out?
43:57I'm coming from the PLO.
43:59The PLO, all 40 people of the Khomeini,
44:01are the people of the PLO.
44:03Arafathe gave me a little.
44:03He said, I am going to take a long-term plan.
44:06He said, don't let me know everything.
44:10He仙 did everything.
44:11He recommended me.
44:12He said, I will come with you.
44:13You're going to tell me that, I don't know if I can do it.
44:29I'm not going to tell you about it.
44:33in 1979.
45:12Aytullah Khomeini was very cautious to support PLO specifically.
45:19If you go back to his speeches or interviews, he never supports PLO specifically.
45:30He always says that we defend the ideals of Palestinians, Israel should be eliminated.
46:00In the name of the Middle East, Israel should be eliminated.
46:15The way, the way they did it, they were part of the country.
46:23They were part of the world and they were part of the world.
46:25They were part of the world, and they were part of the world.
46:28They were part of the world.
46:32The Israeli government had to do what they were doing to achieve
46:36but now it's not just a moment of the war,
46:37but it's not just a moment of war,
46:39but it's not just a moment of war.
46:41It's not just a moment of war,
46:43but it's not just a moment of war,
46:44but it's not just a moment of war.
46:46It's not just a moment of war.
46:46We will achieve more victory
46:48besides our brothers here in Iran.
46:51That's your personal feeling now,
46:52that I am very near from Jerusalem.
46:5718 February,
46:59the day that we have arrived at the
47:00the Israeli government,
47:02the 34th of the Israelis
47:04who had discovered in Iran,
47:05there was a certain place in the last one,
47:09which was the last one,
47:10which was the American citizens.
47:12It was the last moment of war.
47:14The 17th of the KM,
47:16which separated from them to them,
47:18were taken by the autobus.
47:26There are two Iranians,
47:29with two Iranians,
47:30on the side of the KM.
47:31all of the attorneys.
47:34They were killed by the soldiers.
47:36They were killed by the army.
47:40They were killed by the army.
47:42They were killed by the army.
47:43They were killed by the soldiers.
47:45They gave us a chocolate.
47:47They were told us to them to be killed
47:48until they could have the chocolate.
47:50We're going to get to the end of the day.
47:5417 kilometers, 10 million Iranians on the two sides.
47:58They all have a baguette and a baguette.
48:02They thought that this was the car of the car.
48:05They didn't have one baguette and one baguette.
48:08.
48:08.
48:09.
48:09.
48:09.
48:11.
48:18We went to the plane, and the plane started to explode.
48:26Then we got to the plane, and we got to the plane again.
48:29We got to the plane again, and we got to the plane again.
48:32We thought, what did we do?
48:34They wanted something, we didn't even know what.
48:37We got to the plane again, and all the time that we were still on the Iranian plane,
48:44we were in high pressure.
48:46Now that we got to the plane, we got to the plane again.
48:52We got to the plane again.
49:19We got to the plane again.
49:23We got to the plane again.
49:25All they were, did not rest.
49:53Within the American government, there were differing opinions.
49:56Some thought that Khomeini was an extreme force and it would be very difficult for us to deal with.
50:07I think most people still thought of Iran as a country that, you know, we could continue to get along
50:15with.
50:16That even though the Shah was gone, that, you know, we would maintain relations. We had our embassy there.
50:23The American embassy in Tehran is in the hands of Muslim students tonight.
50:28Spurred on by an anti-American speech by the Ayatollah Khomeini, they stormed the embassy, fought the Marine Guards for
50:34three hours, overpowered them and took dozens of American hostages.
50:38The students want the deposed Shah returned to Iran for trial.
50:47When the hostage crisis occurred, it made clear, I think, that we were largely unprepared to deal with the nature
51:04of Iran at that point.
51:06And the fact that the anger that was there and reflected in that hostage crisis, I think suddenly brought Iran
51:19to the top of the concerns that we had about our situation in the world.
51:25We must be the Jews of the Arab Emirates, the Arab Emirates, the Arab Emirates.
51:28After, in 144 years, the Afghan army were able to get out of the Arab Emirates, Iran, the Arab Emirates
51:38and the Arab Emirates, the Arab Emirates.
51:55.
51:55.
51:55.
51:55.
52:02.
52:03.
52:03There was a story about the dreams that had been passed.
52:06The Shach is a part of the empire of the empire.
52:09The empire of the empire,
52:10was given to him for a long time
52:12and for a long time,
52:14he was able to share with them
52:16through a long time,
52:17and after 2500 years,
52:23he was born in the empire
52:24that he was born in the empire
52:26and he was born in the empire
52:27and he was born in the empire
52:28and he was born in the empire
52:28and the people who are in the midst of the war,
52:31in all the time of the war,
52:33a scene of an Islamic Islamic
52:36that will be a part of the war,
52:38and will be a part of the war,
52:40and will be a part of the war.
52:56Three years later, and there was still a storm.
53:00Israel went to Lebanon.
53:02And when it comes to Asha'af,
53:04it's going to be a disaster for the city,
53:06and it's going to be a peace agreement with us.
53:09Israel didn't know, because Iran introduced it even here.
53:14Lebanon is the first time in the war, in the war of the two.
53:19The war of the war will be a very rare and very rare,
53:24and after 18 years of the war,
53:28the Israel will be in front of us in front of Iran,
53:31from the border, and even from the border.
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